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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name the groups

A 
1- alkali metals 
2- alkaline earth metals
3-12 transition metals 
17 - halogens
18 - noble gases
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2
Q

element

A

a substance composed of atoms

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3
Q

atom

A

particles that make up all material

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4
Q

nucleus

A

core of the atom

- made of protons and neutrons

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5
Q

protons

A

positively charged particle

found in the nucleus

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6
Q

neutron

A

neutrally charged atom found in the nucleus

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7
Q

electron

A

negatively charged particle found in the shells

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8
Q

ion

A

positive and negative charged atom

formed when they gain or loose electrons

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9
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons

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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons or electrons in an atom

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11
Q

mass number

A

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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12
Q

energy shell

A

regions surrounding the nucleus where electrons are found

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13
Q

valance shell

A

the outer most shell

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14
Q

group

A

vertical columns on the periodic table

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15
Q

periods

A

horizontal rows

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16
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

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17
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

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18
Q

ionic

A

metals and non-metals

positive and negative ions

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

non metal and non metal

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20
Q

relative atomic mass

A

mass of an atom compared to a carbon 1/12th of a carbon 12 atom

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21
Q

nucleus

A

where chromosomes are found

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22
Q

molecules of the nucleus

A

all living things have slightly different versions of the same molecules in the nucleus of their cell

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23
Q

inheritance

A

the way characteristics pass from one generation to another

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24
Q

complete dominance

A

most characteristics and traits follow a dominant recessive pattern of inheritance

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25
Q

produce variation

A

meiosis and fertilisation determine which characteristics are present in each offspring

  • each individual has a unique combination of chromosomes
  • half from each parents
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26
Q

mega

A

M

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27
Q

giga

A

G

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28
Q

second

A

t

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29
Q

nano

A

n

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30
Q

scalar

A 
magnitude only 
mass 
temp
time
distance
energy 
speed
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31
Q

vector

A 
magnitude and direction 
displacement
velocity
weight
acceleration
force
momentum
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32
Q

distance

A

distance a measurement of length between 2 point

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33
Q

displacement

A

start to finish

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34
Q

velocity

A

magnitude of the rate of change and the direction eg 25m/a north

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35
Q

speed

A

only magnitude of the rate of change 25m/s

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36
Q

newton’s 3 laws

A
  1. law of inertia - tendency of an object to remain doing what it is doing unless acted by an unbalanced force
  2. f=ma the more mass the more force needed
  3. for every action there is a reaction equal and opposite - eg 2 bike tires the wheels creating an action reaction pair
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37
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of an object velocity

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38
Q

constant velocity

A

the object is not accelerating only change speed or direction if acted by an unbalanced force

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39
Q

graphs

A

speed is the slope of d/t
velocity is the slope of s/t
acceleration is the slope of v/t

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40
Q

prefixes

A 
2-di
3-tri
4-quad
5-pent
6-hex
7-sept
8-oct
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41
Q

what does ide mean

A

it is the ion of the atom

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42
Q

the + and - on the element

A

+ = metal
- = non-metal
if 2 its nonmetal eg o2 or co2

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43
Q

pedigree symbols

A 
square - males
O = females 
- filled in means they have the trait 
- diagonal line through means dead
- half coloured means carrier
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44
Q

pedigree

A

generic family tree used to track genetic conditions

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45
Q

Biodiversity

A

The genetic variation between different members of a species and helps a species survive environmental changes

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46
Q

Species

A

If two organisms are bale to mate and produce fertile offspring they belong to the same

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47
Q

Evolution

A
  • the apparent change in a species over time

- genetic change in characteristics of a species over many generation results in a new species (speciation)

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48
Q

Adaptations

A

Any change that helps an organism to survive

They suit an organism to its habitat so I think gives an advantage over organisms that may not have that adaptation

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49
Q

Artificial selection

A

Involves humans deliberately choosing which organisms with the desired characteristics will be allowed to survive and breed and pass on their characteristics to the next generation

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50
Q

Generation

A

Tim between the birth of an individual and whenever that individual produces thier own offspring

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51
Q

Natural selection

A

Process when species become better adapted to their environment
Those with favourable characteristics have a survival advantage
Pass on thier traits to heart next generation
Differential reproductive success

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52
Q

Variations

A

Natural selection can only occur if there’s is a variation present in a species
So one can be favoured over the other

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53
Q

Mutations - evolution

A

In alleles can produce variation

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54
Q

Favourable characteristics

A

Genetic characteristics increases chances of survival and reproductive rates

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55
Q

3 things needed for new species

A

Variation,isolation, and selection of individuals of a species so that interbreeding and gene flow is prevented between different groups of a population

56
Q

Theory of evolution

A

Evidence supporting it including fossil record, comparative anatomy and embryology

57
Q

Fossils

A

Organisms that have been buried quickly and left evidence of their existence
Fossils are used to. Show that organisms can change overtime

58
Q

7 steps

A 
Population
Variation 
Selection
Survival
Alleles
Generations
Alleles frequency
59
Q

Selective agent

A

Environmental factors affecting survival eg climate or an organism

60
Q

Selective pressure

A

How the selective agents applies survival eg predation competition

61
Q

Natural selection

A

Process when’s species be on ebteterr adapted to this environment
One with favourable traits have a survival advantage
Pass on their traits to the next generation
Three components - variation selection reproduction

62
Q

Peppered moth

A

Best known example of evolution by natural selection
Naturally occurring genetic mutation
Colour change in moths due to the air pollution during the industrial evolution

63
Q

Ammonium

A

NH4+

64
Q

Hydroxide

A

OH-

65
Q

Nitrate

A

NO3-

66
Q

Hydrogen carbonate

A

HCO3-

67
Q

Sulfate

A

SO42-

68
Q

Carbonate

A

CO32-

69
Q

Phosphate

A

PO43-

70
Q

Soluble

A

No precipitate is formed

71
Q

Insolubale

A

Precipitate is formed

72
Q

One solvable and one insoluble

A

Precipitate is formed

73
Q

acid + metal hydroxide

A

salt +water

74
Q

acid + metal oxide

A

salt + water

75
Q

acid + carbonate

A

salt +water + carbon dioxide

76
Q

acid + metal

A

salt + hydrogen gas

77
Q

acid + hydrogen carbonate

A

salt+water+carbondioxide

78
Q

temperature

A
  • increasing the temp with increase the rate of reactin

- increases the speed of particles therefore will collide more frequently

79
Q

concentration

A
  • refers to the amount of particles present
  • increasing concentration will increase the rate of reaction
  • more particles present - more likely to collide
80
Q

agitation

A

stirring reactants ensuring they keep in contact

81
Q

catalysts

A
  • chemicals that speed up reactions but are not used up

- reduce the amount of energy required to convert reactants to products

82
Q

precipitation

A
  • when 2 clear solutions react to produce an insoluble solid
83
Q

ethanoate

A

CH3COO-

84
Q

sulfide

A

S2-

85
Q

ethanoic acid

A

CH3CHOO

86
Q

nitric acid

A

HNO3

87
Q

sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

88
Q

phosphoric acid

A

H3PO4

89
Q

hydrogen peroxide decomposition

A

H2O2 - H2O + O2

+ is on the other side for decomposition

90
Q

fuel combustion

A

CH4 + O2 - CO2 + H2O

91
Q

law of conversion of mass

A
  • mass is not created or destryoed

- mass of the products must be equally to the mass of the reactants

92
Q

electroplating

A

process of coating a metal with a thin layer of another metal by electroplating to improve the metal corrosion resistance

93
Q

reaction rate

A

determines how fast or slow a reaction is

94
Q

reaction time

A

time taken to complete a reaction to a certain extent

95
Q

surface area

A
  • increasing surface area there are more collisions per unit
  • crushing things before the experiment increases the reaction rate
96
Q

pressure

A
  • increase pressure by forcing the particles into a smaller space
  • collide more frequently
97
Q

acid + base

A

salt + water

98
Q

reactivity series

A

please send cats

monkeys and zebras into nice lovely tropical

countries mixed signed general penguin

99
Q

common ancestor

A

species that share genes had a common ancestor

100
Q

related with dna

A

organisms with some identical genes

101
Q

5 signs a chemical reaction has taken place

A
  • hot
  • gas is given off
  • solids dissapear
  • precipitate is formed
  • change color
102
Q

exothermic reaction and exAMPLES

A

releases energy

burning magnesium

103
Q

endothermic and example

A

takes in energy as it proceeds

photosynthesis

104
Q

what is an acid

A

any chemical that will neutralize a base

105
Q

what is a base

A

any chemical that will neutralize an acid

- any oxides or hydroxides

106
Q

sodium hydroxide

A

NaOH

107
Q

magnesium hydroxide

A

Mg(OH)2

108
Q

lead IV oxide

A

PbO2

109
Q

potassium oxide

A

K2O

110
Q

calcium sulfate

A

CaSO4

111
Q

iron 3 nitrate

A

Fe(NO3)3

112
Q

litmus

A

a chemical indicator

113
Q

what is litmus used for

A

to test the acidity or basicity of solutions

114
Q

pH 7

A

neutral

115
Q

lower then pH 7

A

acidic solution

116
Q

greater then 7 pH

A

alkaline solution

117
Q

combustion

A

chemical combination of a substance with oxygen

118
Q

general product of a combustion reaction

A

an oxide

119
Q

fast and slow combustion reactions with examples

A
  • fast is when large amounts of heat and light energy are being released
  • e.g. burning wood
  • slow takes place at low temperatures and does not result in fire
  • e.g. rusting
120
Q

incomplete combustion

A
  • isn’t enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely with the oxygen
121
Q

combustion requires 3 things

A

fuel oxygen and a high enough temperature to cause ignition

122
Q

combustion of magnesium

A

magnesium oxide

123
Q

combustion of water

A

hydrogen oxide (water)

124
Q

neutralisation q

A

reaction between an acid and base

125
Q

products of a neutralization reaction

A

salt + water

126
Q

chemical indicator what are they used for

A

chemicals that are different colors in acidic or basic solutions

  • test the acidity of a solution
  • tell us when they are complete
127
Q

example of chemical indicator

A
  • litmus paper red in acidic and blue in basic
128
Q

pH measurement

A

measure the acidity of a solution

129
Q

test used to see if carbon dioxide igiven off during a reaction

A

if the gas is bubbled through lime water

130
Q

active metals

A

react with other chemicals

131
Q

what is a precipitate

A

insoluble chemical formed during the reaction between two soluble chemicals

132
Q

how can u tell if a precipitate is formed

A

reacting solution often turn cloudy and a solid will settle to the bottom

133
Q

word and ionic equations for sodium

A

Na - Na+ + 1e-

sodium metal - sodium ions + 1 electron

134
Q

word and ionic equations for zinc

A

Zn – Zn2+ + 2e-

zinc metal - zinc ion + 2 electrons

135
Q

half life

A

time it takes for a radio isotope to reach half its original value

136
Q

subscripts

A 
solution aq
solid s
liquid l
gas g
insoluble s
soluble aq
137
Q

determining if a precipitate is formed

A

soluble + soluble = NR

soluble + insoluble = R

science year 10 (8 decks)

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