Exam 1 practice Flashcards
Study of tissues at microscopic level
Histology
The ability of living things to maintain their internal environment as the external or internal environments change is called
Regulation
Digestion of food is an example of which property of life
Metabolism
What combines to make molecules that are organized into cells
Atoms
2 or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of
A body system
Which level of structural hierarchy does the urinary bladder atom belong to
Organ
What system allows for the movement of the body and body parts and the substances around the body such as food through the digestive tract and blood throughout the body?
Muscular
The tailbone region is called
Coccygeal
What plane divides the body or a body part into front and back?
Frontal
In an anatomical position, what way are palms facing?
Forward
The ventral side of the human body is
Anterior
The heart is what to the skin?
Deep
What cavity contains the brain?
Cranial
A serous membrane around the lungs is called..
Pleura
Homeostasis is the condition where the body maintains:
Relatively stabile internal environment, within limits
The feedback system
-Stimulus ex: body temp goes up
-Sensor ex: nerve cells in skin and brain
-Control ex: temperature regulatory center in brain
-Effector ex: sweat glands throughout body
A subatomic particle with a negative change is called
An electron
How many electrons are shared in 1 covalent bond
2
What form of energy is used to move the body and substances within the body?
Kinetic
What substances repel water and will not dissolve in water?
Hydrophobic
A base is a substance that..
Takes up hydrogen ions already present in a solution
These organic macromolecules constitute 18-25% of a human body by mass. They are used as the sources of concentrated energy and as building blocks, they are mostly hydrophobic
Lipids
What carbohydrates is NOT a polysaccharide
Glucose
Although most body cells can break down other organic compounds for fuel, all body cells use..
Glucose
Molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts are called
Amphipathic
Collagen in the skin and bones is an example of what
A structural protein
What molecule is a double stranded helix
DNA
The space and fluids inside the cells are called
Intracellular space and fluids
What molecules create a bilayer called plasma membrane?
Phospholipid
Ion channels, receptors and glycoproteins are classified as
Integral proteins
Passive transport..
Does not require the help of cellular energy
In hyponatremia, a persons blood plasma becomes
Too hypotonic
Because cells use and store glucose for energy, glucose is typically..
At a higher concentration inside of the cell than outside
Which component of the cytoplasm provides structural support for cells, allowing for cell movement, reproduction, and moving substances within the cell
Cytoskeleton
Which non-membranous organelles recycle damaged or faulty proteins by prteolysis?
Proteasomes
Centrosomes assist with the separation of DNA during cell division. Which filaments are centrosomes made of?
Microtubules
Which human cells eject their nucleus when they mature?
Red blood cells
How many DNA molecules are built after replication of one chromosome?
2
WHAT DOES THE PHRASE GENE EXPRESSION MEAN?
A cell is producing a protein
What is the period of the cell cycle when the cell divides?
Mitosis
During which phase of mitosis to the mitotic spindle microtubules attach the the chromosomes
Prophase
Cephalic
Closer to the head
Retroperitoneal organs or located where to the peritoneum
Posterior
What is the normal physiological value range of the body temperature in healthy adults?
98-99 F
In the feedback system, what generates a response that brings homeostasis back in balance?
Effector
What type of a chemical bond holds hydrogens and oxygen in a molecule of water
Covalent bond
The chemical reactions that form bonds between small molecules to create larger ones are called
Anabolic reactions
In what reaction does a water molecule disrupt a compound such as starch in rice, breaking its covalent bonds into smaller molecules such as clucose which can be utilitzed by our cells as fuel
Hydrolysis
A polysaccharide that is the primary component of the cell wall of careen plants and is the component of plant food is
Cellulose
Oils contain mainly
Unsaturated fatty acids
Fats contain mainly
Saturated fatty acids
Sodium ions diffuse into the cells through the
Ion channels
Which filaments are present in skin which contributes to its ability to resist tension?
Intermediate filaments
Which human cells contain more than one nucleus?
Muscle cells
Where does translation take place?
Ribosomes
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes
Telophase
To maintain a specific organization of molecules that form cellular structures, living things must perform chemical reactions collectively referred to as
Metabolism
What type of a chemical bond holds sodium and chlorine in a molecule of table salt
Ionic bond
The chemical reaction that form bonds between small molecules to create larger ones are called
Anabolic reactions
A solitary proton of hydrogen is highly likely to be..
Reactive and participate in chemical reaction
These organic macromolecules constitute 12-18% of a human body by mass. They are used as building blocks; but most importantly, these molecules such as enzymes, transporters and receptors act as cellular machinery to carry out an array of functions. Nearly all of these molecules have complex 3 dimensional structures
Proteins
The building blocks of carbohydrates are
Monosaccharides
Which egg contains more albumen protein in its denatured form?
A hard boiled egg
Gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane down their concentration gradient via
Simple diffusion
What filaments are a large component of muscle tissue?
Microfilament
What is chromatin made of?
DNA and histones
During which phase of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the middle between 2 centrosomes
Metaphase
The building blocks of carbohydrates are
Monosaccharides
Gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane down their concentration gradient via
Simple diffusion
During which phase of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in the middle between 2 centrosomes?
Metaphase
Visceral layer of a serous membrane surrounds..
The organs
Parietal layer of serous membrane lines
The walls of the cavities
In the negative feedback system of temperature regulation, what is an effector?
Muscle
What are the major elements of a human body?
Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen
A tendency of water molecules to stick together due to hydrogen bonds between its molecules is called
Cohesion
Triglycerides are made of
A glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
A 3 dimensional folding of a protein into a compact functional unit is referred to as its
Tertiary structure
In nerve cells, the electrical gradient exists between the inside and outside of the cell. Which side is more negatively charged the inside or outside?
The inside is negatively charged relative to the outside
What type of molecular materials is cytoskeleton composed of?
Fibrous proteins
Which phase of the interphase is the first growth phase in the cycle where a cell grows and accumulates the building blocks of DNA, proteins and energy reserves to carry out DNA replication?
G1 phase
During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes?
Telophase
Many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of
An independent organism
Which cavity is located between the right and left lung?
Mediastinum
Nonpolar compounds are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
Polar compounds are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
Which type of chemical reaction joins monomers into polymers?
Dehydration synthesis
Are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
A short chain of amino acids joined together is a sequence is called
A peptide
Centrosomes assist with the separation of DNA during cell division. Which filaments are centrosomes made of?
Microtubules
The process where the plasma membrane pinches in between two nuclei which splits the dividing cell into 2 daughter cells is
Cytokinesis
Maxillary refers to what region
Upper jaw
Prone
Lying face down
Retroberitoneal organs are located… to the peritoneum
Posterior
Which type of a chemical reaction breaks up polymers into monomers
Hydrolysis
Is glucose a polysaccharide
No it is a monosaccharide
During which phase of interphase does the cell duplicate some organelles and synthesizes the proteins needed for mitosis?
G2 phase
Catabolism
A breakdown of complex substances into the simpler components
In a polar covalent compound, the electrons are distributed..
Unevenly between 2 atoms
Genes are the sequences of …. Within a strand of DNA
Nitrogenous bases
In the negative feedback system of temperature regulation, what is a stimulus?
Heat
The ventral side of the human body is
Anterior
These organic macromolecules constituted 2-3% of a human body mass. They are used as the sources of fast energy and as building blocks. The are made of a “watered carbon” skeleton with lots of hydroxyl groups.
Carbohydrates
What occurs in long chains called amylose or branched chains called amylopectin, both are stored in plant based foods like rice, potatoes and wheat and are relatively easy to digest?
Starch
Which Pentose monosaccharide is present in the nucleotides of DNA?
Deoxyribose
