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science year 10 > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

name the groups

A 
1- alkali metals 
2- alkaline earth metals
3-12 transition metals 
17 - halogens
18 - noble gases
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2
Q

element

A

a substance composed of atoms

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3
Q

atom

A

particles that make up all material

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4
Q

nucleus

A

core of the atom

- made of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

protons

A

positively charged particle

found in the nucleus

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6
Q

neutron

A

neutrally charged atom found in the nucleus

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7
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle found in the shells

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8
Q

ion

A

positive and negative charged atom

formed when they gain or loose electrons

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9
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons or electrons in an atom

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11
Q

mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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12
Q

energy shell

A

regions surrounding the nucleus where electrons are found

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13
Q

valance shell

A

the outer most shell

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14
Q

group

A

vertical columns on the periodic table

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15
Q

periods

A

horizontal rows

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16
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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17
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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18
Q

ionic

A

metals and non-metals

positive and negative ions

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

non metal and non metal

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20
Q

relative atomic mass

A

mass of an atom compared to a carbon 1/12th of a carbon 12 atom

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21
Q

nucleus

A

where chromosomes are found

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22
Q

molecules of the nucleus

A

all living things have slightly different versions of the same molecules in the nucleus of their cell

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23
Q

inheritance

A

the way characteristics pass from one generation to another

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24
Q

complete dominance

A

most characteristics and traits follow a dominant recessive pattern of inheritance

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25
produce variation
meiosis and fertilisation determine which characteristics are present in each offspring - each individual has a unique combination of chromosomes - half from each parents
26
mega
M
27
giga
G
28
second
t
29
nano
n
30
scalar
``` magnitude only mass temp time distance energy speed ```
31
vector
``` magnitude and direction displacement velocity weight acceleration force momentum ```
32
distance
distance a measurement of length between 2 point
33
displacement
start to finish
34
velocity
magnitude of the rate of change and the direction eg 25m/a north
35
speed
only magnitude of the rate of change 25m/s
36
newton’s 3 laws
1. law of inertia - tendency of an object to remain doing what it is doing unless acted by an unbalanced force 2. f=ma the more mass the more force needed 3. for every action there is a reaction equal and opposite - eg 2 bike tires the wheels creating an action reaction pair
37
acceleration
the rate of change of an object velocity
38
constant velocity
the object is not accelerating only change speed or direction if acted by an unbalanced force
39
graphs
speed is the slope of d/t velocity is the slope of s/t acceleration is the slope of v/t
40
prefixes
``` 2-di 3-tri 4-quad 5-pent 6-hex 7-sept 8-oct ```
41
what does ide mean
it is the ion of the atom
42
the + and - on the element
+ = metal - = non-metal if 2 its nonmetal eg o2 or co2
43
pedigree symbols
``` square - males O = females - filled in means they have the trait - diagonal line through means dead - half coloured means carrier ```
44
pedigree
generic family tree used to track genetic conditions
45
Biodiversity
The genetic variation between different members of a species and helps a species survive environmental changes
46
Species
If two organisms are bale to mate and produce fertile offspring they belong to the same
47
Evolution
- the apparent change in a species over time | - genetic change in characteristics of a species over many generation results in a new species (speciation)
48
Adaptations
Any change that helps an organism to survive | They suit an organism to its habitat so I think gives an advantage over organisms that may not have that adaptation
49
Artificial selection
Involves humans deliberately choosing which organisms with the desired characteristics will be allowed to survive and breed and pass on their characteristics to the next generation
50
Generation
Tim between the birth of an individual and whenever that individual produces thier own offspring
51
Natural selection
Process when species become better adapted to their environment Those with favourable characteristics have a survival advantage Pass on thier traits to heart next generation Differential reproductive success
52
Variations
Natural selection can only occur if there's is a variation present in a species So one can be favoured over the other
53
Mutations - evolution
In alleles can produce variation
54
Favourable characteristics
Genetic characteristics increases chances of survival and reproductive rates
55
3 things needed for new species
Variation,isolation, and selection of individuals of a species so that interbreeding and gene flow is prevented between different groups of a population
56
Theory of evolution
Evidence supporting it including fossil record, comparative anatomy and embryology
57
Fossils
Organisms that have been buried quickly and left evidence of their existence Fossils are used to. Show that organisms can change overtime
58
7 steps
``` Population Variation Selection Survival Alleles Generations Alleles frequency ```
59
Selective agent
Environmental factors affecting survival eg climate or an organism
60
Selective pressure
How the selective agents applies survival eg predation competition
61
Natural selection
Process when's species be on ebteterr adapted to this environment One with favourable traits have a survival advantage Pass on their traits to the next generation Three components - variation selection reproduction
62
Peppered moth
Best known example of evolution by natural selection Naturally occurring genetic mutation Colour change in moths due to the air pollution during the industrial evolution
63
Ammonium
NH4+
64
Hydroxide
OH-
65
Nitrate
NO3-
66
Hydrogen carbonate
HCO3-
67
Sulfate
SO42-
68
Carbonate
CO32-
69
Phosphate
PO43-
70
Soluble
No precipitate is formed
71
Insolubale
Precipitate is formed
72
One solvable and one insoluble
Precipitate is formed
73
acid + metal hydroxide
salt +water
74
acid + metal oxide
salt + water
75
acid + carbonate
salt +water + carbon dioxide
76
acid + metal
salt + hydrogen gas
77
acid + hydrogen carbonate
salt+water+carbondioxide
78
temperature
- increasing the temp with increase the rate of reactin | - increases the speed of particles therefore will collide more frequently
79
concentration
- refers to the amount of particles present - increasing concentration will increase the rate of reaction - more particles present - more likely to collide
80
agitation
stirring reactants ensuring they keep in contact
81
catalysts
- chemicals that speed up reactions but are not used up | - reduce the amount of energy required to convert reactants to products
82
precipitation
- when 2 clear solutions react to produce an insoluble solid
83
ethanoate
CH3COO-
84
sulfide
S2-
85
ethanoic acid
CH3CHOO
86
nitric acid
HNO3
87
sulfuric acid
H2SO4
88
phosphoric acid
H3PO4
89
hydrogen peroxide decomposition
H2O2 - H2O + O2 | + is on the other side for decomposition
90
fuel combustion
CH4 + O2 - CO2 + H2O
91
law of conversion of mass
- mass is not created or destryoed | - mass of the products must be equally to the mass of the reactants
92
electroplating
process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by electroplating to improve the metal corrosion resistance
93
reaction rate
determines how fast or slow a reaction is
94
reaction time
time taken to complete a reaction to a certain extent
95
surface area
- increasing surface area there are more collisions per unit - crushing things before the experiment increases the reaction rate
96
pressure
- increase pressure by forcing the particles into a smaller space - collide more frequently
97
acid + base
salt + water
98
reactivity series
please send cats monkeys and zebras into nice lovely tropical countries mixed signed general penguin
99
common ancestor
species that share genes had a common ancestor
100
related with dna
organisms with some identical genes
101
5 signs a chemical reaction has taken place
- hot - gas is given off - solids dissapear - precipitate is formed - change color
102
exothermic reaction and exAMPLES
releases energy | burning magnesium
103
endothermic and example
takes in energy as it proceeds | photosynthesis
104
what is an acid
any chemical that will neutralize a base
105
what is a base
any chemical that will neutralize an acid | - any oxides or hydroxides
106
sodium hydroxide
NaOH
107
magnesium hydroxide
Mg(OH)2
108
lead IV oxide
PbO2
109
potassium oxide
K2O
110
calcium sulfate
CaSO4
111
iron 3 nitrate
Fe(NO3)3
112
litmus
a chemical indicator
113
what is litmus used for
to test the acidity or basicity of solutions
114
pH 7
neutral
115
lower then pH 7
acidic solution
116
greater then 7 pH
alkaline solution
117
combustion
chemical combination of a substance with oxygen
118
general product of a combustion reaction
an oxide
119
fast and slow combustion reactions with examples
- fast is when large amounts of heat and light energy are being released - e.g. burning wood - slow takes place at low temperatures and does not result in fire - e.g. rusting
120
incomplete combustion
- isn't enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely with the oxygen
121
combustion requires 3 things
fuel oxygen and a high enough temperature to cause ignition
122
combustion of magnesium
magnesium oxide
123
combustion of water
hydrogen oxide (water)
124
neutralisation q
reaction between an acid and base
125
products of a neutralization reaction
salt + water
126
chemical indicator what are they used for
chemicals that are different colors in acidic or basic solutions - test the acidity of a solution - tell us when they are complete
127
example of chemical indicator
- litmus paper red in acidic and blue in basic
128
pH measurement
measure the acidity of a solution
129
test used to see if carbon dioxide igiven off during a reaction
if the gas is bubbled through lime water
130
active metals
react with other chemicals
131
what is a precipitate
insoluble chemical formed during the reaction between two soluble chemicals
132
how can u tell if a precipitate is formed
reacting solution often turn cloudy and a solid will settle to the bottom
133
word and ionic equations for sodium
Na - Na+ + 1e- | sodium metal - sodium ions + 1 electron
134
word and ionic equations for zinc
Zn -- Zn2+ + 2e- | zinc metal - zinc ion + 2 electrons
135
half life
time it takes for a radio isotope to reach half its original value
136
subscripts
``` solution aq solid s liquid l gas g insoluble s soluble aq ```
137
determining if a precipitate is formed
soluble + soluble = NR | soluble + insoluble = R

science year 10 (8 decks)

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