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Clinical Conditions > Exam 6: Muscles and Muscle Function > Flashcards

Exam 6: Muscles and Muscle Function Flashcards

1
Q

muscul/o; my/o; myos/o

A

muscles

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2
Q

fasci/o; fibr/o

A

fascia
fibrous tissue

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3
Q

ten/o; tend/o; tendin/o

A

tendons

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4
Q

skeletal muscle (movement)

A

involved in voluntary movement

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5
Q

myocardial muscle

A
  • forms muscular walls of the heart
  • provides constant contraction and relaxation causing the heartbeat
  • involuntary
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6
Q

skeletal muscle (anatomy)

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
    • fascicle
  • endomysium
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7
Q

origin

A
  • attached to more stationary bone
  • proximal in the body
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8
Q

insertion

A
  • attached to more moveable bone
  • distal in the body
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9
Q

important brain structures for function

A
  • motor cortex
  • pre-motor cortex
  • sensory cortex
  • basal ganglia
    • substantia nigra
  • brain stem
    • midbrain
  • cerebellum
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10
Q

Homunculus

A
  • hand
  • tongue and face
  • genitals
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11
Q

cerebellum

A
  • little brain
  • underneath the cerebrum
  • affects balance, posture, motor control, vestibular function, and muscle tone
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12
Q

types of paralysis

A
  • myoparesis
  • hemiparesis
  • hemiplegia
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13
Q

myoparesis

A

weakness or slight muscular paralysis

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14
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body (most common)

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15
Q

hemiplegia

A

total paralysis affecting one side of the body

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16
Q

paresis

A

weakness; mild paralysis

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17
Q

pelagia

A

paralysis

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18
Q

muscle tone

A

state of balanced muscle tension allowing normal posture/ movement (resting muscle tone in muscle fibers, muscle tone from CNS)

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19
Q

atonic

A

lacking normal muscle tone

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20
Q

dystonia

A

impairment of voluntary muscle movement

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21
Q

hypotonia

A

diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

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22
Q

hypertonia

A

increased tone of the skeletal muscles

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23
Q

spasm

A

sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle(s)

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24
Q

myoclonus

A

involuntary jerking of muscle(s)

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25
Q

bradykinesia

A

extreme slowness in movement

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26
Q

dyskinesia

A

impairment of voluntary movement

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27
Q

hyperkinesia

A

abnormal increased muscle function or activity

28
Q

dysarthria

A

abnormal use of muscles for speech and eating

29
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

30
Q

corticospinal tract

A

from the brain (motor areas) to spinal cord and crosses to contralateral in the brain stem

31
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body

32
Q

quadriplegia (tetraplegia)

A

paralysis of all four extremities

33
Q

irritability

A

the ability of the muscle to respond to a stimulus, either internal or external

34
Q

contraction

A

tightening of a muscle causing it to become shorter and thicker

35
Q

relaxation

A

returning to original form, muscle becomes longer and thinner

36
Q

contracture

A
  • permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin
  • elastic connective tissues get replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
37
Q

cerebral palsy (cp)

A
  • disorder of motor functioning caused by a permanent, non-progressive brain defect or lesion present at or shortly after birth (chronic condition)
  • the nervous system damage can occur before or during birth or before a child’s second birthday
38
Q

cp atypical muscle movements

A
  • breathing
  • swallowing
  • speech
  • eye movements
  • achieving and maintaining normal posture while lying down, sitting, and standing
  • abnormal reflexes often present
39
Q

cp terminology

A
  • hypertonia/ hypertonic
  • hypotonia/ hypotonic
  • spastic (hypertonicity, retained abnormal reflexes, slow and restricted movement)
  • spastic hemiplegia
  • spastic diplegia
  • dyskinesia
  • athetosis
40
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

hereditary disease that progressively weakens the muscles, impacts the structure and integrity of the muscles

41
Q

4 main types of md

A
  • duchenne
  • becker
  • facioscapulohumeral
  • limb-girdle
42
Q

fascia

A
  • a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
  • flexible to allow muscle movements
  • plural: fasciae; fascias
43
Q

myofascial (med term broken down)

A

pertaining to the fascia of the muscle

44
Q

fasciitis

A

inflammation of fascia

45
Q

fibromyalgia

A
  • chronic
  • characterized by fatigue and pain
46
Q

adhesion

A

band of fibrous tissue holding structures together abnormally

47
Q

atrophy

A

weakness/ wearing away of body tissues and structures

48
Q

myalgia

A

tenderness or pain in the muscles

49
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of sheath (synovial membrane) surrounding a tendon

50
Q

tendinitis (tendonitis)

A

inflammation of tendons due to overuse

51
Q

cumulative trauma, repetitive injury, overuse syndrome

A
  • injuries caused by repetitive jobs
  • more often seen with factory jobs, manual labor, waitress, hair stylists, meat cutters
  • for resolution of symptoms, people often must change jobs
52
Q

cumulative trauma

A
  • carpal tunnel syndrome (cts)
  • tendonitis
  • thoracic outlet syndrome (tos)
  • rotator cuff tear or repair
53
Q

impingement syndrome

A

inflammation and swelling of tendons in space between bones within the shoulder joint

54
Q

rotator cuff tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendons in rotator cuff

55
Q

ruptured rotator cuff

A

tendon weakens and tears due to the lack of treatment or continued overuse

56
Q

muscles of the rotator cuff

A
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • subscapularis
  • teres minor
57
Q

process of injury of rotator cuff

A
  • impingement
  • bursitis tendonitis
  • partial tear
  • complete tear
58
Q

De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis

A
  • abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis tendons are inflamed
  • inflamed tendons cause the tendon sheath or lining to swell and thicken
  • pinching the tendons and making them unable to slide easily
59
Q

epicondylitis

A

inflammation of tissues surrounding the elbow
- overuse of the muscles and tendons
- caused by repetitive injuries
- inflammation of the tendons of the elbow

60
Q

medial epicondylitis

A
  • golfer’s elbow
  • pain at the medial epicondyle of the elbow
  • pain usually starts at the medial epicondyle and may spread down the forearm
  • decreased strength with grasp
  • flexor
61
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A
  • tennis elbow
  • pain at the lateral epicondyle of the elbow
  • pain usually starts at the lateral epicondyle and may spread down the forearm
  • decreased strength with grasp
  • extensor
62
Q

plantar fasciitis

A
  • inflammation of plantar fascia on sole of foot
  • causes foot or heel pain when walking or running
63
Q

sprain

A

injury to a joint usually due to wrenching or tearing of a ligament

64
Q

shin splint

A

injury when a muscle tears away from the tibia

65
Q

strain

A

injury due to overuse involving stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon attachment

Clinical Conditions (16 decks)

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