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Developmental psychology > Exam 6 - later life > Flashcards

Exam 6 - later life Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when birth rates decline

A

the median age of nation rises

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2
Q

People link old age with

A

physical and mental decline

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3
Q

Who is guilty of ageism

A

everyone young and old

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4
Q

Positive qualities of old age

A
  1. Seen as better handling conflict resolution
  2. seen as less powerful - but seen as more gifted storyteller’s and wise
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5
Q

Median age

A

The age at which 50 percent of a population is older and 50 percent is younger.

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6
Q

Ageism

A

Stereotypic, intensely negative ideas about old age.

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7
Q

Cognitive abilities that get better with age

A
  • Expanding crystallized skills
  • Wiser
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8
Q

Divided-attention tasks

A

A difficult memory challenge involves memorizing material while simultaneously monitoring something else.

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9
Q

Memory with age

A

declines

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10
Q

Worldview on older vs younger people memory

A

Young people: due to external forces

Old people: Mental decline or memory illness

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11
Q

Are older people’s memory abilities much worse than younger adults?

A

Yes

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12
Q

As memory tasks get more difficult

A

the performance gap between young and old expands

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13
Q

Remembering in old people gets worse when they need to remember

A
  • Come up with word or name on their own
  • Recall a face or name and link it to a specific context
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14
Q

Elderly do poorly on what memory challenge

A

divided-attention tasks

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15
Q

Memory demands + time pressures =

A

deficits in the late 20s

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16
Q

Gateway system that transforms information into permanent storage

A

working memory

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17
Q

What is working memory made of

A

Executive processor -

  1. controls our attention
  2. transforms contents of temporary storage
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18
Q

Working memory as we age

A
  • Improves during childhood
  • Declines after 21
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19
Q

Why does working memory decline?

A
  • Loss of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus
  • Deficits with the executive processor
  • Exceptional trouble mastering divided-attention tasks
  • Deterioration in the frontal lobe
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20
Q

When older people memorize easy tasks

A

they have a broader pattern of frontal lobe activity

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21
Q

When older people memorize harder tasks

A

they have under activation in frontal lobe

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22
Q

Memory-system perspective

A

A framework that divides memory into three types:

  1. Procedural
  2. Semantic
  3. Episodic memory.
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23
Q

Procedural memory

A

In the memory-systems perspective, the most resilient (longest-lasting) type of memory;

refers to material, such as well-learned physical skills, that we automatically recall without conscious awareness.

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24
Q

Semantic memory

A

In the memory-systems perspective, a moderately resilient (long-lasting) type of memory; refers to our ability to recall basic facts.

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25
Q

Episodic memory

A

In the memory-systems perspective, the most fragile type of memory, involving the recall of the ongoing events of daily life.

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26
Q

Memory-system perspective’s 3 basic types of memory

A
  1. Procedural memory
  2. Semantic memory
  3. Episodic memory
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27
Q

Older people do just as well as young people with what type of memory

A

semantic

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28
Q

Why do people expect older people to outperform young people at crystallized verbal challenges

A

semantic memories stay intact until later life

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29
Q

Why is procedural memory is most resilient

A

different region of the brain from frontal lobe

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30
Q

Baltes three-step process of memory

A
  1. Selectively focus on what you want to remember
  2. Work hard to manipulate material in the system into permanent memory
  3. Use external memory aids
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31
Q

If people depend too heavily on extremal memory aids

A

memory gone when aid gone

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32
Q

People remember

A

emotional stimuli best

humans are biologically prime to be acutely sensitive to social cues

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33
Q

Mnemonic techniques

A

A strategy for aiding memory, often by using imagery or enhancing the emotional meaning of what needs to be learned.

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34
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

A theory of aging (and the lifespan) was put forth by Laura Carstensen, describing how the time we have left to live affects our priorities and social relationships. Specifically, in later life people focus on the present and prioritize being with their closest attachment figures.

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35
Q

The paradox of well-being

A

The fact that despite their physical and mental losses, the elderly report being just as happy and often happier than the young.

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36
Q

Positivity affect

A

The tendency for older people to focus on positive experiences and screen out negative events.

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37
Q

Why memory varies in puzzling ways

A

we learn emotionally important information without effort

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38
Q

When asked to recall self-defining events in personal autobiographies the elderly

A

performed better than the young

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39
Q

Labeling a test as measuring memory

A

impairs older person performance on any cognitive test

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40
Q

Carstensen view on the first half of adult life

A

our push is to look to the future

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41
Q

Carstensen view on the second half of adult life

A

Focus on making most of every moment

happiest life stage

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42
Q

Social priority shifts throughout life

A
  • During childhood and adolescence and emerging adulthood = mission to leave attachment figures
  • Once life goes achieved = less interested in developing new attachments
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43
Q

When we see our future is limited

A
  1. cut down on social contacts
  2. spend time with people we care about the most
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44
Q

Elderly perform better when asked to recall

A

happy versus sad images and faces

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45
Q

Young people recall more happy faces and images when

A

primed to expect a limited future

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46
Q

Boredom in old age

A

not common

older people motivated to engage in challenging flow

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47
Q

Why do older people live stress-free lives

A
  1. Fewer daily stress
  2. The outside world treats you with special care
  3. Focus on doing what makes them happy
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48
Q

Erosion of U.S retirement as life stage is destined to

A

impair emotional quality of old age

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49
Q

Happiness peaks in

A

late 60s

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50
Q

Integrity

A

Erik Erikson’s eighth psychosocial stage, in which elderly people decide that their life missions have been fulfilled and so accept impending death.

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51
Q

Social Security

A

The U.S. government’s national retirement support program.

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52
Q

Private Pensions

A

The major source of nongovernmental income support for U.S. retirees, in which the individual worker and employer put a portion of each paycheck into an account to help finance retirement.

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53
Q

Bridge jobs

A

When a retiree takes new work, often part-time, after retiring from a career job.

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54
Q

Well-being declines rapidly during

A

old-old years

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55
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial stage of late adulthood (late 60+)

A

Integrity vs. despair

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56
Q

5 things that operate as a self-fulfilling prophesy predicting longer life

A
  1. Feeling fulfilled in life
  2. Optimistic view of aging
  3. Live generative life
  4. Open to other people
  5. Remain lovingly attached
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57
Q

3 Places retirement no longer exists

A
  • no government-financed programs that created retirement
  1. Bangladesh
  2. Jamaica
  3. Mexico
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58
Q

German retirement worry from

A

live in a rapidly aging nation where the government may cut back on funds

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59
Q

German retirees had more

A

spending power into old age

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60
Q

U.S age group to less likely to live under the poverty line

A

65+

  • due to social security
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61
Q

The role of private pensions in financing retirement reflect

A

priority US places on individual initiative

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62
Q

Average retirement nest egg

A

$127,000

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63
Q

21st century age and work change

A

2 in 5 adults over 65 still working

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64
Q

More than 50% of retirees have

A

bridge jobs

  • hard to live on meager allotment social security provides
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65
Q

Age discrimination

A

Illegally laying off workers or failing to hire or promote them on the basis of age.

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66
Q

Old-age dependency ratio

A

The fraction of people over age 60 compared to younger, working-age adults (ages 15 to 59). This ratio is expected to rise dramatically as the baby boomers retire.

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67
Q

Intergenerational equity

A

Balancing the needs of the young and old. Specifically, often referred to as the idea that U.S. government entitlements, such as Medicare and Social Security, “over-benefit” the elderly at the expense of other age groups.

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68
Q

Widowhood mortality effect

A

The elevated risk of death among surviving spouses after being widowed.

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69
Q

Age discrimination in the US

A

illegal but hard to prove

  • encourage retirement via special buyout
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70
Q

Workers disengage emotionally from jobs when

A
  • identify with negative stereotypes attached to “older workers”
  • Feel discriminated against at work
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71
Q

Positive of wanting to work longer

A
  1. Love their jobs
  2. Feel good in careers
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72
Q

Retirement for educated workers

A

boost health

  • if not forced out
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73
Q

What builds retirement happiness

A
  1. Be
    1. open to experience
    2. conscientious
    3. agreeable
    4. extraverted
  2. Don’t be neurotic
  3. Flow-inducing life plan
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74
Q

Social policy retirement issues

A
  1. Retirement is an at-risk life stage
  2. Older workers are (currently) an at-risk group
  3. Many older people are more at risk of being poor
  4. Intergenerational equity
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75
Q

Most tragic life change

A

death of spouse

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76
Q

The first month after a loved one dies

A
  1. people obsessed with events surrounding the final event
  2. Clear-cut attachment response reemerges
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77
Q

After widowhood well-being

A

rose

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78
Q

Why does well-being rise of widowhood

A

people notice they can cope on their own

  • sense of self-efficacy
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79
Q

Widowed have higher

A
  1. depression rates
  2. poor quality of life
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80
Q

Most acute pain in humans

A

loneliness

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81
Q

What is the cure for loneliness

A

forcing yourself to establish regular routine

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82
Q

Loneliness ease in collectivist cultures

A

family support

or

moving in with children

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83
Q

Most important in deterring how people adjust

A

friends

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84
Q

Newly widowed people and support groups

A

should not be told to go unless having trouble dealing with it

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85
Q

Main widowed women concerns

A

financial

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86
Q

Widowed men concerns

A

loneliness

  • higher chance of finding a new partner
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87
Q

Widowed people who are insecurely attached are primed to feel

A

unsupported by even most caring children and friends

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88
Q

Predicting spouse’s adjustment to widowhood

A

by looking at the deceased partner’s quality of life

  • Upbeat, happy, highly satisfied with life = resilient after death
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89
Q

Living in an area with a high concentration of widowed people

A

= odds of dying reduced

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90
Q

3 tracing physical aging principles

A

Principle #1: Chronic Disease is Often Normal Aging “At The Extreme”

Principle #2: ADL Impairments are a Serious Risk During the old-old Years

Principle #3: The Human Lifespan Has a Defined Limit

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91
Q

Normal aging

A

The universal, often progressive signs, of physical deterioration intrinsic to the aging process.

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92
Q

Chronic disease

A

When normal aging changes happen at the extreme

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93
Q

ADL (Activities of daily living problems)

A

Difficulty in performing everyday tasks that are required for living independently. ADLs are classified as either

  1. basic
  2. instrumental.
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94
Q

Instrumental ADL problems

A

Difficulty in performing everyday household tasks, such as cooking and cleaning.

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95
Q

Basic ADL limitation

A

Difficulty in performing essential self-care activities, such as rising from a chair, eating, and getting to the toilet.

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96
Q

Top-ranking chronic illness in later life

A

arthritis

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97
Q

Chronic diseases interfere with

A

ADL

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98
Q

ADL limitation categories

A
  1. Instrumental ADL problems
  2. Basic ADL limitations
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99
Q

ADL problems strike at age

A

old-old years (90+ problems)

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100
Q

Most humans live until

A

100

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101
Q

“Super-centenarians”

A

people who live passed 110 Y.O = 75 people

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102
Q

Rats can live longer if

A

given undernutrition without malnutrition

  • increase lifespan 60%
103
Q

All-purpose anti-ager

A

calorie restriction

  1. Glucose metabolism
  2. Cardiac function
104
Q

Why is calorie restriction an anti-ager

A

a side effect of diabetes causes every organ to prematurely break down

105
Q

Why can’t we live to 200

A
  1. There isn’t a single magic-bullet intervention that stops aging
  2. Our body’s evolutionary expiration date is naturally set well below a century
106
Q

4 Cons of lifespan extension

A
  1. May only be available for rich
  2. Costs too much
  3. Makes surfing less sweet
  4. Live with ADL impairments longer
107
Q

Socioeconomic health gap

A

The worldwide disparity between the health of the rich and poor.

108
Q

health span

A

The number of years people can expect to live without ADL problems.

109
Q

Senescence

A

Overall growth stops and aging beginnings.

Sometime in the early 20s

110
Q

What predicts how long we live

A
  1. socioeconomic status
  2. gender
  3. Level of education
  4. Nurturing close relationships
111
Q

Rich vs poor and life expectancy the USA

A
  • Rich = rose by 3 years
  • Poor = barely moved
112
Q

Life expectancy at birth is defined as when and why

A

2015 mainly during middle age

  • Women = easier death by classic age-related diseases
  • Men = uptick in diseases by despair - poisonings, homicides, and accidents
113
Q

People show clear differences in aging rates by

A

late 30s

114
Q

Fetal programming hypothesis

A

The accelerated aging path emerges in the womb

  • Low birth weight - linked to poverty = associated with premature heart disease and early death
115
Q

Life-expectancy at poverty level differences

A

Live in higher average home values = tend to live longer

116
Q

Telomere shortening

A

overall benchmark of body aging

117
Q

High school graduates vs college students telomere

A

High school grads have shorter telomeres than college students

  • especially black men
118
Q

Why do women outlive men

A
  1. Wider web of social connection
  2. Extra X chromosome makes women physically hardier at every stage of life
  3. Fewer early heart attacks
119
Q

Women worldwide pattern of old age

A

surviving longer but being frailer

120
Q

Women have a higher rate of

A
  1. Arthritis
  2. Vision impairments
  3. Obesity
121
Q

list the four abnormalities that occur in an Alzheimer’s patient’s brain.

A
  1. beta-amyloid protein plaques.
  2. tangles of tau.
  3. loss of connecting neurons among brain cells.
  4. brain inflammation.
122
Q

Presbyopia

A

is an age-related midlife difficulty with near vision caused by the inability of the lens to bend.

123
Q

Lens

A

A transparent, disk-shaped structure in the eye, which bends to allow us to see close objects.

124
Q

Cataract

A

age-related lens clouding becomes so pronounced that the person’s vision is seriously impaired

125
Q

Macular degeneration

A

deterioration of the receptors promoting central vision

126
Q

Glaucoma

A

a buildup of pressure that can damage the visual receptors

127
Q

Combating chronic disease

A
  1. Focus on children
  2. Focus on construction caring communities
128
Q

Body shape changes in older adults

A

may disturb but not significantly impact the quality of life.

129
Q

Aging affects our eyesight during

A

middle life

130
Q

Age-related changes in vision

A
  1. Trouble seeing in dim light
  2. Bothered by glare
  3. Bothered by direct beam if a light
  4. Can’t distinguish certain colors
131
Q

Presbyopia caused by

A

lens thinning and develops impurities allowing it to no longer bend

132
Q

Old-age vision conditions

A
  • Curable
    1. Cataracts
  • Incurable
    1. Macular degeneration
    2. Glaucoma
    3. Diabetic retinopathy
133
Q

Cons of losing sight

A
  1. Prime cause of ALD impairments
  2. Risk factor for falling
  3. Not leaving home because of fear
134
Q

How to help others with vision impairment

A
  1. Encouraged to visit low vision center
  2. Offer vision aids at a younger age
135
Q

Hearing loss predicts

A

later physical decline

136
Q

Presbycusis

A

Age-related difficulty in hearing, particularly high-pitched tones, is caused by the atrophy of the hearing receptors located in the inner ear.

137
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

leakage from the blood vessels of the retina into the body of the eye

138
Q

Elderspeak

A

Communication style is used when an older person looks frail and impaired, involving talking loudly and slowly, as if with a baby.

139
Q

Reaction time

A

The speed at which a person can respond to a stimulus.

140
Q

Osteoporosis

A

An age-related chronic disease in which the bones become porous, fragile, and more likely to break. Osteoporosis is most common in thin women, and so most common in females of European and Asian descent.

141
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

the joint cartilage wears away

142
Q

Why hearing loss predicts physical decline

A

makes hard for us to lovingly connect

143
Q

More likely to develop hearing loss in midlife

A

men

144
Q

Hearing problems over the years

A
  1. Reduced in recent years to government regulations in the work environment
  2. May rise in future due to modern technology
145
Q

Affects people’s ability to quickly process speech =

A

presbycusis + neural declines

146
Q

The best environment for a hearing-impaired person

A
  1. Avoid places with low ceilings or bare floors
  2. Install wall-to-wall carpeting
  3. Get rid of noisy appliances
147
Q

How to speak to a hearing-impaired person

A
  1. Clearly and slowly
  2. Face person
  3. Use gestures
  4. Avoid elder-speak
148
Q

Solutions for the hearing impaired

A
  1. Assistive devices available in public venues
  2. Hearing aid
149
Q

Why no hearing aid

A
  1. Too lazy - hearing bad but not that bad
  2. Looking old
  3. Bothersome, expensive, and difficult to adjust
150
Q

Why are old people slower

A

Lost in information processing speed

151
Q

More susceptible to osteoporosis

A

women in old-old age group

152
Q

The primary reason for needing to enter a nursing home

A

osteoporosis

153
Q

Main risk factor for falling

A

frailty

  • divided attention
154
Q

Improve later life mobility

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Playing video games
155
Q

Major neurocognitive disorder or Dementia

A

The general term for any illness involving serious, progressive cognitive decline that interferes with a person’s ability to live independently. (A minor neurocognitive disorder is a label for a less severe impairment in memory, reasoning, and thinking which does not compromise independent living.)

156
Q

Vascular Neurocognitive disorder or vascular dementia

A

A type of age-related cognitive disorder caused by multiple small strokes.

157
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A type of age-related cognitive disorder characterized by neural atrophy and abnormal by-products of that atrophy, such as senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.

158
Q

Senile plaques

A

Thick, bullet-like amyloid-laden structures that replace normal neurons and are characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease.

159
Q

Amyloid

A

a fatty substance that is the basic constituent of the senile plaques

160
Q

Tau-p

A

produced by a toxic form of amyloid, that internally sets off the tangles and neural decay

161
Q

Home modifications for older people

A
  1. High-quality indirect lighting
  2. Wall to wall carpeting
  3. Grab bars in tubs
  4. A cabinet door that opens to touch
  5. Shelves within easy reach
162
Q

The main barrier to living independently in later life

A

lower body impairments

163
Q

Distinguish between minor and major NCD

A

minor form = thinking problem

  • but don’t prevent indecent living
164
Q

Cognitive decline in NCD

A
  1. forget basic semantic information
  2. impairments in executive functions
  3. Extravert withdraw from the world
  4. Conscientious people behave erratically
165
Q

How long does decline by NCDs take

A

Time from diagnosis to death 4 - 10 years

166
Q

Pros of NCDs

A

Mental impairments of advanced old age

  • not whole life
167
Q

What conditions produce NCDs

A

being diagnosed with

  1. Alzheimer’s disease
  2. vascular neurocognitive disorder
168
Q

Promote neural loss

A

vascular problems

169
Q

Chances of getting Alzheimer’s

A
  1. Old old years
  2. Two copies of APOE-4 Marker = symptoms at 68
  3. Adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairments
170
Q

Pros and cons of being tested for Alzheimer’s gene

A
  • Pros:
    1. knowing
  • Cons:
    1. Insurances companies dropping you
    2. Doesn’t mean you will get it
171
Q

Medicare

A

the U.S. health insurance system for the elderly pays only for services defined as cure-oriented

172
Q

Alternatives to institutionalization

A

Services and settings are designed to keep older people who are experiencing age-related disabilities that don’t merit intense 24-hour care from having to enter nursing homes.

173
Q

Continuing-care retirement community

A

Elderly housing options are characterized by different levels of care. People enter in relatively good health and then move to sections providing more intense help when they grow more disabled.

174
Q

Assisted-living facility

A

Elderly housing option providing care for people with disabilities that, while significant, do not require a nursing home.

175
Q

Day-care programs

A

Center offering activities and a safe place to go during the day for impaired older adults living with relatives.

176
Q

Home health services

A

Nursing-oriented help is provided in the home of an impaired adult.

177
Q

Nursing homes, or long-term-care facilities

A

A residential institution that provides shelter and intensive caregiving, primarily to older people who need help with basic ADLs.

178
Q

Certified nurse assistant or aide

A

The main hands-on care provider in a nursing home who helps elderly residents with basic ADL problems.

179
Q

Preventing Alzheimer’s

A

limit buildup of amyloid plaque while healthy

180
Q

Excellent predictor of Alzheimer’s

A
  1. measuring amyloid and tau-p levels in cerebrospinal fluid
  2. MRIs assessing brain gray matter and volume
  3. Blood tests to measure protein
181
Q

What helps slow Alzheimers

A

being well educated but decline faster once get the disease

182
Q

External aids for those with Alzheimer’s

A
  1. Note cards
  2. Shoes right next to socks
  3. double lock or put buzzers on doors
  4. deactivate dangerous appliances
  5. Put toxic substances out of reach
183
Q

2 Caregiver goals for those with Alzheimer’s

A
  1. Protect people and keep them functioning as well as possible for as long as possible
  2. Be caring and offer a loving support
184
Q

Caregiving in the past

A

the oldest generation would live with the younger generation

185
Q

Collectivist cultures turning to which model for elderly care

A

the western model of nursing homes

186
Q

Scandinavian countries elder care

A

government funding home health services

187
Q

Choices of older people in the USA instead of nursing home

A
  1. Continuing-care retirement community
  2. Assisted-living facility
  3. Day-care programs
  4. Home health services
188
Q

Why people don’t want assisted-living and continuing-care facilities

A
  1. Feeling too old
  2. Maybe poisonous group status hierarchies
  3. People only have the option of selecting continuing care if they are deathly
189
Q

Type of people entering nursing homes mostly

A

being very old and women

190
Q

What causes people to enter nursing homes

A
  1. incapacitating event
  2. dementing disease
  3. If a network of attachment figures is available for care
191
Q

Who is paying mostly for nursing homes

A

medicaid

192
Q

Cons of living in a nursing home

A
  1. Medicare requires two to a room
  2. Have no control over day-to-day
  3. Can get mistreated or abused
193
Q

Cons of working in a nursing home

A
  1. Hazardous to caregivers
  2. Poverty-level wages
  3. Understaffed
194
Q

Pros of working in nursing homes

A
  1. Enormous gratification
  2. Chance to make a difference
  3. Pride in stamina and skill
  4. Feeling close to people
  5. Generative job
195
Q

What basic human drive is important at old-old age

A

autonomy

196
Q

Stage theory of dying

A

The landmark theory, developed by psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, that person who is terminally ill progress through five stages in confronting death:

  1. denial
  2. anger
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance.
197
Q

The 3 pathways to death

A
  1. Death occurs suddenly
  2. Death occurs after a steady decline
  3. Dying is a long and erratic process
198
Q

Most common pathway to death

A

long and erratic process

199
Q

19th-century death pattern

A
  • quickly
  • Everyday norm
200
Q

What changed the pattern of death in the 19th century

A

modern medical science

201
Q

20th-century death pattern

A
  1. In hospitals and nursing homes
  2. Disconnected from life
  3. Never discussed
202
Q

Hmong culture on when one dies

A
  • Never talks about dying
  • Four-day funeral solely to care for and prepare the body
203
Q

Kübler-Ross stages theory of dying stages

A
  1. Anger
  2. Denial
  3. Acceptance
  4. Depression
  5. Bargaining
204
Q

Kübler-Ross stages of dying criticisms

A
  1. Terminally ill patients often don’t want to fully discuss their situation
  2. Truth better but don’t cause pain
  3. Terminally ill patients often don’t want to fully discuss dying to protect attachment relationships
205
Q

Why was Kübler-Ross wrong

A

people don’t pass through getting over death in a stage-to-stage way

206
Q

Middle Knowledge

A

The idea is that terminally ill people can know that they are dying yet at the same time not completely grasp or come to terms emotionally with that fact.

207
Q

Persistent complex bereavement-related disorder

A

Controversial new diagnosis, appearing in the most recent versions of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, in which the bereaved person still shows intense symptoms of mourning or an increase in symptoms six months to a year after a loved one’s death.

208
Q

More realistic view on facing the death of a loved one

A

complicated clustering of intellectual and affective states

  • some fleeting
209
Q

When people are close to death what emotion is most strong

A

hope

210
Q

Older people view on death

A

because approbate at their age

- don’t show avoidance to death-related words

211
Q

What do most religions have in common in terms of death

A
  1. death should be celebrated after a long life
  2. Death should be peaceful
  3. Death should happen in the homeland
212
Q

Guidelines to a good death in 21st century

A
  1. Minimize physical distress
  2. Maximize psychological security - feel in control of how we die
  3. Enhance our relationships and be emotionally close to people we care about
  4. Foster our spirituality and believe there was integrity and purpose to our loves
213
Q

Main dimension related to feeling comfortable about dying

A

sense of purpose in life

214
Q

The first stage of grieving - first few months

A

absorbed in mourning

215
Q

The second stage of grieving - after 6 months

A

recover in sense of reconnecting to the world

216
Q

Grief patterns are shaped by

A

each culture’s unique norms

217
Q

Emotions of a child’s death

A
  1. survivor guilt
  2. Disbelief
  3. Failure
218
Q

Parents of child death apt to get partial closure if

A
  1. discuss what is happening with a child during the final weeks
  2. Finding new meaning in one’s disrupted life story
  3. Finding “social support”
219
Q

How to keep the marriage alive after the death of a child

A
  1. Keep a connection to loved ones strong
  2. Don’t force conversation
  3. Draw on your memories
220
Q

Dying trajectory

A

The fact that hospital personnel makes projections about the particular pathway to death that a seriously ill patient will take and organize their care according to that assumption.

221
Q

Palliative care

A

Any intervention is designed not to cure illness but to promote dignified dying.

222
Q

How did hospital staff treat patients based on dying trajectory

A

Would set you a prediction on what pattern that individual was dying and used that to govern how to act

223
Q

The problem of using dying trajectory

A

death is unpredictable so trajectory is inaccurate and makes death harder

224
Q

Accuracy of healthcare workers predicting death

A

50-50

225
Q

5 things family members and patients want in hospitals

A
  1. want caring & respectful nurses
  2. Respected as a dignified human being
  3. Response quickly
  4. To be greeted
  5. Give families times when the doctors are available
226
Q

Physicians goal in hospital

A

to cure living patients not care for families

227
Q

Palliative care includes

A
  • Educating healthcare personnel about dealing with patients
  • Modifying hospital structure
228
Q

End-of-life care instruction

A

Courses in medical and nursing schools are devoted to teaching healthcare workers how to provide the best palliative care to the dying.

229
Q

Palliative-care service

A

A service or unit in a hospital that is devoted to end-of-life care.

230
Q

Hospice movement

A

A movement, which became widespread in recent decades, focused on providing palliative care to dying patients outside of hospitals and especially on giving families the support they need to care for the terminally ill at home.

231
Q

End-of-life care instructions include

A
  • Best drugs to ease pain without “knocking patient out”
  • Ethics of withdrawing treatment
232
Q

Most healthcare professionals want training in

A

how to deal with dying patients

233
Q

Pros of palliative-care services

A
  1. Doctors feel the job is calling
  2. A better way to control one’s pain
234
Q

Hospice workers job description

A
  1. Minimize patient’s physical discomfort
  2. Provide a humanistic supportive psychological environment
  3. Providing counseling after death to loved ones
235
Q

Hospice caregiver’s primary concerns

A
  1. Getting loved ones addicted
  2. Finial powerful opioid will kill loved one
236
Q

Cons of hospice

A
  1. Facing a terminal disease
  2. African Americans may fear hospice will quicken death
  3. Want to spend dying hours with people who share the same religion
  4. No privacy
237
Q

Pros of hospice

A
  1. Can still receive curable care
  2. If not by loved ones - free from guilt
  3. Privacy to vent feeling
  4. Avoid the embarrassment of depending on loved ones
238
Q

What 2 strategies do people use to promote “good death”

A
  1. People should make their dishes know - will
  2. People should be allowed to get help if they want to end their lives
239
Q

Advance directive

A

Any written document spelling out instructions with regard to life-prolonging treatment if individuals become irretrievably ill and cannot communicate their wishes.

240
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

Withholding potentially life-saving interventions that might keep a terminally ill or permanently comatose patient alive.

241
Q

A durable power of attorney for health care

A

A type of advance directive in which people designate a specific surrogate to make health-care decisions if they become incapacitated and are unable to make their wishes known.

242
Q

Active euthanasia

A

A deliberate health-care intervention that helps a patient die.

243
Q

Living will

A

A type of advance directive in which people spell out their wishes for life-sustaining treatment in case they become permanently incapacitated and unable to communicate.

244
Q

Physician-assisted suicide

A

A type of active euthanasia in which a physician prescribes a lethal medication to a terminally ill person who wants to die.

245
Q

Do Not Hospitalize (DNH) order

A

A type of advance directive inserted in the charts of impaired nursing home residents, specifying that in a medical crisis patients should not be transferred to a hospital for emergency care.

246
Q

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order

A

A type of advance directive filled out by surrogates (usually a doctor in consultation with family members) for impaired individuals, specifying that if they go into cardiac arrest efforts should not be made to revive them.

247
Q

Age-based rationing of care

A

The controversial idea is that society should not use expensive life-sustaining technologies on people in their old-old years.

248
Q

4 types of advance directives

A
  • Individual drafted
    1. Living will
    2. Durable power of attorney for health care
  • Surrogate - filled out by others when a person is seriously mentally impaired
    1. Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order
    2. Do Not Hospitalize (DNH) order
249
Q

Problems of advance directives

A
  • Not common - people don’t want to talk about death
  • Living wills are often too vague
250
Q

The best advance directive is

A

durable power of attorney for health care

251
Q

Where is active euthanasia legal

A
  1. Belgium
  2. Luxembourg
  3. Netherlands
252
Q

8 places where is physician-assisted suicide legal

A
  1. Switzerland
  2. Germany
  3. Canada
  4. Oregon
  5. Montana
  6. Vermont
  7. California
  8. Washington
253
Q

Why the death on euthanasia

A
  • Killing violates the religious dictum that only God can give and take life
  • Fear that legalizing euthanasia will allow families to “pull the plug” on elderly impaired people
  • Can spare the expense of treating seriously disabled citizens
  • Not knowing where to draw the line
254
Q

Arguments in favor of age-based rationing of care

A
  • After a person has lived out a natural lifespan medical care should no longer be oriented to restricting death
  • We should not blindly be using each intervention on every person, no matter what that individual’s age.

Developmental psychology (6 decks)

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