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A&P > Exam 2 practice > Flashcards

Exam 2 practice Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Are epithelial tissue vascularized or avascular

A

avascular

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3
Q

What is the epithelial tissue that is composed of a single layer?

A

simple

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4
Q

What type of junctions prevent the movement of material between cells?

A

tight junctions

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5
Q

What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous (syrupy) mix of cell debris

A

Holocrine glands

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6
Q

Connective tissue is composed of…

A

cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them

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7
Q

Which connective tissue cells produce collagen, elastic, or reticular fibers?

A

fibroblasts

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8
Q

What type of connective tissue fibers are found in tissues that are subjected to stretch?

A

Elastic

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9
Q

What connective tissue contains more collagen fibers, thus it has greater resistance to stretching?

A

Dense connective tissue

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10
Q

What gets filtered through a series of nodes to remove foreign particles and mount immune responses before it is returned to the cardiovascular system as plasma

A

lymph

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11
Q

Cartilage cells are called

A

chondrocytes

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12
Q

What tissue component of mucous membranes is referred to as the lamina propria?

A

connective tissue

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13
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

divide to form any other cell type within the embryo or placenta

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14
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. protection of the body from the external environment
  2. maintenance of homeostasis in body temperature
  3. detection of pressure, temperature, pain, and other senses.
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15
Q

Which layer of epidermis is made of dry dead keratinocytes that provide mechanical protection against abrasion?

A

Stratum corneum

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16
Q

How do the high levels of melanin affect vitamin D production in the skin?

A

High melanin levels impede vitamin D production.

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17
Q

Which epidermal structures are NOT found in the thin skin that covers most of the body, except for the soles and palms?

A

stratum lucidium

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18
Q

What is the superficial layer of dermis?

A

papillary layer

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19
Q

During which stage of the growth cycle does the hair quit growing and the hair follicle shrinks?

A

regression stage

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20
Q

What is the area of skin with a thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail called?

A

hyponychium

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21
Q

Which sweat glands produce body odor?

A

apocrine sweat glands

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22
Q

What degree burn extends into the epidermis, dermis, and even the subcutaneous tissue. This type of burn can appear white, black, or red, and it requires medical attention?

A

Third degree burn

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23
Q

Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?

A

collagen

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24
Q

What is the name of the spaces within spongy bone that contain bone marrow?

A

diploe

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25
Q

What anchor muscles to bone?

A

tendons

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26
Q

Which bones take on various complex shapes and include the bones of the vertebrae?

A

irregular bones

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27
Q

What is the enlarged end of long bones called?

A

epiphysis

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28
Q

What is the name of a membrane that lines the outer surfaces of bones?

A

periosteum

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29
Q

is bone tissue innervated?

A

yes

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30
Q

Which bone cells secrete digestive enzymes and pump out hydrochloric acid that breaks down the collagen and minerals of the bone matrix?

A

osteroclasts

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31
Q

Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 2/3 of bone mass?

A

calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite)

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32
Q

Which type of ossification generates most of the bones of the skeleton?

A

endochondral

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33
Q

Which type of ossification begins when ossification centers emerge from a thickened layer of embryonic mesenechyme?

A

intramembranous

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34
Q

Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too low?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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35
Q

What is the normal age related loss of bone due to the decrease in their protein synthesis and secretion of bone matrix, and a subsequent decrease of bone mineralization and density?

A

osteopenia

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36
Q

Which type of fracture occurs straight across the long axis of a bone?

A

transverse

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37
Q

Which stage of bone healing involves a production of cartilage and dense regular connective tissue to close the gap between the broken bones?

A

fibrocartilaginous callus

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38
Q

What are the mobile structures present on the surface of some epithelial cells that beat back and forth in a rhythmic motion promoting the movement of substances along the surface of the cells?

A

cilia

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39
Q

What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of lipids and cytoplasm (water, ion, other molecules)

A

apocrine glands

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40
Q

Which connective tissue cells are known as embryonic connective tissue cells that can differentiate into various connective tissue cells?

A

mesenchymal cells

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41
Q

Which type of connective tissue fivers are made of type 1 collagen?

A

collagen fibers

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42
Q

Which type of connective tissue makes up the structures present where there is a lot of strain when pulling from end to end, such as what happens on a tendon or ligament?

A

regular dense

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43
Q

What are RBC also know as?

A

erythrocytes

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44
Q

Which type of osseous tissue is found on the exterior regions of bone organs and provides most of the strength?

A

compact

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45
Q

skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated, uninucleated or have no nucleus?

A

multinucleated

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46
Q

What are the supportive and nourishing cells of nervous tissue?

A

neuroglia

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47
Q

Which type of membranes line body cavities not exposed the external environment such as the abdominopelvic or peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity?

A

serous

48
Q

in people who regularly smoke their normal pseudostratified epithelium changes into the stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. this change of tissue is referred to as..

A

metaplasia

49
Q

Which epidermal cells destroy invading microbes?

A

macrophages

50
Q

Which layer of epidermis contain tactile cells that function as sensory receptors?

A

stratum basale

51
Q

What is the skin condition where people have melanocytes unable to produce melanin resulting in their skin and hair appearing pale or white?

A

albinism

52
Q

What is the function of hair?

A
  1. shield skin from the sun
  2. trap dust, dirt and sweat
  3. provide sensory information about touch
53
Q

What is another name for a nail cuticle?

A

eponychium

54
Q

What is another name for the sweat glands?

A

sudoriforous glands

55
Q

Which protein makes up the matrix of bone tissue?

A

collagen

56
Q

Which type of bone tissue makes up the outer portions of all bones?

A

compact

57
Q

Which bones include most bones of the skull, and also include the ribs, sternum and scapula?

A

flat bones

58
Q

Where is the yellow marrow located in the long bones?

A

within the medullary cavity

59
Q

which bone cells are active bone matrix producing cells?

A

osteoblasts

60
Q

What regulates the rates of deposition into and removal of calcium from the bone matrix?

A

hormones and vitamin D

61
Q

Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?

A

interstitial

62
Q

Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?

A

endochondral

63
Q

which hormone results in the increased bone mass?

A

Calcitonin

64
Q

Which type of fracture has bone segments that are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion?

A

spiral

65
Q

What is the name of the first stage of bone healing?

A

hematoma

66
Q

heart, stomach and musculature of the body are composed of what tissue?

A

connective

67
Q

What type of junctions act as molecular tethers that anchor epithelial cells to adjacent epithelial cells and the basement membrane? they can also be found in other tissue types such as cardiac muscle tissue

A

desmosomes

68
Q

What type of glands are thyroid and adrenal glands classified as?

A

endocrine glands

69
Q

What type of connective tissue fibers form a delicate branching 3D or scaffolding framework called stroma which holds functional cells in place?

A

reticular fibers

70
Q

Which type of loose connective tissue is found around the heart, within the peritoneum of the abdominopelvic cavities, behind the eyeballs, and distributed in various places under the skin where it insulates and protects them?

A

adipose tissue

71
Q

osseous bone tissue and cartilage are examples of what type of connective tissue

A

supportive

72
Q

The layer of a serous membrane closest to the organ is

A

the visceral layer

73
Q

multipotent stem cells

A

are limited in their capacity to differentiate but can change into many other cell types

74
Q

merkel cells

A

are the sensory receptors for touch

75
Q

The deepest layer of epidermis is

A

stratum basale

76
Q

the characteristics of a melanoma

A
  1. asymmetrical
  2. border is irregular
  3. color is not uniform
  4. diameter is greater than 6mm
  5. evolving rapidly
77
Q

What is NOT found in the thick skin of the soles and palms?

A

hair and sebacious glands

78
Q

is hypodermis considered part of skin?

A

no

79
Q

What is the name of a crescent shaped region of thick epithelium at the base of a nail bed?

A

lunula

80
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue?

A
  1. provides attachment points for skeletal muscles to assist them in producing various body movemnets
  2. protects and stabilizes body and organs
  3. produces all blood cells (hematopoiesis)
  4. stores minerals and lipids
81
Q

what links one bone to another bone?

A

ligaments

82
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant multinucleated cells that meander through the bone matrix devouring and breaking down the bone matrix as they go

83
Q

What assists with calcium deposition into the bones and calcium absorption from the GI tract?

A

vitamin D

84
Q

Longitudinal bone growth happens through the..

A

interstitial growth of cartilage

85
Q

Which type of ossification involves the formation of hyaline cartilage first that is gradually replaced by osseous tissue?

A

endochondral

86
Q

Which hormon targets osteoclasts and increases their rate of activity?

A

PTH

87
Q

What type of fracture is when the ankle bones are broken?

A

potts

88
Q

Which type of tissue refers to the sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, line internal cavities and passageways and form certain glands?

A

epithelial tissue

89
Q

What are the sides of the cells making up the tissue that face the border with the connective tissue are known as?

A

the basal surface

90
Q

Which type of epithelium is ideal for promoting diffusion, excretion, and absorption? it is found in portions of the body such as alveoli of the lungs and capillaries.

A

simple squamous epithelium

91
Q

What type of junctions made up of intermediate filaments and other fibrous and anchoring proteins tie epithelial ells to one another?

A

desmosomes

92
Q

What type of exocrine glands produce secretions composed of viscous mix of cell debris?

A

holocrine

93
Q

Connective tissue is composed of..

A

cells that are far apart with lots of intercellular material between them

94
Q

Which connective tissue cells secrete proteins and hyaluronan which combine to form the viscous proteoglycan of the ground substance in the matrix?

A

fibroblasts

95
Q

Which type of connective tissue fibers will be most commonly found in the liver where cells need to be held in a particular arrangement near the blood supply and in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen?

A

Reticular fibers

96
Q

Which type of connective tissue is taken up by collagen fibers that are, for the most part, running parallel with eachother which gives the tissue a high tensile strength?

A

regular dense

97
Q

Which blood cells distribute oxygen throughout the body?

A

RBC

98
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common type of cartilage that can be found in the nose, trachea, larynx, costals, and articular ends of long bones?

A

hyaline

99
Q

in a tissue, muscle cells are arranged…

A

parallel to eachother

100
Q

Which part of a neuron is sensory(receiving a signal or detecting a stimulus)?

A

dendrites

101
Q

mucous membranes, serous membranes and the cutaneous membrane are included in the..

A

epithelial membranes

102
Q

What type of cells is epidermis made of?

A

keratinocytes

103
Q

Which layer of epidermis has the most cornified (keratinized) cells?

A

stratum corneum

104
Q

Which skin pigment is obtained from the diet sources such as carrot, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins is yellow/orange in color?

A

carotene

105
Q

What type of cells are hair made of?

A

epithelial

106
Q

Which region of the nails has a matrix of dividing cells that enable a nail to grow continually?

A

nail root

107
Q

Which bones make up the majority of bone mass in the upper and lower extremities of the body?

A

long bones

108
Q

Which region of the long bone contains spongy bone?

A

epiphysis and metaphysis

109
Q

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity of long bones?

A

endosteum

110
Q

Which components of a bone matrix comprises about 1/3 of bone mass?

A

organic collagen fibers

111
Q

Which type of cartilage growth lengthens bone?

A

interstitial

112
Q

What type of ossification involves osteoblasts covered by periosteum?

A

intramembranous

113
Q

Which hormone is released when the blood calcium is too high?

A

calcitonin

114
Q

What is the name of a process of realigning a fractured bone?

A

reduction

115
Q
A

A&P (9 decks)

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