Exam 5 - Early & Middle Adulthood / Chapter 10, 11, & 12 Flashcards
1
Q
Emerging adulthood only for
A
People living in developed world
2
Q
The goal for emerging adulthood
A
- Exploring different possibilities
- Exuberant optimism about what lies ahead
3
Q
Internal terms of reaching adulthood
A
- Financially support themselves
- Adults accept responsibility for their actions
- Make independent decisions about life
4
Q
Emerging adulthood is defined by
A
variability
- as we set sail on our own
5
Q
What created emerging adulthood in the 20th century
A
- Longer life expectancy
- Education - college crucial to career success
- Western culture stressed self-exploration
6
Q
Constructing a career can take until
A
mid-20s+
7
Q
S. Europe main barrier in reaching adulthood
A
high youth unemployment rates
- Social norms discourage cohabitation
8
Q
People from where spend the 20s - 30s in parents house
A
- Portugal
- Italy
- Greece
- Spain
9
Q
Cohabitation
A
living together without being married
10
Q
Nest-leaving
A
moving out of a parent’s home to live independently
11
Q
What makes Scandinavia unique for emerging adulthood
A
- Jobs plentiful for youth
- Marriage is an optional choice
- Gov. Funds university in Norway, Sweden, & Denmark
12
Q
In N. European countries nest-leaving begins at
A
brink of emerging adult years
Nordic nations 20s stress-free interlude exploring life before children or deciding to marry
13
Q
US route to emerging adulthood vs. European
A
- Marriage important life goal
- Move out at 18
- Focus on self-reliance - gov. Doesn’t pay for college
- Trouble finding decently paying jobs
14
Q
Colliding conceptions + dramatic income inequalities =
A
sharp social-class differences in how U.S. emerging adults contract an adult life
15
Q
Differences of emerging adulthood within the US
A
- Marriage is a middle-class achievement
- Low-income adults without a spouse
- Children of well-off parents have trouble moving out parents’ house
16
Q
The US and N. Europe see leaving the nest as
A
an important rite of passage
17
Q
2 benefits of leaving home
A
- Produce more harmonious family relationships
- Force young people to “grow up”
18
Q
Does Leaving House Produce Better Parent-Child Relationships?
A
yes
19
Q
Does Leaving Home Make People More Adult?
A
yes
20
Q
Less conflict between children and parents happens when
A
children leave nest
Not true in Italy - young people prize family closeness over friendships
21
Q
Close mother-child relationships and calling each other frequently correlated with
A
well adjusting to college and homing in on a satisfying career
22
Q
“Nest residers” less likely to
A
- Be in a long-term relationship
- Felt more emotionally dependent on parents
- Less satisfied with life
23
Q
Social clock
A
The concept is that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages.
24
Q
Age norms
A
Cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks.
25
Off time
Being too late or too early in a **culture’s timetable for achieving adult life task**s.
26
Identity
In **Erikson’s** theory, the **life task of deciding who to be as an adult**.
27
Role confusion
**Erikson’s** term for a **failure in identity formation**, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path.
28
Identity diffusion
According to *James Marcia*, an identity status in which the **person is aimless or feels totally blocked**, without any adult life path.
29
Identity Foreclosure
According to *James Marcia*, an identity status is in which the **person decides on an adult life path** (often one spelled out by an authority figure) **without any thought** or active search.
30
Moratorium
According to **James Marcia**, an identity status in which the **person actively explores various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path**.
31
Identity achievement
A fully mature identity status in which the young person **chooses a satisfying adult life path.**
32
Ruminative Moratorium =
When a young person is unable to decide between different identities, **becoming emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious**.
33
**Barriers** in **leaving home depend** on:
1. being able to **afford to live on their own**
2. For immigrant & ethnic minority youth - **values**
34
**Feeling off time** in a late direction can **cause**
young people distress
35
General **social-clock guidelines**
set by
1. society
2. personal goals
36
**How** can one **predict** a **given undergrad's social clock** timetables
by using **“is having a family your main passion?”**
Marriage top-ranking = marriage & kids at younger ages
37
**Pros** and **cons** of **emerging adulthood**
* Pros:
* Emerging adulthood **exhilarating**
* emotionally challenging time - **Sense of being out of control**
* Cons:
* **anxiety** disorders **reach peak**
38
Marcia’s **4 identity statuses**
1. Identity **diffusion**
2. Identity **foreclosure**
3. **Moratorium**
4. Identity **achievement**
39
Marcia’s **categories framework for**
what is **going wrong and right inline**
40
*Marcia* - **as** **teens grow** they **pass through**
* Diffusion
* Moratorium
* Achievement
41
In real life **people identity statuses**
**fluid** throughout adulthood
42
What is **vital to living fully**
revising identity
43
Ruminative moratorium **produces**
1. poor mental health
2. identity achievement
44
Ethnic Identity
How people come to terms with **who they are as people in relation to their unique ethnic** or racial heritage.
45
Ruminative Moratorium
When a young person is **unable to decide between different identities**, becoming **emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious**.
46
Biracial or multiracial
How **people of mixed racial backgrounds** come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their heritage.
47
Efficacious teens “workers”
*Csikszentmihalyi* and *Schneider* term of **young people who enter emerging adulthood upbeat and competent**
48
Emotional **advantages of feeling positive** about identity are **underscored by**
**ethnic identity**
If part of the dominant culture - rarely think of your ethnicity
49
Being **proud of ethnic background provides**
**a sense of meaning in life**
* Identifying with **Chinese or Cambodian** = **buffer** from **becoming depressed or risk-taking more**
* Doing **well in middle school**
50
Firmly **connecting with mainstream culture**
sign ethic minority young person has **skills to reach out fully in love**
51
Pros & cons of **emerging adulthood in biracial people**
* Cons:
1. Particularly **poignant**
* Pros:
1. Pushes people to **think in more creative ways**
2. Promotes **resilience**
52
*Sigmund Freud* definition of **ideal mental health**
ability to **love and work**
53
*Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi* & *Barbara Schneider* **study**
of **teenagers’ career dreams** using the **experience-sampling method**
54
Emerging **adults vs. their parents**
1. Face a **more difficult economy** than parents
2. Students feel **more driven to work hard** than their parents
3. Career disappointment is faced when young **people enter college and confront the real world**
55
**Self-esteem changes**
**dips** dramatically during the **first semester** of college and gradually **rises over the next few years**
56
Set to **flourish** when **confronting demands of college life**
young people who **enter emerging adulthood upbeat and competent**
57
**Growth** most **occurs** in the **personality dimension** called
**conscientiousness**
* More resilient
* Reason in more thoughtful ways
58
Flow
*Csikszentmihalyi’s* term for **feeling total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity**.
59
School-to-work transition
The change from the **schooling phase of life to the work world**.
60
**Rise in executive functions** during emerging adulthood **due** to
1. fully developed **frontal lobes**
2. powerful **inner state**
61
Life’s **most uplifting experiences occur** when
we **connect deeply with people**
62
When we **enter flow**
during **activity that stretches our capacities**
63
**Flow depends** on being
**intrinsically motivated**
when working towards a goal
64
Why **finding flow can be hard**
depends on **person-environment fit**
65
US **high school graduates enrolled in college**
2 out of 3
66
**Money of degree**
* with **master’s degree $70,000/ year**
* Only **high school degree $30,000/ year**
* **1 of 10** non-college graduates **unemployed**
67
**Why** do many **emerging adults drop out of school**?
1. Not “college material”
2. Uninterested in academics
3. Poorly prepared in Highschool
4. Low SES - less likely to graduate
68
Emerging adults **average money in loans** after graduating
$20,000 or more
69
**Colleges** **focus** on **freshmen can**
lead to **neglecting the role of “academic integration”** during subsequent years
70
Qualities of **good professors**
* **Love** subject
* **Committed to communicating** passion to students
71
Professors’ **mission**
excite students in their field
72
Intimacy
**Erikson’s** first adult task, which involves **connecting with a partner in a mutually loving relationship**.
73
Homophobia
**Intense fear and dislike** of gay people.
74
Sexual Orientation
Our **sexual and romantic attraction** to other people
75
Stimulus-value-role theory
*Murstein’s* mate-selection theory that suggests **similar people pair up** and that our path to **commitment progresses through three phases** (called the stimulus, value-comparison, and role phases).
76
Role phase
In *Murstein’s* theory, the **final mate-selection stage**, in which committed partners work out their future life together.
77
Value-comparison phase
In *Murstein’s* theory, the **second mate-selection stage**, in which we **make judgments about a partner** on the basis of similar values and interests.
78
Rate of **couples that met online**
1 in 3
79
20th-century **lifestyle revolution produced**
**remarkable expansion** in kind of partners
80
**Limits** to the assumption **we live in the golden age of diverse partner choices**
People are now **less likely to select partner of different social class**
81
People **reject boys** who **don’t stick to standard gender roles** in
elementary school
82
During **teen years trans and gay youth**
undergo **emotional turmoil**
83
Most **difficult coming out** as gay
black and Latino LGBTQ
84
Once **identity is embraces**
sense of **self-efficacy and relief follow**
85
**Romantic moratorium built** into west societies why
the **phase of mate selection so long**
- 1 in 2 couples break up then get back with exes
86
Young people **frame romantic disappointments as**
learning experiences
87
After-effects of **romantic disappointments** of young people
1. More likely to **binge drink**
2. **Health declines**
3. Losses in **self-esteem last a full year**
88
**Prices** of stimulus-value-role theory
1. **Stimulus** phase
2. **Value-comparison** phase
3. **Role** phase
89
**Equal-reinforcement-value parter explains** why
we expect the **couple to be similar in “social value” and class**
90
**Driving force in love** relationships
homogamy
91
**Identical twins more** than fraternal twins to
select **similar “bonding style” partners**
Humans may be biologically primed to gravitate to a specific mate
92
**Homogamy enhanced** by
people with **identical passions gravitate to similar zones of low**
93
Why are **attachment styles stable**
Operate as **self-fulfilling prophecy**
94
**Securely attached adults** are more
1. Successful in **love**
2. More **satisfying romances**
3. Hang in during the **difficult time**
4. Support parter in **times of need**
5. Excel at being **emotionally in tune**
95
Homogamy
In *Murstein’s* theory, the **initial mate-selection stage**, in which we make **judgments about a potential partner based on external characteristics** such as appearance.
96
Stimulus phase
In *Murstein’s* theory, the **initial mate-selection stage**, in which we make **judgments** about a potential partner **based on external characteristics** such as appearance.
97
Adult attachment styles
The different **ways** in which **adults relate to romantic partners**, based on *Mary Ainsworth’s infant attachment styles*. (Adult attachment styles are classified as secure, preoccupied/ambivalent insecure, or avoidant/dismissive insecure.)
98
Preoccupied/ambivalent
An **excessively clingy,** needy style of relating to loved ones.
99
Avoidant/dismissive
A **standoffish**, excessively disengaged style of relating to loved ones.
100
Securely attached
The genuine intimacy that is **ideal in love relationships.**
101
**Exceptions** to **homogamy drive love**
* The relationship works best when **1 partner is more dominant than other**
* **One strong personality**, not two
* **Unpleasant traits** that are common
102
We **choose people who**
embody our **“ideal self”**
103
**Charting love in stages** showed
people often **felt good in relationships** the **more homogamous** they were.
104
Different *Cindy Hazan* & *Phillip Shaver* **adult attachment styles**
1. Preoccupied/ambivalent
2. Avoidant/dismissive
3. Securely attached
105
Classified as **Securely attached if**
1. describe **pulses and minuses of relationship**
2. Talk about the **desire for intimacy**
3. Adopt **other-centered perspective**
4. **Nurturing other’s development** as the primary goal
106
Classified as **Avoidant/dismissive if**
1. Describe **relationship in formal** stilted ways
2. Emphasize **autonomy issues**
107
you are giving a toast to your friend Sarah's **20th birthday** party and you want to offer some **predictions about what the next years** might hold a store for her. Given your understanding of emerging adulthood which would be a safe prediction?
* Sarah **may not reach the standard markers of adulthood** for many years
* Sarah **might need to move back into the nest** or might still be living at home
108
Which emerging adult is **least likely to be in the nest?**
Silvia, who lives in Stockholm
109
**Staying in the nest** during the **20s** today is a **symptom of a child refusing to grow up** – true or false
False
110
Which person is most apt to worry about a social-clock issue:
* Martha, age 50, wants to apply to nursing school
* Lee, age 28, who has just become a father
**Martha, who is starting a new career at age 5**0; will be most worried about the ticking of the social clock
111
You overheard your psychology professor say that his daughter Emma shows **symptoms of Erickson's role confusion**. Emma must be \_\_\_\_\_, which in **Marcia's identity status framework** is a sign of \_\_\_\_
Drifting
Diffusion
112
**Joe** said, **"I've wanted to be a lawyer since I was a little boy."** **Kayla** replied, **"I don't know what my career will be, and I've been obsessing about the possibilities day and night."** Joe's identity status is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, whereas Kayla's status is \_\_\_\_\_\_. According to the latest research, who is apt to have an emotional problem?
Foreclosure & moratorium
Kayla more apt to emotional problems
113
Your cousin Clara has **enrolled in nursing school**. To **predict her feelings** about this decision, pick the right question to ask:
* Have you explored different career possibilities?
* Do you feel nursing expresses your inner self?
Do you feel nursing **expresses** your **inner self?**
114
Having a **biracial or multiracial identity** makes people **think in more rigid** ways about the world?
True or False
False
115
Your **17** Y.O cousin is **graduating from high school.** Given what you learned in the text, you might predict that she has *_overly high/overly low_* **expectations about her academic abilities** and that she will become *_more mature/remain exactly the same_* as she travels **through her 20s**.
Overly **high**
Get **more mature**
116
Lisa **loves** her **server job**. When the **restaurant is hectic, time flies** by. She feels like a **multitasking whiz**! Lisa is describing a ____ experience
Flow
117
**Josh** says the reason his classmates **drop out of college** is that they **can't do the work**.
**Joan** says, "Sorry, it's the need to **work incredible hours to pay for school**".
**Make each person's case** using the information from text
Josh: **Prior academic performance predicts College completion**, with low odds of finishing high school grads with a C average or below.
Joan: money is critical because academically talented **low-income kids are far less likely to finish college than their affluent** peers, and dropouts cite financial issues as the main reason for leaving
118
Juan, a **freshman**, asks for **tips** about how **to succeed in college**. Pick the advice you **shouldn't** give:
1. Get involved in Campus activities
2. Select friends who have exactly the same ideas as you do
3. Get the best professors and reach out to make connections with them
1. Select friends who have exactly the same ideas as you do
119
Latoya is discussing **how 21st-century relationships have changed**. which of the following statements is **incorrect**?
* Today young people are more likely to **marry outside of their social class**
* Today **same-sex relationships are much more acceptable**
* Today **homophobia no longer exist**
* Today young people are more likely to **marry outside of their social class**
* Today **homophobia no longer exist**
120
Today, *_more/fewer_* people are **open to interracial dating**, and people who **meet on the internet** are *_less/more_* apt to be **happily married** than their counterparts who meet in traditional ways
Today, **more** people are **open to interracial dating**, and people who **meet on the internet** are **more** apt to be **happily married** than their counterparts who meet in traditional ways
121
Nat and Ash met at a friend's new years eve party and just started dating. They are about to find out theater they **share similar interests, backgrounds, and worldviews**. This couple is in *Murstein's* ____ **phase of romantic relationships**
1. Stimulus
2. Value-comparison
3. Role
**Value-comparison** phase
122
**Cat** tells kelly, "to have a **happy relationship, find someone as similar** to you as possible." **why** is Cat somewhat **wrong**
1. People with **dom personalities better off with more sub** mate
2. We **gravitate** to people with **good personalities**
3. Rather than looking for a clone, best to find a mate who is **similar to one's ideal self**
4. **Overinflating person's virtues** helps
123
**Kita** is **clingy** always feels rejected
**Rena runs away** from intimate relationships
**Sam** is **affectionate and loving**
**Match attachment status** of each person to one of the following:
Secure, avoidant-dismissive, or preoccupied
* Kita
* Preoccupied
* Rena
* Avoidant-dismissive
* Sam
* Secure
124
According to **Marcia's identity statuses framework**, a teen experiencing **Erikson's role confusion** would be labeled:
diffused
125
\_\_\_\_\_ devised **four identity statuses.**
Marcia
126
Deinstitutionalization of marriage
The **decline in marriage** and the **emergence of alternate family forms** during the last third of the twentieth century.
127
Serial Cohabitation
**Living** sequentially **with different partners outside of marriage**.
128
Arranged Marriages
unions in which **parents choose their child’s spouse**
129
Elopements
when young people **run away and get engaged without their parents’ consent**.
130
**Marriage** **before 21st** century
* Only **lasted a decade** or two
* **Practical arrangement to cement family** relationships
131
**Marriage after 21st** century
In West: marriage in the **20s to death**
132
1960s **lifestyle revolution and marriage**
* stressed **personal fulfillment**
* increase **divorce**
133
**Symptom of Deinstitutionalization** of marriage
steady **rise in cohabitation rates**
134
**Serial Cohabiters** are **less** likely
to **get married** and **more** likely to give **birth w/o spouse**
135
**Unmarried parenthood** throughout **years**
The 1950s: women **shipped off or forced to marry**
Today: More **un-educated women having babies** is expected
136
**Difference** between **India and west**
arranged marriages
137
**Change in Indian** marriages
**more elopements**
**Most favor** elopements - especially well-educated people
138
Fundamentalist Sharia **(Muslim law) on marriage**
only **acceptable** path
139
**Power Dynamics before marriage** in the **Middle East**
* **Males total power** over a woman's life
* **Women**: must remain **Virgin**
* Dates **chaperoned**
140
**Power Dynamics after** marriage in the **Middle East**
* Women must **obey** their **husband**
* Husband can **forbid wives** from going to school or work
* Females’ **role is caregiver**
141
**Traditional Islamic marriage** practices
1. Marry **first cousins**
2. Marry right **after puberty**
142
Changing **middle eastern standards**
1. More **women enrolled in universities** than men
2. Women **free to initiate divorce**
3. Women can **draw up prenups**
143
Is Being **Married Better than Living Single?**
**yes** in US
144
**Pros** of couples that are **happily marriage**
1. **Richer** - economic security
2. **Live** longer
3. **Healthier** in old age - having loving person care for you
4. **Sharing parenting**
145
People in **unhappy marriages**
**Less happy** than single counterparts
146
**Marriage market for poverty-level** women and men
dismal
147
Is Being **Married Better than Cohabiting for Life?**
no **not if** you're **happy**
148
The **U-shaped curve of martial satisfaction**
The most **common pathway of marital happiness in the West**, in which satisfaction is
**highest at the honeymoon**
**declines during the child-rearing years**
**then rises after the children** grow up.
149
Consummate love
In **Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love**, the **ideal form of love**, in which a couple’s relationship involves all three of the major facets of love:
1. passion
2. intimacy
3. commitment
150
Triangular Theory of Love
**Robert Sternberg** categorization of love relationships into three facets: passion, intimacy, and commitment. When arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations **describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships**.
151
**Martial satisfaction at peak** during
**honeymoon** then **decreases**
152
Real **flag for divorce**
**wives distress**
153
**The downside of marriage** deepest **during**
**first four** years
154
*John Bowlby’s* **attachment phases and marriage**
**1-2 years** of marriage = in **clear-cut attachment**
**After** = Working model - develop separate lives - **risk divorce**
155
Middle age vs. elderly couple
* Elderly couples **fight less**
* Relate in **kinder & less combative** ways
* **Idealize** partners
156
**Women** who believe “my marriage is different **we are going to live happily ever after”**
more at **risk of being turned off** in the next few years
157
Their comments of the **triangular theory of love**
**shows different kinds of relationships**
1. Pasion = sexual arousal
1. Crush
2. Intimacy = feelings of closeness
1. Best friend
3. Commitment = exclusive
1. “Empty marriages”
158
Intimacy + commitment =
**companionate marriages**
## Footnote
Best friend relationships long-married couples have after passion fades
159
Why is **consummate love fragile**?
* **Passion dwindles** - married couples show lower testosterone than single counterparts
* **Intimacy wanes** - as a couple enter the working model phase
160
When we **fall in love we feel**
1. efficacy
2. Powerful
3. Competent
4. Capable
5. Self-expansion - boosts testosterone
161
To **stay passionate for decades** people should
**engage in flow inducing activities** that brought couples together in the beginning
162
**Glue of marriage**
**commitment** - inner attitudes that keep couples together
163
**Qualities** of **committed spouses**
1. The **value system won’t** allow them to **consider divorce**
2. Dedicated to **partners inner growth**
164
Feeling **compassion for his spouse**
**cemented once attraction** to a mate
165
During **disagreements women in happy relationships**
regulate emotions
166
Psychologists that can tell **whether a marriage is becoming unglued**
John and Julie Gottman
167
4 **communication styles** that **distinguish thriving relationships from those with serious problems**
1. Happy couples engage in a **high ratio of positive to negative comments**
2. Happy couples **don't get personal when they disagree**
3. Happy couples are **sensitive to a partners need for space**
4. Happy couples **listen non-defensively to complaints**
168
**How to stay together** happily for life
1. **Be fully committed**
1. Be devoted to person development
2. Take joy in sacrificing for your mate
2. **Preserve intimacy and passion**
1. Share arousing and exciting activities
3. **Avoid getting personal when fighting**
4. **Be very very positive after you get negative**
169
**If** **relationship** totally **one-sided**
time to **consider divorce**
170
**Negative** changes **after divorce**
1. May **need to move**
2. Perhaps find **better-paying job**
3. **Housework burden** rises - more for men
4. **Legal** hasseles
171
**Positive** changes **after divorce**
1. Produce **emotional growth**
2. Enhance **efficacy**
3. The **welcome feeling of relief**
4. The **burst of testosterone** = Women rediscover sexuality
172
Two **groups of divorced couples**
1. Spouses who had reported being **miserable in marriage**
2. Couples who divorced even though they had **previously judged marital status as “ fairly good “**
173
**Unhappy** marriages **after divorce versus happy** marriages
**Unhappy** marriages = much **happier**
**Happy** marriages = decline in well-being
174
*Paul Amato* on **divorce**
The fantasy of **finding a soulmate lure people into leaving** marriage too soon
175
US **remarriage rates**
* 1 in 4 involving previously divorced partners
* 1 in 2 involving spouse married before
* Women 60% lower odds of remarrying
176
Unique **barriers remarried couples**
1. Seem **less committed**
2. **Stepparent** syndrome
177
Fertility rates
The **average number of children a woma**n in a given country **has** during her lifetime.
178
Breadwinner
The traditional concept is that a **man’s job is to support a wife and children**.
179
Nurturer Father
A **husband** who actively participates in **hands-on child care**.
180
**Fertility rates in developing** countries today
declining
181
**Childless adults** that chose this **path**
**equally as happy** as adults with children
182
Conclusions of studies **exploring the transition to parenthood**
1. Parenthood makes **couples** **less intimate and happy**
2. If a couple is **heterosexual**, parenthood often **produce more traditional marital roles**
183
Which couples are most likely to **see babies as a good thing to marriage**?
1. **Pre-baby attachment dance** important
2. If a couple able to **relate well before Child**
3. **Your father** involved with child
184
The **downside of motherhood**
can top balance **from pleasure to pain**
* Lack of sleep
* Financial strain
* Spending hours in boring activities
* Messy house
185
Parenthood up to
**decrease in mothers** feeling of **self-esteem**
186
**Mothers versus non-mothers** happiness
mothers **no happier** on daily basis
187
The **main factor** that affected her **closely a woman fit her motherhood image depended** on
attachment with given child
188
21-century mothers vs. past
Spend **more time with children**
189
**Badge of honor** when **women entered working force for fathers**
**Nurturer father became masculine ideal** - being the breadwinner and caring for children
190
Traditional stable career
A career path in which people settle into their **permanent life’s work in their twenties** and often **stay** with the same organization **until they retire.**
191
Boundary-less career
Today’s **most common** career path for Western workers, in which people **change jobs or professions periodically** during their working lives.
192
**Father spend more time** with who
**sons** than daughters
193
**Fathers** hands-on **nurturing**
most **done by moms** but **dads** involvement **more towards play activities**
194
How to **tell how involved a father will be?**
Depends on **man's attitude** -
1. men who **regulate emotions**
2. feel they **got more care from fathers**
3. **Feeling efficacious** at child care
4. Whether the **pregnancy was wanted**
195
**Men** with **greater decline in testosterone** during wife's pregnancy
**more satisfied** with being dad
196
**Changes in careers** over 21st century
**Traditional stable career now atypica**l
More boundary fewer careers
197
Work separation change
People now **work on weeks or nights**
198
Pros and cons of **online revolution of careers**
* Pro:
1. Flexibility
* Cons:
1. Disappearing barrier between work and family
2. Longer hours
3. Accelerate pace at which they must perform
199
**Workers increasingly function** as
free agents
200
Pros and cons of **gig work**
* Pros:
1. Be own **boss**
2. Explore **numerous career passions**
* Cons:
1. **No health insurance** or retirement benefits
2. **No job** security
3. **No training** included
4. Overall **income declines**
201
Occupational segregation
the fact that men and women **gravitate to different kinds of jobs**, **ensures** that **gender pay gaps** endure.
202
Role Conflict
A situation in which a **person is torn between two or more major responsibilities**—for instance, parent and worker—and **cannot do either job adequately.**
203
Intrinsic career rewards
Work that **provides inner fulfillment** and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness. **Most ideal** to people
204
Extrinsic career rewards
Work that is performed for **external reinforcers, such as pay.**
205
Role overload
A **job situation** that places so many requirements or **demands on workers** that it becomes **impossible to do a good job**.
206
Work-life balance
A situation in which people **feel a perfect balance** energized and happy at work and fulfilled with other aspects of their lives.
207
What **evaluation predicts work success** in early midlife
**Core self-evolution**
weather a person had **high self-esteem, optimistic, felt control of life**
208
**Why do attitudes matter** over academic success?
people who **feel better about themselves:**
* **gravitate to more rewarding fields**
* **shape their jobs**
209
Developing **a feeling of “career is life calling”**
grew out of time committed to career
210
*John Holland* **work happiness**
key to work happiness is to find the **best personality-career match**
211
*Holland’s* 6 **personify types** and jobs
1. **Realistic** type
2. **Investigative** type
3. **Artistic** type
4. **Social** Type
5. **Entrepreneurial** type
6. **Conventional** type
212
What makes an **optimal workspace?**
* Autonomy to **exercise creativity**
* **Sense of control** over work conditions
* **Employee friendly**
* Bosses warfare and **sensitive to the needs**
213
As people transition from **emerging adulthood to families what motivates career**
**extrinsic** career rewards
214
*Organizational psychologists* believe **adult happiness**
depends on **work and nonwork satiation**
215
3 Enduring **Difficulties Women Face at Work**
1. Women have **more erratic** (especially when married), **less continuous careers than men**
2. Male-dominated professions **pay more than female-type jobs**
3. Employers **don’t look kindly on people taking “family time.”**
216
Jared is **describing marriage around the world today**. Which 2 statements can he make?
In Saudi Arabia, divorced women are still social shunned
In India, traditional arranged marriages are in decline
217
**Couples** who **cohabit** are
more likely to be **poor**
218
**Why** does **sharing mutually exciting activities** and **commitment** help **promote marital happiness**
1. Sharing mutually exciting activities = **cements passion**
2. Commitment grows out of = **feeling devoted** to partner's well-being
219
**What** can **happen** when one **remarriage**
1. More quick to **contemplate leaving partner** when disagreeing
2. **Children** are more apt to **feel threatened** by a new relationship
3. May place **barriers to your getting along**
220
The **deinstitutionalization of marriage was an outcome** **of** the:
Lifestyle revolution of 1960s
221
Which **movement reflects the "lifestyle revolution" that** occurred in Europe and North America during the last third of the twentieth century that **contributed to the deinstitutionalization of marriage**?
Women's movement
222
How does **marital satisfaction change after a baby**? What force **predicts coping** well with this change?
Martial satisfaction **declines**. If the couple **communicates well before** the baby and the **dad is involved and caring** should be fine.
223
New mothers feeling **unexpectedly stressed and unhappy would cope** better if?
Had **less rosy, more accurate picture** about motherhood from the **media**
Had **less pressure** placed on them **from outside world** to "be perfect"
224
Questions to **predict how involved in child care a man** is likely to be
1. Are you a **mellow person**
2. What was your **relationship like with your own father**
3. Do you **feel content about providing hands-on childcare**
4. Do you **really want this baby**
5. How **committed are you to being the primary breadwinner**
225
Compared to women who stay home, women **who work for money spend less time:**
**Cleaning** home and being **alone with spouse**
226
Parenthood tends to **produce traditional marital roles**, which can:
lead to **conflicts related to marital equity.**
227
Years of **middle age**
40 to 60-65
228
In the US people **identify as middle age**
early 70s
229
**Feeling physically appealing is essentially** important to
**happiness** at every age
230
Female **body dissatisfaction at middle age**
**doesn’t increase**
- women don’t give up sexuality
231
**Body-image issues** of **midlife** women
**impair sexual desire**
* Feel deficient by **comparing** images **to** other **“older” movie stars**
* 50-something **thin idea**
232
Menopause
The age-related process, occurring at about **age 50**, in which **ovulation and menstruation** stop due to the **decline of estrogen**.
233
Perimenopause
**sexual winding down**.
In women, the **menstrual** cycle becomes more **irregular**. Physical symptoms such as **night sweats and hot flashes**
234
**Age-related sexual findings** for men and women,
**different**
* Men:
1. **more time** to develop **erection**
2. More likely to **lose before ejaculation**
3. **Ejaculation less** intense
4. **Erection** is **not** as **frequent**
* Women:
1. **Orgasm** the **same**
2. More apt to **turn off to sex**
235
Defining **marker of menopause**
**not** **menstruating** for a **year**
236
**After menopause** women report **sex lives**
**improve**
- **liberated** from anxieties about **getting pregnant**
237
**Older** couples **description of** **sex**
All about:
1. Intimacy
2. Communication
3. Authenticity
238
**Sex** **experts** on **old** age
Focus on **what's physically wrong**
- believe sex is automatically **more dissatisfying with age**
239
Seattle Longitudinal Study
The definitive **study of the effect of aging on intelligence**, involving simultaneously conducting and comparing the results of **cross-sectional and longitudinal studies**.
240
Crystallized Intelligence
A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of a **person’s knowledge base**, or storehouse, of accumulated information.
241
Fluid Intelligence
A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the **ability to quickly master new intellectual** activities**.**
242
Allostatic load
An **overall score of body deterioration**, gained from summing how a person functions on multiple physiological indexes. Allostatic load **predicts cognitive performance during adult life.**
243
Selective optimization with compensation
*Paul Baltes’s* three **principles for successful aging** (and living):
1. **Focus** on our **most important activities**
2. **Work** especially hard in these **top-ranking areas**
3. **Rely on external aids** when we cannot cope on our own.
244
The **solution** to contrasting **biases of cross-sectional and longitudinal** studies of aging
* Conduct **both** studies **simultaneously**
* **Compare results** to get a true picture of intelligence changes with age
245
**Seattle study** is **unusual** because
researchers used **intelligence tests** **measuring separate kinds of abilities**
246
**Findings** of **Seattle** study
1. **Intelligence peek** at the **late 40s and early 50s**
2. On test measuring **knowledge base improve into the 60s**
3. On tests involving doing some thing **new fast worsen at the early 40s**
247
Psychologist **categories of intelligence**
1. crystallized
2. fluid
248
**Fluid** intelligence at **highest point during**
The **20s then declines**
- **depends** on the **nervous system** being **at** a **biological peak**
249
**Crystallized** intelligence at **highest peak during**
**increases** well into **late middle age**
- depends on knowledge that we get over years
250
**The distinction** between **fluid and crystallized** intelligence **accounts for**
**why** people in **fast pace jobs worry about being over the hill in their 40s**
251
**When** **creative activity depends on** being totally **original**
people perform **best in their 30s**
252
**When creative activity depends** on just **crystallized** skills
perform **best in 60s**
253
**How to stay mentally sharp** as we age
1. Staying **physically young**
2. Exercise **mental capacities**
254
How to **exercise mental capacities**
1. Work and complex, **challenging jobs**
2. Careers that **involve people**
255
Challenging **life experiences promote**
**resilient** minds
256
The **peak** of **mental powers**
**The 40s and 50s**
- **trouble** mastering **new cognitive challenges when under pressure** though
257
Postformal thought
A uniquely **adult form of intelligence** that involves **being sensitive to different perspectives**, **making decisions** based on one’s **inner feelings**, and being **interested in exploring new questions**.
258
Big FIve
Five core **psychological predispositions**
1. **A**greeableness
2. **C**onscientiousness
3. **O**penness to experience
4. **N**euroticism
5. **E**xtraversion
that **underlie personality.**
259
*Aristotle* and **wisdom**
believes one component of **wise thinking** is the **ability to thoughtfully direct our lives**
Wise people effectively **tailor their responses to situations**
260
4 **defining qualities of being wise**
1. Wise thinkers **embrace uncertainty**
2. Wise thinkers are **sensitive to others' perspectives**
3. Wise thinking **involves self-transcendence**
4. Wise thinking **demands humility**
261
Pros and cons of **vignette measured wisdom**
* Pros:
1. Well adjusted
2. Prosocial
3. Being open to life
* Cons:
1. More **emotionally involved** in a situation **less likely to reason wisely**
262
**Way** **psychologists** **measure** **personality**
ranking people according to **five basic temperamental qualities**
263
Neuroticism
the tendency towards **mental health versus psychological disturbance**
264
Extroversion
**outgoing attitudes**
265
Openness to experience
passion to **seek out new experiences**
266
Conscientiousness
kind of efficacious
267
Agreeableness
**kindness**, empathy, ability to compromise
268
*Robert McCrae & Paul Costa*
**big five**
269
A core **component of wise thinking**
openness to experience
270
What might **help protect us against Alzheimer's**
1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
271
Core of conscientiousness
having **good executive functions**
272
Related to **most real-world achievements**
**conscientiousness**
* More stable marriages
* Less likely to be unemployed
* Healthier
* Live longer
273
Who thinks there is a **burden of parent care**
1. If **siblings no**
2. **Alzheimer's disease** yes
274
Frail **older adults in china** are in **trouble because**
1. **No longer obey care** for one's elders
2. **No** form of **government-sponsored system**
275
Generativity
In ***Erikson’s*** theory, the seventh psychosocial task, in which people in **midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation**, caring for others, or enriching the lives of others through their work. According to Erikson, when midlife adults **have not achieved generativity, they feel stagnant**, without a sense of purpose in life.
276
Hedonic happiness \
Well-being is defined as **pure pleasure**.
277
Eudaimonic happiness
Well-being is defined as having a **sense of meaning and life purpose**.
278
Commitment Script
In ***Dan McAdams***’s research, a type of **autobiography produced by** highly **generative adults** that **involve**:
* childhood memories of **feeling special**
* being **unusually sensitive to others’ misfortunes**
* having a strong, **enduring generative mission from adolescence**
* **redemption** sequences.
279
Redemption sequences
In ***Dan McAdams***’s research, a **characteristic theme of highly generative adults’ autobiographies**, in which they describe **tragic events that turned out for the best**.
280
Family watchdogs
A basic **role of grandparents**, which involves monitoring the younger **family member’s well-being and intervening to provide help in a crisis**.
281
Caregiving grandparents
Grandparents who have taken on **full responsibility for raising their grandchildren.**
282
Parent care
Adult children **care for** their **disabled elderly parents. Seen as burden**
283
Sandwich generation
**women** pulled between **caring for** their young **children and disabled elderly parents**
is fairly **rare**
284
Because our **nature shapes specific life experiences**
people become **more like ourselves as we age**
Personality gets l**ess hereditable as we age**
285
**Early influence fostering maturity** is
**confronting normal challenges** of adult life
286
**Close adult encounters** - the especially romantic kind
Force us to **mature faster**
287
As **age humans feel more**
1. in control of life's
2. self-assured
3. Less egocentric
4. More altruistic attitude towards life
288
*McAdam* on **genertivity**
to understand development we **need to get close and personal and talk to people about the mission and goals**
289
**Generativity** is the **key** to
**happiness** in adult life
290
**Life stories of highly generative** adults had **themes** of
1. commitment script
2. redemption sequences
291
What **produces generatively adults**
1. Presents of **caregiving adults in past**
2. Critical **incidents involving family members and teachers** more frequently
292
**Ethnic group high in generative** community-minded adults
African American
293
**Tips** for **brightening** your **day**
1. Act in **harmony with the inner self**
2. **Buy time in experiences** rather than material things
3. **Reach out** to very **different kinds of people**
294
How to **flourish during middle age**
1. Having a **positive body image**
2. Keep **mind fine-tuned**
3. If lack life balance - **establish priorities**
4. Practice **thinking wisely**
5. Develop **generative mission**
295
**Grandmas function** to
**help species survive**
**In Africa** presence of grandmothers **reduces mortality rates in early life**
296
**Grandparents in west**ern societies
1. Help **younger family members cope**
2. **Mediators**
3. **Cheerleaders** and advocates
297
**Forces** that determine **how involved a grandparent is likely to be**
1. **Gender** = Women more than men
2. If their **upper-middle class**
3. Physical **proximity**
4. Grand **children's age**
298
**Grandparents** take **pride in**
free to be there in **loving listening** and leave **discipline to parent**s
299
**Paternal grandparents** in **danger** of
**not being there** as much as they would like
300
If the **wife** gets **custody and remarries**
**lock ex-husband’s family out** of child life
301
The **rate of caregiving grandparent**s in the US
**doubled** in decades
302
**Burdens** of **caregiving grandparents**
1. Financial issues
2. Fear social services will take grandchildren
3. Devastating emotions
303
**Elderly spouse** is find **caregiving far less burdensome then**
children
304
**Caregiving for ill parents** typically **causes**
**Women** to cut **back work hours or leave a career**
305
**The intergenerational commitment** of parent care
caring for an **elderly parents and watching grandchildren**
306
For the following age and sexuality statements, select the correct gender
Males/Females **decline** the most **physiologically**
Male/Female sexuality is **most affected by social issued** such as not having a partner.
**Males** decline most physiologically
**Female** sexuality is most affected by social issues such as not having a partner
307
Andrés is an **air traffic controller**, and Mick is a **historian**. Pick which man is likely to, and explain the reason why.
**Andrés** reach first. Because the job is heavily **dependent on fluid skills**
308
Identify each **type of intellectual skill involved** and describe how my abilities in each of these areas are likely to have **changed now that I am 70 Y.O**
1. Learning a new video game
2. Writing a textbook
1. Textbook
* crystalized skill
* Same as young
2. Video Game
* Fluid skills
* Worse than when young
309
Risk says, "**I've got too much on my plate. I can't do anything wel**l." **Identify the theory** that would be **most helpful** in addressing this problem, and explain what this theory would advise.
Baltes's **Selective optimization with compensation**
1. Prioritize and shed less important jobs
2. Work harder in his top-ranking areas
3. Use external aids to help him cope
310
People typically reach a **creativity peak** in their:
40
311
**Men's sexual difficulties in midlife** mostly relate to:
blodd flow
312
"Women whose menstrual cycles have stopped for 12 consecutive months are considered to have entered menopause." This statement offers a(n) ______ definition of menopause by **specifying how to measure it**.
operational
313
Which type of **study introduces the LEAST amount of bias** into the study of **changes in intelligence with age**?
Longitudinal study
314
Because of homogamy, a **conscientious young adult is likely to marry** someone who is:
**conscientious**
315
When friends and family are asked to describe 28-year-old Tracy, they say she is **hardworking, self-disciplined, and reliable**. On the **Big Five,** Tracy ranks high on:
conscientiousness
316
