Exam 2: Inorganic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass (~weight)

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

Substance that cannot be further broken down by ordinary chemical means.
Example: hydrogen

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

Smallest particle to an element

Question 4

Atomic Number

Answer 4

Number of protons

Question 5

Atomic mass number

Answer 5

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 6

Isotopes

Answer 6

*Atoms of an element that vary regarding the number of neutrons
All numbers of that element have same number of protons and electrons, same atomic number BUT different number of neutrons. So elements have a different atomic MASS number
all have the same properties

Question 7

Radioisotopes

Answer 7

Unstable;nucleus decays, releases radiation particles.

Question 8

What are radioisotopes used for?

Answer 8

*Energy (nuclear fissure)
*Biological-tracers
*Aging fossils (C-14 half life, 5730)
*Medical Diagnosis & Treatment

Question 9

Energy Level

Answer 9

Distance away from a nucleus within which electrons may be found.
*the closer electrons to nucleus the less free energy.

Question 10

What occurs when atoms absorb energy?

Answer 10

Electrons become “excited” - they jump to a higher energy level, then fall back to the original level, releasing energy.

Question 11

What are valance electrons?

Answer 11

The number of electrons present in the outer energy level (outer shell)

Question 12

To gain stability what must atoms do?

Answer 12

Form chemical bonds.

Question 13

What is a compound?

Answer 13

2 or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Question 14

Ionic Bond

Answer 14

Transfer of electrons

Question 15

Ions

Answer 15

Charged atoms, gained or lost electrons .

Question 16

Cation

Answer 16

Positive

Question 17

Anion

Answer 17

Negative

Question 18

Are ionic bonds weak or strong?

Answer 18

WEAK

Question 19

Electrolyte

Answer 19

Any substance that, when placed in solution, produces ions.

Question 20

Oxidation

Answer 20

Loss of electrons

Question 21

Reduction

Answer 21

Gain of electrons

Question 22

Covalent Bond

Answer 22

Sharing of electrons occurs when atoms share more valance electrons

Has single, double, and triple bonds

Question 23

Non-polar covalent bond

Answer 23

equal sharing of electrons, neutral.
hydrophobic
Example: oil

Question 24

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 24

Unequal sharing of electrons
hydrophilic
Slight positive charge on one side and slight negative on the other end.
Example: H2O

Question 25

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 25

Weak attraction between polar molecules is formed between positively charged molecules and negatively charged molecules.

Question 26

What is the importance of oxygen in living organisms?

Answer 26

For energy production. By-product of photosynthesis When it misbehaves, it superoxides.

Question 27

What is the importance of Carbon Dioxide?

Answer 27

OG source of carbon for producing all organic molecules of life. Trapped by photosynthesis. Toxic waste product of energy production.

Question 28

What kind of bond is water?

Answer 28

Polar and hydrogen bonds

Question 29

Property of Water: Adhesion

Answer 29

Capillary action. Polar water molecules are attracted to charged surfaces, forming hydrogen bonds. This force resists gravity.

Question 30

Property of Water: Cohesion

Answer 30

Attraction of water molecules to each other. Polar water molecules from H bond with other molecules.

Question 31

Property of Water: Surface Tension

Answer 31

The measure of difficulty in stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid due to H bonds. Molecules form a more "ordered" arrangement on the surface due to their air layer above them, restricting movement (it is like a wall) and causing hydrogen bonds to be more stable "film" on the surface.

Question 32

Property of Water: Ice is Less Dense than Water

Answer 32

As temp drops, water molecules move slower and pack more closely. When water drops below 4 degrees, water molecules repel and spread apart to form a max of 4 H bonds. More stable and open, and movement is vibrational.

Question 33

Properties of Water: Polar Solvent

Answer 33

For hydrophilic substances. Polar and ionic substances dissolve readily for better transportation and to allow chemical reactions. Polar ends of water are attracted to opposite charges of hydrophilic substances.

Question 34

Properties of Water: Resists Temperature Change

Answer 34

Takes a lot of energy to break H bonds and to increase the movement (kinetic energy) of molecules. (which causes temperature to increase)

Question 35

Properties of Water: Takes a lot of Energy to Vaporize

Answer 35

Water absorbs energy to break H bonds, kinetic energy increases to allow water molecules to evaporate, and body heat is carried away. The hottest molecules leave first, lowering the average temp of sweat)

Question 36

Acids

Answer 36

Any substance that RELEASES hydrogen ions (protons) when placed in a solution.

Question 37

Acids have more.....?

Answer 37

Hydrogen Ions

Question 38

Base

Answer 38

Any substance that REMOVES hydrogen ions (protons) when placed in a solution.

Question 39

Base has more....?

Answer 39

Hydroxide (OH-)

Question 40

Buffers

Answer 40

Helps maintain constant pH

Question 41

Acid Rain pH

Answer 41

less than 5.6 (normal)

Question 42

What is the cause of acid rain?

Answer 42

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released into the environment cause it to react with water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

Question 43

What are the effects of acid rain?

Answer 43

Lakes die Forest Die Heavy metals are carried into human drinking water Building material erodes

Question 44

What is associated with renal functional impairment and certain neurological disorders?

Answer 44

Heavy metals such as aluminum. Which are deposited to the brain.

Question 45

What does an elevated phosphate level indicate about environmental pollution?

Answer 45

Indicates there is an increase of algae growth, depleting oxygen levels and harming aquatic life. This resulting in fish dying which is very harmful for the environment.

Question 46

What does low phosphate level indicate about a body of water?

Answer 46

High vegetation! Plants absorb a lot of phosphate, causing the body of water to lack phosphate.