Exam 6 practice Flashcards
The brain belongs to what division of the nervous system?
CNS
What is the largest region of the brain responsible for the higher functions such as thinking, vision, and hearing?
The cerebrum
What structures protect the brain?
Cranial bones, meinges, cerebrospinal fluid, BBB
What is the innermost layer of cranial meninges adhering to the brain surface?
Pia mater
What layer of cranial meninges made of delicate areolar connective tissue follows the contours of the brain and provides a scaffolding or passageway for blood vessel penetration?
The pia mater
What is the middle layer of cranial meninges made of collagen and elastic fibers?
Arachnoid mater
The circulating CSF is contained between which cranial meninges around the brain?
The arachnoid mater and pia mater
What space contains the CSF?
The subarachnoid space
What is the outermost tough layer of cranial meninges made of dense irregular connective tissue?
The dura mater
What is the deeper layer of cranial dura mater?
The meninges layer
What is the most superficial layer of cranial dura mater adjacent to the periosteum on the internal surfaces of the cranial bones?
The periosteal layer
What is the layer of the cranial meninges that contains venous sinuses?
The dura mater
What is the layer of the cranial meninges that allows the drainage of the CSF into the rural venous sinuses?
The arachnoid mater
What contains the old blood that drains from the brain?
The dura venous sinus
What ventricle is a pair of ventricles found in each of the hemispheres of the cerebrum?
The lateral ventricle
What is the medial partition that separates the right and left lateral ventricles?
The septum pellucidum
What ventricle is a narrow space in the diencephalon?
The third ventricle
What ventricle is a space between the pons and cerebellum?
Fourth
What is the channel that connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
What is the channel that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
The cerebral or midbrain aqueduct
What ventricle merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?
The fourth ventricle
In comparison to blood plasma, CSF has…
More sodium and less potassium
The CSF is produced in the
Ventricles
What are the structures that produce the CSF
Choroid plexus
What are the neuroglial cells involved in the production of the CSF?
Ependymal cells
What are the neuroglial cells that form the BBB?
Astrocytes
What matter of the brain is made of cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons?
The grey matter
In the cerebral cortex the cortex is the…
Superficial layer of gray matter
The cerebral cortex of the brain and the clusters of cell bodies of neurons called nuclei are made of
Grey matter
The clusters of neuronal cell bodies found deep within the brain are known as
The nuclei
The bundles of myelinated axons in the brain are known as
Tracts
What matter of the brain is composed of myelinated axons organized in bundles known as tracts?
The white matter
What matter can be compared to the central processing unit within a computer?
The grey matter
What matter can be thought of as wires connecting various components of the nervous system?
The white matter
What is the structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres?
The longitudinal fissure
What is a white matter tract that connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum, allowing communication between the two?
The corpus callosum
What is the structure that separates the temporal and frontal lobes?
The lateral sulcus
What is the structure that separates the parietal and frontal lobes?
The central sulcus
What lobe of the cerebrum contains areas for motor control including speech generation, odor identification, reasoning, personality, judgment, understanding of consequences, and learning complicated concepts?
The frontal lobe
What lobe of the cerebrum receives sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and itch, and associates this sensory information with other information, enabling you to identify a previously encountered item, such as your favorite fruit, entirely by touch?
The parietal lobe
What lobe of the cerebrum processes visual information, including giving meaning to images, which allows you to recognize your shoes solely by looking at them?
The occipital lobe
What lobe of the cerebrum located deep within the lateral sulcus is known to process taste, smell, sound, visceral and body surface sensations, and emotions such as empathy?
The insula
What lobe of the cerebrum receives and processes sound information, has areas for recognizing faces, and is the primary receptive area for smell?
The temporal lobe
What language area is found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe and is known as the motor speech area because it controls muscles needed for vocalization?
The brocas language area
What language area is found in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere, near the lateral sulcus and the auditory cortex?
The wernick’s area
Damage to what language area result in a person experiencing problems when generating speech?
The broca’s language area
Damage to what language area results in a person having difficulty processing information regarding the comprehension of spoken and written language?
The wernick’s language area
What is a vital structure for memory in the limbic system?
The hippocampus
What amnesia results in the inability to form new long term memories?
Anterograde amnesia
Which form of amnesia results in forgetting old memories?
Retrograde amnesia
Which form of amnesia results from the damage to the hippocampus?
Anterograde
Which structure of the limbic system regulates emotional states, specifically fear?
The amygdala
What area of the limbic system process motor and cognitive information and are important in learning new motor skills?
The basal nuclei/ ganglia
The dopamine circuitry within what part of the limbic system is disturbed in Parkinson’s disease, in which patients suffer from cognitive and motor impairments, most notably a resting tremor and difficulty speaking?
The basal nuclei/ganglia
What part of the diencephalon that functions to sort and relay sensory information that passes into he brain (except olfactory information) and mediates motor activity from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and structures of the brainstem?
The thalamus
What part of the diencephalon that controls the autonomic nervous system, regulates responses to emotional states, controls sleep. Wake cycles and the endocrine system, and regulates homeostasis such as body temperature, hunger and satiety, and water balance and thirst?
They hypothalamus
What part of the diencephalon connected to the pituitary gland?
They hypothalamus
What part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?
The Epithalamus
Which endocrine gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates day night cycles known as circadian rhythms?
The pineal gland
The cerebellum is situated where on the brain stem?
The posterior surface of the brainstem
What structure separates the cerebellar hemispheres along the midline?
The fall cerebri
What are the white matter structures that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
The cerebellar peduncles
What is the white matter of the cerebellum called?
The arbor vitae
What are the parallel folds on the surface of the cerebellar cortex are called?
Folia
Descending input from the cerebrum enters through the large white matter structure called?
The pons
Ascending input from the periphery and spinal cord enters through the fibers of what?
The inferior olive
Output from the cerebellum goes to the ____, which sends a descending signal to the spinal cord.
The midbrain
What part of the midbrain is made of the white matter corticospinal tracts connect the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord?
The cerebral peduncles
What part of the midbrain send the signals to move your upper body, head, and eyes in response to visual stimuli. This is especially important in reflexive tracking of moving objects?
The super colliculi
What part of the midbrain send the signals to move your upper body, head, and eyes in response to auditory stimuli and will cause reflexive turning of the head in the direction of loud noises?
The inferior colliculi
What region of the brainstem provides a structural and functional bridge between the left and right sides of the cerebellum, and between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and other brain regions. It contributes to optimizing movements and controlling breathing.
The pons
What region of the brainstem contains all the sensory and motor tracts that run between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain?
The medulla oblangata
What region of the brainstem contains many nuclei that control reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, and hiccupping, control centers for respiration, heart rate, the force of heart contraction, and blood vessel diameter?
The medulla region
Where ar the nuclei for 2 pairs of cranial nerves, the oculomotor nerves, and trochlear nerves are found?
The midbrain
The nuclei for 4 pairs of cranial nerves, the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and part of the vestibulocochlear nerves are found where?
The pons
The nuclei for 5 pairs of cranial nerve, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal nerves are found where?
The medulla
Which region of the brain contains the reticular formation?
The brainstem
Which cranial nerve transmits the sensory information about the smell?
The olfactory nerve
Which cranial nerve moves most of the skeletal eye muscles, dilates and constricts the pupil, and produces the lens accommodation?
Oculomotor nerve
Which cranial nerve moves the superior oblique skeletal eye muscles that depress and laterally rotate the eyeballs helping produce the downward gaze?
The trochlear
Which cranial nerve moves the lateral rectus skeletal eye muscles helping produce the outward gaze?
Abducens
Which cranial nerve transmits sensory information from the scalp, face, and mouth, and controls the muscles of chewing. This nerve can be oversstimulated during the brain freeze sensation from consuming cold drinks or food too quickly?
The facial nerve
Which cranial nerve transmits the sensory information about the taste from the front of the tongue, and controls the muscle of facial expressions, as well as a secretion of tears, saliva, and mucus, for example, from eating spicy food or inhaling an irritant?
The glossopharyngeal nerve
Which cranial nerve transmits the sensory information about the hearing and balance from the inner ear?
The vestibulocochlear nerve
Which cranial nerve controls the movements of the tongue during speech, food manipulation, and swallowing?
The hypoglossal nerve
Which cranial nerve transmits the sensory information from internal organs such as the heart, lungs, digestive system, and blood vessels, produces a parasympathetic response, and controls the muscles of speech, vocalization, and coughing?
The vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve controls the swallowing muscles, and the muscles of the neck and pectoral girdle that move the head?
The accessory nerve
The nervous system develops from the embryonic layer called the..
Ectoderm
The neural crest of the embryo will give rise to the…
Peripheral nervous system
The neural tube of the embryo will develop into the
Central nervous system
The CSF is produce where?
The ventricles
The sense of smell is called the
Olfaction
What kind of sense is olfaction?
A chemical sense
Where are the olfactory eyesore neurons located in the nasal cavity?
The olfactory epithelium
List the correct order of the structures in the olfactory pathway
Olfactory epithelium
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory cortex
The sense of taste is called
Gustation
What kind of sense is gestation?
Chemical sense
What are the bumpy structures on the tongue called?
Papillae
Papillae contain smaller structures called
Taste buds
What are the sensory receptors that detect tastant molecules?
Gustatory cells
What cells contain taste receptors?
Gustatory cells
What are the 5 known primary tastes?
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
What taste detects the presence of sodium ions?
Salty
What taste detects the presence of acidic hydrogen ions?
Sour
What taste detects the presence of glucose?
Sweet
What taste detects the presence of the amino acid L-glutamate?
Umami
Which nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue?
The facial nerve
Which nerve connects to tast buds in the posterior two thirds of the tongue?
The glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve connects to the epiglottis and the taste buds in the extreme posterior of the tongue, verging on the pharynx, which is more sensitive to noxious stimuli suc as bitterness. This nerve is dedicated to the gag reflex?
The vagus nerve
Which structures protect the eye against the external environment?
Eyelids (palpebrae), eyebrow, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus, palpebral conjunctiva
What structures help to protect the eye from abrasions by blocking particles such as dust or sand, which may land on the surface of the eye and damage it?
Eyelids and eyelashes
What structure is a thin mucous membrane on the inner surface of each eyelid that extends over the white areas of the eye, connecting the eyelid to the eyeball?ca
Conjunctive
Which structure is a pink fleshy tissue structure in the medical can thus of each eye?
Caruncle
What is another name for eyelid?
Palpebrae
Each corner of the eye is referred to as the
Canthus
What is located on the superior and lateral edge of the orbital complex that produce tears?
Lacrimal glands
What are the small openings located in the medial canthus of each eye that help the excess tears to drain into the nasal cavity?
Lacrimal ducts
What are the small channels which drain tears from the medial canthus into the lacrimal sac?
Lacrimal punctum
What are the canals that drain tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity?
The lacrimal canaliculus
Which muscle contracts and the rotates to look up?
Superior rectus
Which muscle contracts and the eye rotates to look down?
Inferior rectus
Which muscle contracts and the right eye looks right (towards the ear)?
The lateral rectus
Which muscle contracts and the right eye looks left (towards the nose)?
Medial rectus
Which muscle originates at the posterior of the orbital socket, near the origin of the 4 rectus muscles?
The superior oblique muscle
The tendon of what muscles threads through a sling like piece of cartilage known as the trochlea?
The superior oblique
The tendon of the superior oblique muscle inserts at an angle into which surface of the eyeball?
Superior surface of the eyeball
The inferior oblique muscle originates from which part of the orbit and inserts into the inferolateral surface of the eye?
The floor of the orbit
When which muscle contracts, it elevates and retracts the upper eyelid to hep you open your eyes?
Lavatory palpebrae superioris
When which muscle contracts, it closes the upper eyelid when blinking the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
The outermost layer of the eye is the___, which includes the white sclera and clear cornea
Fibrous tunic
What is the middle layer of the eye and is mostly composed of the choroid, ciliary body and iris?
The vascular tunic
What is the innermost layer of the eye also known as the retina?
Neural tunic
Which structure accounts for five sixths of the surface of the eye, most of which is not visible, but you can see it as the white of the eye?
The sclera
Which structure is a transparent dome shaped structure that covers the anterior tip of the eye and allows light to enter the eye?
Cornea
Which structure is a layer of highly vascularized connective tissue that encompasses the posterior of the eyeball and supplies blood to the eyeball?
Choroid
Which structure is a circular muscular structure attached to the lens around its circumference thus holding it in place and shaping it?
The ciliary body
Which structure is made of the smooth muscle fibers can Ben and reshape the lens, which allows for udjustment and focusing light on the back of the eye when we look near or far?
Zonule fibers
What is the visible colored part of the eye that gives you your eye color?
Iris
What is a network of smooth muscle that adjusts the amount of light entering the eye by changing the size of the pupil?
Iris
What is the hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter into the eye and reach the posterior of the eye?
Pupil
What does the pupil do in response to light?
Constricts
What does the pupil do in response to dim light?
Dilates
What is the structure in the back of the eyeball containing the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception?
The retina
What forms the border between the anterior and posterior cavities of the eyeball?
The lens
Which chamber of the eye is located between the cornea and the lens?
Anterior chamber
The anterior Chamber of the eye has a clear, watery fluid called?
Aqueous humor
Which chamber of the eye consists of the entire inner portion of the eye behind the lens?
The posterior chamber
What is the thick, jelly like substance in the posterior chamber called?
Vitreous humor
List the correct order of structures in the eye that refract light before it reaches the retina
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor
Which photoreceptor cells detect colors and give us detailed central vision?
Cones
Which photoreceptor cells detect light and dark and give us peripheral vision?
Rods
The outermost layer of the retina consists of which cells that detect light?
Photoreceptor cells
The middle layer of the retina consists of which cells?
Bipolar cells
The innermost layer consists of which cells that axons travel towards the optic disc where they converge to form the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
