Exam 2 practice Flashcards
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Are epithelial tissue vascularized or avascular
avascular
What is the epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer?
simple
What type of junctions prevent the movement of material between cells?
tight junctions
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous (syrupy) mix of cell debris
Holocrine glands
Connective tissue is composed of…
cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them
Which connective tissue cells produce collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers?
fibroblasts
What type of connective tissue fibers are found in tissues that are subjected to stretch?
Elastic
What connective tissue contains more collagen fibers, thus it has greater resistance to stretching?
Dense connective tissue
What gets filtered through a series of nodes to remove foreign particles and mount immune responses before it is returned to the cardiovascular system as plasma
lymph
Cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
What tissue component of mucous membranes is referred to as the lamina propria?
connective tissue
totipotent stem cells
divide to form any other cell type within the embryo or placenta
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
- protection of the body from the external environment
- maintenance of homeostasis in body temperature
- detection of pressure, temperature, pain, and other senses.
Which layer of epidermis is made of dry dead keratinocytes that provide mechanical protection against abrasion?
Stratum corneum
How do the high levels of melanin affect vitamin D production in the skin?
High melanin levels impede vitamin D production.
Which epidermal structures are NOT found in the thin skin that covers most of the body, except for the soles and palms?
stratum lucidium
What is the superficial layer of dermis?
papillary layer
During which stage of the growth cycle does the hair quit growing and the hair follicle shrinks?
regression stage
What is the area of skin with a thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail called?
hyponychium
Which sweat glands produce body odor?
apocrine sweat glands
What degree burn extends into the epidermis, dermis, and even the subcutaneous tissue. This type of burn can appear white, black, or red, and it requires medical attention?
Third degree burn
Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?
collagen
What is the name of the spaces within spongy bone that contain bone marrow?
diploe
What anchor muscles to bone?
tendons
Which bones take on various complex shapes and include the bones of the vertebrae?
irregular bones
What is the enlarged end of long bones called?
epiphysis
What is the name of a membrane that lines the outer surfaces of bones?
periosteum
is bone tissue innervated?
yes
Which bone cells secrete digestive enzymes and pump out hydrochloric acid that breaks down the collagen and minerals of the bone matrix?
osteroclasts
Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 2/3 of bone mass?
calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)
Which type of ossification generates most of the bones of the skeleton?
endochondral
Which type of ossification begins when ossification centers emerge from a thickened layer of embryonic mesenechyme?
intramembranous
Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too low?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What is the normal age related loss of bone due to the decrease in their protein synthesis and secretion of bone matrix, and a subsequent decrease of bone mineralization and density?
osteopenia
Which type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of a bone?
transverse
Which stage of bone healing involves a production of cartilage and dense regular connective tissue to close the gap between the broken bones?
fibrocartilaginous callus
What are the mobile structures present on the surface of some epithelial cells that beat back and forth in a rhythmic motion promoting the movement of substances along the surface of the cells?
cilia
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of lipids and cytoplasm (water, ion, other molecules)
apocrine glands
Which connective tissue cells are known as embryonic connective tissue cells that can differentiate into various connective tissue cells?
mesenchymal cells
Which type of connective tissue fivers are made of type 1 collagen?
collagen fibers
Which type of connective tissue makes up the structures present where there is a lot of strain when pulling from end to end, such as what happens on a tendon or ligament?
regular dense
What are RBC also know as?
erythrocytes
Which type of osseous tissue is found on the exterior regions of bone organs and provides most of the strength?
compact
skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, uninucleated or have no nucleus?
multinucleated
What are the supportive and nourishing cells of nervous tissue?
neuroglia
Which type of membranes line body cavities not exposed the external environment such as the abdominopelvic or peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity?
serous
in people who regularly smoke their normal pseudostratified epithelium changes into the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. this change of tissue is referred to as..
metaplasia
Which epidermal cells destroy invading microbes?
macrophages
Which layer of epidermis contain tactile cells that function as sensory receptors?
stratum basale
What is the skin condition where people have melanocytes unable to produce melanin resulting in their skin and hair appearing pale or white?
albinism
What is the function of hair?
- shield skin from the sun
- trap dust, dirt and sweat
- provide sensory information about touch
What is another name for a nail cuticle?
eponychium
What is another name for the sweat glands?
sudoriforous glands
Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?
collagen
Which type of bone tissue makes up the outer portions of all bones?
compact
Which bones include most bones of the skull, and also include the ribs, sternum and scapula?
flat bones
Where is the yellow marrow located in the long bones?
within the medullary cavity
which bone cells are active bone matrix producing cells?
osteoblasts
What regulates the rates of deposition into and removal of calcium from the bone matrix?
hormones and vitamin D
Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?
interstitial
Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?
endochondral
which hormone results in the increased bone mass?
Calcitonin
Which type of fracture has bone segments that are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion?
spiral
What is the name of the first stage of bone healing?
hematoma
heart, stomach and musculature of the body are composed of what tissue?
connective
What type of junctions act as molecular tethers that anchor epithelial cells to adjacent epithelial cells and the basement membrane? they can also be found in other tissue types such as cardiac muscle tissue
desmosomes
What type of glands are thyroid and adrenal glands classified as?
endocrine glands
What type of connective tissue fibers form a delicate branching 3D or scaffolding framework called stroma which holds functional cells in place?
reticular fibers
Which type of loose connective tissue is found around the heart, within the peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavities, behind the eyeballs, and distributed in various places under the skin where it insulates and protects them?
adipose tissue
osseous bone tissue and cartilage are examples of what type of connective tissue
supportive
The layer of a serous membrane closest to the organ is
the visceral layer
multipotent stem cells
are limited in their capacity to differentiate but can change into many other cell types
merkel cells
are the sensory receptors for touch
The deepest layer of epidermis is
stratum basale
the characteristics of a melanoma
- asymmetrical
- border is irregular
- color is not uniform
- diameter is greater than 6mm
- evolving rapidly
What is NOT found in the thick skin of the soles and palms?
hair and sebacious glands
is hypodermis considered part of skin?
no
What is the name of a crescent shaped region of thick epithelium at the base of a nail bed?
lunula
What are the functions of bone tissue?
- provides attachment points for skeletal muscles to assist them in producing various body movemnets
- protects and stabilizes body and organs
- produces all blood cells (hematopoiesis)
- stores minerals and lipids
what links one bone to another bone?
ligaments
osteoclasts
giant multinucleated cells that meander through the bone matrix devouring and breaking down the bone matrix as they go
What assists with calcium deposition into the bones and calcium absorption from the GI tract?
vitamin D
Longitudinal bone growth happens through the..
interstitial growth of cartilage
Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?
endochondral
Which hormon targets osteoclasts and increases their rate of activity?
PTH
What type of fracture is when the ankle bones are broken?
potts
Which type of tissue refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways and form certain glands?
epithelial tissue
What are the sides of the cells making up the tissue that face the border with the connective tissue are known as?
the basal surface
Which type of epithelium is ideal for promoting diffusion, excretion, and absorption? it is found in portions of the body such as alveoli of the lungs and capillaries.
simple squamous epithelium
What type of junctions made up of intermediate filaments and other fibrous and anchoring proteins tie epithelial ells to one another?
desmosomes
What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous mix of cell debris?
holocrine
Connective tissue is composed of..
cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them
Which connective tissue cells secrete proteins and hyaluronan which combine to form the viscous proteoglycan of the ground substance in the matrix?
fibroblasts
Which type of connective tissue fibers will be most commonly found in the liver where cells need to be held in a particular arrangement near the blood supply and in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen?
Reticular fibers
Which type of connective tissue is taken up by collagen fibers that are, for the most part, running parallel with eachother which gives the tissue a high tensile strength?
regular dense
Which blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body?
RBC
Which type of cartilage is the most common type of cartilage that can be found in the nose, trachea, larynx, costals, and articular ends of long bones?
hyaline
in a tissue, muscle cells are arranged…
parallel to eachother
Which part of a neuron is sensory(receiving a signal or detecting a stimulus)?
dendrites
mucous membranes, serous membranes and the cutaneous membrane are included in the..
epithelial membranes
What type of cells is epidermis made of?
keratinocytes
Which layer of epidermis has the most cornified (keratinized) cells?
stratum corneum
Which skin pigment is obtained from the diet sources such as carrot, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins is yellow/orange in color?
carotene
What type of cells are hair made of?
epithelial
Which region of the nails has a matrix of dividing cells that enable a nail to grow continually?
nail root
Which bones make up the majority of bone mass in the upper and lower extremities of the body?
long bones
Which region of the long bone contains spongy bone?
epiphysis and metaphysis
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones?
endosteum
Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 1/3 of bone mass?
organic collagen fibers
Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?
interstitial
What type of ossification involves osteoblasts covered by periosteum?
intramembranous
Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too high?
calcitonin
What is the name of a process of realigning a fractured bone?
reduction
