Exam 6: Muscles and Muscle Function Flashcards
muscul/o; my/o; myos/o
muscles
fasci/o; fibr/o
fascia
fibrous tissue
ten/o; tend/o; tendin/o
tendons
skeletal muscle (movement)
involved in voluntary movement
myocardial muscle
- forms muscular walls of the heart
- provides constant contraction and relaxation causing the heartbeat
- involuntary
skeletal muscle (anatomy)
- epimysium
- perimysium
- fascicle
- endomysium
origin
- attached to more stationary bone
- proximal in the body
insertion
- attached to more moveable bone
- distal in the body
important brain structures for function
- motor cortex
- pre-motor cortex
- sensory cortex
- basal ganglia
- substantia nigra
- brain stem
- midbrain
- cerebellum
Homunculus
- hand
- tongue and face
- genitals
cerebellum
- little brain
- underneath the cerebrum
- affects balance, posture, motor control, vestibular function, and muscle tone
types of paralysis
- myoparesis
- hemiparesis
- hemiplegia
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis
hemiparesis
weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body (most common)
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting one side of the body
paresis
weakness; mild paralysis
pelagia
paralysis
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension allowing normal posture/ movement (resting muscle tone in muscle fibers, muscle tone from CNS)
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone
dystonia
impairment of voluntary muscle movement
hypotonia
diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypertonia
increased tone of the skeletal muscles
spasm
sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle(s)
myoclonus
involuntary jerking of muscle(s)
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement
dyskinesia
impairment of voluntary movement
hyperkinesia
abnormal increased muscle function or activity
dysarthria
abnormal use of muscles for speech and eating
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
corticospinal tract
from the brain (motor areas) to spinal cord and crosses to contralateral in the brain stem
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
quadriplegia (tetraplegia)
paralysis of all four extremities
irritability
the ability of the muscle to respond to a stimulus, either internal or external
contraction
tightening of a muscle causing it to become shorter and thicker
relaxation
returning to original form, muscle becomes longer and thinner
contracture
- permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, skin
- elastic connective tissues get replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
cerebral palsy (cp)
- disorder of motor functioning caused by a permanent, non-progressive brain defect or lesion present at or shortly after birth (chronic condition)
- the nervous system damage can occur before or during birth or before a child’s second birthday
cp atypical muscle movements
- breathing
- swallowing
- speech
- eye movements
- achieving and maintaining normal posture while lying down, sitting, and standing
- abnormal reflexes often present
cp terminology
- hypertonia/ hypertonic
- hypotonia/ hypotonic
- spastic (hypertonicity, retained abnormal reflexes, slow and restricted movement)
- spastic hemiplegia
- spastic diplegia
- dyskinesia
- athetosis
muscular dystrophy
hereditary disease that progressively weakens the muscles, impacts the structure and integrity of the muscles
4 main types of md
- duchenne
- becker
- facioscapulohumeral
- limb-girdle
fascia
- a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles
- flexible to allow muscle movements
- plural: fasciae; fascias
myofascial (med term broken down)
pertaining to the fascia of the muscle
fasciitis
inflammation of fascia
fibromyalgia
- chronic
- characterized by fatigue and pain
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue holding structures together abnormally
atrophy
weakness/ wearing away of body tissues and structures
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
tenosynovitis
inflammation of sheath (synovial membrane) surrounding a tendon
tendinitis (tendonitis)
inflammation of tendons due to overuse
cumulative trauma, repetitive injury, overuse syndrome
- injuries caused by repetitive jobs
- more often seen with factory jobs, manual labor, waitress, hair stylists, meat cutters
- for resolution of symptoms, people often must change jobs
cumulative trauma
- carpal tunnel syndrome (cts)
- tendonitis
- thoracic outlet syndrome (tos)
- rotator cuff tear or repair
impingement syndrome
inflammation and swelling of tendons in space between bones within the shoulder joint
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of tendons in rotator cuff
ruptured rotator cuff
tendon weakens and tears due to the lack of treatment or continued overuse
muscles of the rotator cuff
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- subscapularis
- teres minor
process of injury of rotator cuff
- impingement
- bursitis tendonitis
- partial tear
- complete tear
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
- abductor pollicis longus and the extensor pollicis brevis tendons are inflamed
- inflamed tendons cause the tendon sheath or lining to swell and thicken
- pinching the tendons and making them unable to slide easily
epicondylitis
inflammation of tissues surrounding the elbow
- overuse of the muscles and tendons
- caused by repetitive injuries
- inflammation of the tendons of the elbow
medial epicondylitis
- golfer’s elbow
- pain at the medial epicondyle of the elbow
- pain usually starts at the medial epicondyle and may spread down the forearm
- decreased strength with grasp
- flexor
lateral epicondylitis
- tennis elbow
- pain at the lateral epicondyle of the elbow
- pain usually starts at the lateral epicondyle and may spread down the forearm
- decreased strength with grasp
- extensor
plantar fasciitis
- inflammation of plantar fascia on sole of foot
- causes foot or heel pain when walking or running
sprain
injury to a joint usually due to wrenching or tearing of a ligament
shin splint
injury when a muscle tears away from the tibia
strain
injury due to overuse involving stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon attachment
