Exam 12: Postnatal Disabilities Flashcards
postnatal disabilities
- occur from birth to 3 years
- infections
- trauma
- shaken baby syndrome
- anoxia due to near drowning
- toxins/ pollutants
developmental delay
- descriptor, not a true diagnosis
- focuses on “what” but not “why”
- can be “global” or “focal”
- focus is on timing
- children can outgrow
transient delay
infant catches up within the year
developmental disability
- generic term (umbrella)
- limitation in function
- chronic
- manifested before age 22
- group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas
- 1/6 children in U.S. have 1+ developmental disabilities or delays
developmental delay vs. disability
** NOT equivalent terms
- some children can outgrow a developmental delay
- others have a lifelong chronic disability
causes of developmental disability/ delay
- most unknown
- genetic
- intellectual
- physical: motor, sensory
- language
- environment
- other
skill areas (6)
- gross motor
- fine motor
- oral motor
- cognitive-language
- language
- personal-social
gross motor
large muscle movements & locomotion
fine motor
small muscle movements and prehension/ manipulation
oral motor
movements of the mouth, jaw, and tongue includes feeding
cognitive-motor
cognitive: ability to learn and solve problems
language
ability to use and understand and communicate
personal-social
child’s ability to interact with others, including helping themselves and self-control
failure to thrive feeding disorders
- common in premature babies
- may have difficulty with oral motor skills for feeding
- may have aversions to different textures
- may cough and choke when fed
- can occur without other difficulties (cognitive impairments)
- many genetic disorders impact feeding
intellectual disability
characterized by significant limitations in both: intellectual functioning & adaptive behavior as expressed in:
- conceptual
- social
- practical adaptive skills
this disability originates before age 18
- chronological age
- mental age
characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning w/ 2+ skill areas
- occupations
intellectual functioning
- general mental capability of an individual
- reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, learn quickly
- IQ score
- intellectual deficit being at 2+ standard deviations from the mean
adaptive behavior
- the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their everyday lives
- a child’s functioning is compared with the typical developmental level for the child’s chronological age
incidence/ prevalence of intellectual disabilities
- 1-3% in U.S.
- boys 1.5 likely than girls
signs and symptoms of intellectual disability
- ID often occurs with other diagnoses
- mental illness among those with ID range from 10-20% or 40-70%
- personality disorders, affective disorders, psychotic disorders
- learning is difficult
- generalization is difficult
- adaptive skill development
specific learning disorders
- impairment in reading (dyslexia)
- impairment in mathematics (dyscalculia)
- impairment in written expression (dysgraphia)
- mild, moderate, severe
reading disorder
- reading achievement is substantially below expected for chronological age, measured intelligence, and age appropriate education
- disturbance significantly interferes with academic achievement or ADLs requiring reading skills
mathematics disorder
- mathematical ability is substantially below expected for chronological age, measured intelligence, and age appropriate education
- disturbance significantly interferes with academic achievement or ADLs requiring mathematical ability
disorder of written expression
- writing skills are substantially below expected for chronological age, measured intelligence, and age appropriate education
- disturbance significantly interferes with academic achievement or ADLs requiring composition of written texts
dyslexia signs & symptoms
- seeing some letters as backwards or upside down
- seeing text as appearing to be jumping around on page
- not being able to tell the difference between some letters that already look similar
- letters might appear close together or spaced apart
- some word appear backwards
- words and letters look fine by the person by get a severe headache or feel sick to stomach when trying to read
possible etiology of dyslexia
- broca’s area
- wernicke’s area
dyscalculia signs & symptoms
- arithmetic difficulties
- problems giving the correct money/ receiving change
- difficulty understanding which number is larger/ rounding (intuitive sense)
- having to count small amounts of something to understand how much there is
- phone numbers, dates, times
info on dyscalculia
- found in people from all backgrounds, cultures, and levels of ID
- about 40% of people w/ dyslexia also have dyscalculia
- less in the parietal lobe of the brain have been found to contribute to the problem (wernicke’s)
dysgraphia
- learning disability resulting from difficulty expressing thoughts in writing and graphing
- generally refers to extremely poor handwriting
- causes writing fatigue
- interferes with communication of ideas in writing
- results in unfinished letters and letter inconsistencies
- contributes to difficulties in using writing as a communication tool
- results in irregular letter sizes and shapes, mix of upper/ lowercase letters, or print/ cursive letters
dysnomia
- word finding problem
- always ask you to repeat what you said to they have extra time to process and to produce an answer
