Chapter 1: Science, Measurement, Life, and Natural Selection. Flashcards
What are the characteristics of life?
Order
Reproduction
Growth
Development
Energy Utilization
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Adaptation
Response
DNA
Movement?
Metabolism
All biological processes involve the acquisition, transformation, storage, and utilization of energy and nutrients for survival and reproduction.
Homeostasis
Maintain and internal stable environment with tolerable limits. Regulation.
Adaptation
Survival of the species within the environment in which they exist. Flexibility to changing environments. Genetic variability.
Evolution
the process by which the characteristics of a species change over time.
Biological Organization
(from small to big)
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ Systen
Multicellular organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
What are emergent properties?
At each higher level or organization, properties are observed that are above and beyond what the individual components at the lower level are capable of independently. Interaction of components. Lower to higher.
What is the structure of a virus?
A nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is enclosed by a protective protein coat (capsid) some have viral envelopes. Viruses take the cell membrane, making it harder for the body to detect the virus.
What is the size of a virus?
Approx 20nm
Viruses can only reproduce….
When inside of the cell, it must first attach to specific receptor molecules on the host cell membrane.
What prevents certain animal viruses from infecting humans and vice versa?
Humans or dogs do not have the same receptor molecules.
Retrovirus
RNA is transcribed into DNA, such as HIV and HTLV-1
What is an emerging virus?
A new virus that is introduced into a species or into a new region.
H1N1
Swine Flu
H5N1
Avian flu also known as the bird flu.
SARS Coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory corona virus, and RNA cold virus that has mutated.
How is human death defined in Illinois?
Cessation of heartbeat (and pulse)
Cessation of respiration
Brain death- 2 negative EEG’s
Loss of reflexes associated with brain function (such as pupillary)
If a coma, cannot be due to paralyzing drugs or hypothermia.
What are the steps in a scientific method?
Observation/Definition of a problem
Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis
Collect Data
Analyze/Interpret Data
What is inductive reasoning?
Combining specific observations to form a general idea (used in forming hypotheses)
Deductive Reasoning
Applying a general idea to a specific example (making predictions, often “if” “then”)
Parameters
The conditions within which an experiment takes place.
When should a hypothesis be rejected?
A hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions.
How does science seek knowledge?
Causative Approach
Seeks immediate cause and effect
Objective and measurable
Explanations are consistent with chemical or physical principles.
Asks questions (process)
Testable.
How does religion seek knowledge?
Theological Approach
Seeks purpose
Not objective nor measurable
Explanations based “supernatural” and abstract
questions eventually stop! Religious faith
NOT TESTABLE
Theory
A broadly applicable explanation based upon varied, well-tested ideas (hypothesis), always supported, powerful, widely accepted, generated new hypothesis.
can be disapproved or modified.
Law
Describes things.
Describes WHAT
Ethics in science (within science)
Address proper questions, good design, proper measurement and analysis objectivity, and good communication.
Ethics in science within society
Science created technology but society determines if and how it should be used and regulated.
Darwin-Wallace Theory of Natural Selection
More offspring is produced than can survive; resources are limited. Competition.
Variation exists regarding traits, through mutations. Genetic Variation.
Better traits for survival are more frequently passed to future generations. They live longer and have more opportunities to strive.
Beneficial traits accumulate over (adaptation); different traits are selected for under different conditions species change (evolution)
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
What
