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Developmental psychology > Exam 5 - Early & Middle Adulthood / Chapter 10, 11, & 12 > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Early & Middle Adulthood / Chapter 10, 11, & 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Emerging adulthood only for

A

People living in developed world

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2
Q

The goal for emerging adulthood

A
  1. Exploring different possibilities
  2. Exuberant optimism about what lies ahead
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3
Q

Internal terms of reaching adulthood

A
  1. Financially support themselves
  2. Adults accept responsibility for their actions
  3. Make independent decisions about life
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4
Q

Emerging adulthood is defined by

A

variability

  • as we set sail on our own
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5
Q

What created emerging adulthood in the 20th century

A
  1. Longer life expectancy
  2. Education - college crucial to career success
  3. Western culture stressed self-exploration
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6
Q

Constructing a career can take until

A

mid-20s+

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7
Q

S. Europe main barrier in reaching adulthood

A

high youth unemployment rates

  • Social norms discourage cohabitation
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8
Q

People from where spend the 20s - 30s in parents house

A
  1. Portugal
  2. Italy
  3. Greece
  4. Spain
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9
Q

Cohabitation

A

living together without being married

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10
Q

Nest-leaving

A

moving out of a parent’s home to live independently

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11
Q

What makes Scandinavia unique for emerging adulthood

A
  1. Jobs plentiful for youth
  2. Marriage is an optional choice
  3. Gov. Funds university in Norway, Sweden, & Denmark
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12
Q

In N. European countries nest-leaving begins at

A

brink of emerging adult years

Nordic nations 20s stress-free interlude exploring life before children or deciding to marry

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13
Q

US route to emerging adulthood vs. European

A
  1. Marriage important life goal
  2. Move out at 18
  3. Focus on self-reliance - gov. Doesn’t pay for college
  4. Trouble finding decently paying jobs
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14
Q

Colliding conceptions + dramatic income inequalities =

A

sharp social-class differences in how U.S. emerging adults contract an adult life

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15
Q

Differences of emerging adulthood within the US

A
  • Marriage is a middle-class achievement
  • Low-income adults without a spouse
  • Children of well-off parents have trouble moving out parents’ house
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16
Q

The US and N. Europe see leaving the nest as

A

an important rite of passage

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17
Q

2 benefits of leaving home

A
  1. Produce more harmonious family relationships
  2. Force young people to “grow up”
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18
Q

Does Leaving House Produce Better Parent-Child Relationships?

A

yes

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19
Q

Does Leaving Home Make People More Adult?

A

yes

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20
Q

Less conflict between children and parents happens when

A

children leave nest

Not true in Italy - young people prize family closeness over friendships

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21
Q

Close mother-child relationships and calling each other frequently correlated with

A

well adjusting to college and homing in on a satisfying career

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22
Q

“Nest residers” less likely to

A
  1. Be in a long-term relationship
  2. Felt more emotionally dependent on parents
  3. Less satisfied with life
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23
Q

Social clock

A

The concept is that we regulate our passage through adulthood by an inner timetable that tells us which life activities are appropriate at certain ages.

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24
Q

Age norms

A

Cultural ideas about the appropriate ages for engaging in particular activities or life tasks.

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25
Q

Off time

A

Being too late or too early in a culture’s timetable for achieving adult life tasks.

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26
Q

Identity

A

In Erikson’s theory, the life task of deciding who to be as an adult.

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27
Q

Role confusion

A

Erikson’s term for a failure in identity formation, marked by the lack of any sense of a future adult path.

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28
Q

Identity diffusion

A

According to James Marcia, an identity status in which the person is aimless or feels totally blocked, without any adult life path.

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29
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

According to James Marcia, an identity status is in which the person decides on an adult life path (often one spelled out by an authority figure) without any thought or active search.

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30
Q

Moratorium

A

According to James Marcia, an identity status in which the person actively explores various possibilities to find a truly solid adult life path.

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31
Q

Identity achievement

A

A fully mature identity status in which the young person chooses a satisfying adult life path.

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32
Q

Ruminative Moratorium =

A

When a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious.

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33
Q

Barriers in leaving home depend on:

A
  1. being able to afford to live on their own
  2. For immigrant & ethnic minority youth - values
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34
Q

Feeling off time in a late direction can cause

A

young people distress

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35
Q

General social-clock guidelines

A

set by

  1. society
  2. personal goals
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36
Q

How can one predict a given undergrad’s social clock timetables

A

by using “is having a family your main passion?”

Marriage top-ranking = marriage & kids at younger ages

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37
Q

Pros and cons of emerging adulthood

A
  • Pros:
    • Emerging adulthood exhilarating
    • emotionally challenging time - Sense of being out of control
  • Cons:
    • anxiety disorders reach peak
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38
Q

Marcia’s 4 identity statuses

A
  1. Identity diffusion
  2. Identity foreclosure
  3. Moratorium
  4. Identity achievement
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39
Q

Marcia’s categories framework for

A

what is going wrong and right inline

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40
Q

Marcia - as teens grow they pass through

A
  • Diffusion
  • Moratorium
  • Achievement
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41
Q

In real life people identity statuses

A

fluid throughout adulthood

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42
Q

What is vital to living fully

A

revising identity

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43
Q

Ruminative moratorium produces

A
  1. poor mental health
  2. identity achievement
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44
Q

Ethnic Identity

A

How people come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their unique ethnic or racial heritage.

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45
Q

Ruminative Moratorium

A

When a young person is unable to decide between different identities, becoming emotionally paralyzed and highly anxious.

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46
Q

Biracial or multiracial

A

How people of mixed racial backgrounds come to terms with who they are as people in relation to their heritage.

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47
Q

Efficacious teens “workers”

A

Csikszentmihalyi and Schneider term of young people who enter emerging adulthood upbeat and competent

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48
Q

Emotional advantages of feeling positive about identity are underscored by

A

ethnic identity

If part of the dominant culture - rarely think of your ethnicity

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49
Q

Being proud of ethnic background provides

A

a sense of meaning in life

  • Identifying with Chinese or Cambodian = buffer from becoming depressed or risk-taking more
  • Doing well in middle school
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50
Q

Firmly connecting with mainstream culture

A

sign ethic minority young person has skills to reach out fully in love

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51
Q

Pros & cons of emerging adulthood in biracial people

A
  • Cons:
    1. Particularly poignant
  • Pros:
    1. Pushes people to think in more creative ways
    2. Promotes resilience
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52
Q

Sigmund Freud definition of ideal mental health

A

ability to love and work

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53
Q

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi & Barbara Schneider study

A

of teenagers’ career dreams using the experience-sampling method

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54
Q

Emerging adults vs. their parents

A
  1. Face a more difficult economy than parents
  2. Students feel more driven to work hard than their parents
  3. Career disappointment is faced when young people enter college and confront the real world
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55
Q

Self-esteem changes

A

dips dramatically during the first semester of college and gradually rises over the next few years

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56
Q

Set to flourish when confronting demands of college life

A

young people who enter emerging adulthood upbeat and competent

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57
Q

Growth most occurs in the personality dimension called

A

conscientiousness

  • More resilient
  • Reason in more thoughtful ways
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58
Q

Flow

A

Csikszentmihalyi’s term for feeling total absorption in a challenging, goal-oriented activity.

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59
Q

School-to-work transition

A

The change from the schooling phase of life to the work world.

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60
Q

Rise in executive functions during emerging adulthood due to

A
  1. fully developed frontal lobes
  2. powerful inner state
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61
Q

Life’s most uplifting experiences occur when

A

we connect deeply with people

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62
Q

When we enter flow

A

during activity that stretches our capacities

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63
Q

Flow depends on being

A

intrinsically motivated

when working towards a goal

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64
Q

Why finding flow can be hard

A

depends on person-environment fit

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65
Q

US high school graduates enrolled in college

A

2 out of 3

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66
Q

Money of degree

A
  • with master’s degree $70,000/ year
  • Only high school degree $30,000/ year
  • 1 of 10 non-college graduates unemployed
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67
Q

Why do many emerging adults drop out of school?

A
  1. Not “college material”
  2. Uninterested in academics
  3. Poorly prepared in Highschool
  4. Low SES - less likely to graduate
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68
Q

Emerging adults average money in loans after graduating

A

$20,000 or more

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69
Q

Colleges focus on freshmen can

A

lead to neglecting the role of “academic integration” during subsequent years

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70
Q

Qualities of good professors

A
  • Love subject
  • Committed to communicating passion to students
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71
Q

Professors’ mission

A

excite students in their field

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72
Q

Intimacy

A

Erikson’s first adult task, which involves connecting with a partner in a mutually loving relationship.

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73
Q

Homophobia

A

Intense fear and dislike of gay people.

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74
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

Our sexual and romantic attraction to other people

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75
Q

Stimulus-value-role theory

A

Murstein’s mate-selection theory that suggests similar people pair up and that our path to commitment progresses through three phases (called the stimulus, value-comparison, and role phases).

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76
Q

Role phase

A

In Murstein’s theory, the final mate-selection stage, in which committed partners work out their future life together.

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77
Q

Value-comparison phase

A

In Murstein’s theory, the second mate-selection stage, in which we make judgments about a partner on the basis of similar values and interests.

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78
Q

Rate of couples that met online

A

1 in 3

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79
Q

20th-century lifestyle revolution produced

A

remarkable expansion in kind of partners

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80
Q

Limits to the assumption we live in the golden age of diverse partner choices

A

People are now less likely to select partner of different social class

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81
Q

People reject boys who don’t stick to standard gender roles in

A

elementary school

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82
Q

During teen years trans and gay youth

A

undergo emotional turmoil

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83
Q

Most difficult coming out as gay

A

black and Latino LGBTQ

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84
Q

Once identity is embraces

A

sense of self-efficacy and relief follow

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85
Q

Romantic moratorium built into west societies why

A

the phase of mate selection so long

  • 1 in 2 couples break up then get back with exes
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86
Q

Young people frame romantic disappointments as

A

learning experiences

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87
Q

After-effects of romantic disappointments of young people

A
  1. More likely to binge drink
  2. Health declines
  3. Losses in self-esteem last a full year
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88
Q

Prices of stimulus-value-role theory

A
  1. Stimulus phase
  2. Value-comparison phase
  3. Role phase
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89
Q

Equal-reinforcement-value parter explains why

A

we expect the couple to be similar in “social value” and class

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90
Q

Driving force in love relationships

A

homogamy

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91
Q

Identical twins more than fraternal twins to

A

select similar “bonding style” partners

Humans may be biologically primed to gravitate to a specific mate

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92
Q

Homogamy enhanced by

A

people with identical passions gravitate to similar zones of low

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93
Q

Why are attachment styles stable

A

Operate as self-fulfilling prophecy

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94
Q

Securely attached adults are more

A
  1. Successful in love
  2. More satisfying romances
  3. Hang in during the difficult time
  4. Support parter in times of need
  5. Excel at being emotionally in tune
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95
Q

Homogamy

A

In Murstein’s theory, the initial mate-selection stage, in which we make judgments about a potential partner based on external characteristics such as appearance.

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96
Q

Stimulus phase

A

In Murstein’s theory, the initial mate-selection stage, in which we make judgments about a potential partner based on external characteristics such as appearance.

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97
Q

Adult attachment styles

A

The different ways in which adults relate to romantic partners, based on Mary Ainsworth’s infant attachment styles. (Adult attachment styles are classified as secure, preoccupied/ambivalent insecure, or avoidant/dismissive insecure.)

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98
Q

Preoccupied/ambivalent

A

An excessively clingy, needy style of relating to loved ones.

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99
Q

Avoidant/dismissive

A

A standoffish, excessively disengaged style of relating to loved ones.

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100
Q

Securely attached

A

The genuine intimacy that is ideal in love relationships.

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101
Q

Exceptions to homogamy drive love

A
  • The relationship works best when 1 partner is more dominant than other
  • One strong personality, not two
  • Unpleasant traits that are common
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102
Q

We choose people who

A

embody our “ideal self”

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103
Q

Charting love in stages showed

A

people often felt good in relationships the more homogamous they were.

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104
Q

Different Cindy Hazan & Phillip Shaver adult attachment styles

A
  1. Preoccupied/ambivalent
  2. Avoidant/dismissive
  3. Securely attached
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105
Q

Classified as Securely attached if

A
  1. describe pulses and minuses of relationship
  2. Talk about the desire for intimacy
  3. Adopt other-centered perspective
  4. Nurturing other’s development as the primary goal
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106
Q

Classified as Avoidant/dismissive if

A
  1. Describe relationship in formal stilted ways
  2. Emphasize autonomy issues
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107
Q

you are giving a toast to your friend Sarah’s 20th birthday party and you want to offer some predictions about what the next years might hold a store for her. Given your understanding of emerging adulthood which would be a safe prediction?

A
  • Sarah may not reach the standard markers of adulthood for many years
  • Sarah might need to move back into the nest or might still be living at home
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108
Q

Which emerging adult is least likely to be in the nest?

A

Silvia, who lives in Stockholm

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109
Q

Staying in the nest during the 20s today is a symptom of a child refusing to grow up – true or false

A

False

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110
Q

Which person is most apt to worry about a social-clock issue:

  • Martha, age 50, wants to apply to nursing school
  • Lee, age 28, who has just become a father
A

Martha, who is starting a new career at age 50; will be most worried about the ticking of the social clock

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111
Q

You overheard your psychology professor say that his daughter Emma shows symptoms of Erickson’s role confusion. Emma must be _____, which in Marcia’s identity status framework is a sign of ____

A

Drifting

Diffusion

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112
Q

Joe said, “I’ve wanted to be a lawyer since I was a little boy.” Kayla replied, “I don’t know what my career will be, and I’ve been obsessing about the possibilities day and night.” Joe’s identity status is _______, whereas Kayla’s status is ______. According to the latest research, who is apt to have an emotional problem?

A

Foreclosure & moratorium

Kayla more apt to emotional problems

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113
Q

Your cousin Clara has enrolled in nursing school. To predict her feelings about this decision, pick the right question to ask:

  • Have you explored different career possibilities?
  • Do you feel nursing expresses your inner self?
A

Do you feel nursing expresses your inner self?

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114
Q

Having a biracial or multiracial identity makes people think in more rigid ways about the world?

True or False

A

False

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115
Q

Your 17 Y.O cousin is graduating from high school. Given what you learned in the text, you might predict that she has overly high/overly low expectations about her academic abilities and that she will become more mature/remain exactly the same as she travels through her 20s.

A

Overly high

Get more mature

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116
Q

Lisa loves her server job. When the restaurant is hectic, time flies by. She feels like a multitasking whiz! Lisa is describing a ____ experience

A

Flow

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117
Q

Josh says the reason his classmates drop out of college is that they can’t do the work.

Joan says, “Sorry, it’s the need to work incredible hours to pay for school”.

Make each person’s case using the information from text

A

Josh: Prior academic performance predicts College completion, with low odds of finishing high school grads with a C average or below.

Joan: money is critical because academically talented low-income kids are far less likely to finish college than their affluent peers, and dropouts cite financial issues as the main reason for leaving

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118
Q

Juan, a freshman, asks for tips about how to succeed in college. Pick the advice you shouldn’t give:

  1. Get involved in Campus activities
  2. Select friends who have exactly the same ideas as you do
  3. Get the best professors and reach out to make connections with them
A
  1. Select friends who have exactly the same ideas as you do
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119
Q

Latoya is discussing how 21st-century relationships have changed. which of the following statements is incorrect?

  • Today young people are more likely to marry outside of their social class
  • Today same-sex relationships are much more acceptable
  • Today homophobia no longer exist
A
  • Today young people are more likely to marry outside of their social class
  • Today homophobia no longer exist
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120
Q

Today, more/fewer people are open to interracial dating, and people who meet on the internet are less/more apt to be happily married than their counterparts who meet in traditional ways

A

Today, more people are open to interracial dating, and people who meet on the internet are more apt to be happily married than their counterparts who meet in traditional ways

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121
Q

Nat and Ash met at a friend’s new years eve party and just started dating. They are about to find out theater they share similar interests, backgrounds, and worldviews. This couple is in Murstein’s ____ phase of romantic relationships

  1. Stimulus
  2. Value-comparison
  3. Role
A

Value-comparison phase

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122
Q

Cat tells kelly, “to have a happy relationship, find someone as similar to you as possible.” why is Cat somewhat wrong

A
  1. People with dom personalities better off with more sub mate
  2. We gravitate to people with good personalities
  3. Rather than looking for a clone, best to find a mate who is similar to one’s ideal self
  4. Overinflating person’s virtues helps
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123
Q

Kita is clingy always feels rejected

Rena runs away from intimate relationships

Sam is affectionate and loving

Match attachment status of each person to one of the following:

Secure, avoidant-dismissive, or preoccupied

A
  • Kita
    • Preoccupied
  • Rena
    • Avoidant-dismissive
  • Sam
    • Secure
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124
Q

According to Marcia’s identity statuses framework, a teen experiencing Erikson’s role confusion would be labeled:

A

diffused

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125
Q

_____ devised four identity statuses.

A

Marcia

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126
Q

Deinstitutionalization of marriage

A

The decline in marriage and the emergence of alternate family forms during the last third of the twentieth century.

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127
Q

Serial Cohabitation

A

Living sequentially with different partners outside of marriage.

128
Q

Arranged Marriages

A

unions in which parents choose their child’s spouse

129
Q

Elopements

A

when young people run away and get engaged without their parents’ consent.

130
Q

Marriage before 21st century

A
  • Only lasted a decade or two
  • Practical arrangement to cement family relationships
131
Q

Marriage after 21st century

A

In West: marriage in the 20s to death

132
Q

1960s lifestyle revolution and marriage

A
  • stressed personal fulfillment
  • increase divorce
133
Q

Symptom of Deinstitutionalization of marriage

A

steady rise in cohabitation rates

134
Q

Serial Cohabiters are less likely

A

to get married and more likely to give birth w/o spouse

135
Q

Unmarried parenthood throughout years

A

The 1950s: women shipped off or forced to marry

Today: More un-educated women having babies is expected

136
Q

Difference between India and west

A

arranged marriages

137
Q

Change in Indian marriages

A

more elopements

Most favor elopements - especially well-educated people

138
Q

Fundamentalist Sharia (Muslim law) on marriage

A

only acceptable path

139
Q

Power Dynamics before marriage in the Middle East

A
  • Males total power over a woman’s life
  • Women: must remain Virgin
  • Dates chaperoned
140
Q

Power Dynamics after marriage in the Middle East

A
  • Women must obey their husband
  • Husband can forbid wives from going to school or work
  • Females’ role is caregiver
141
Q

Traditional Islamic marriage practices

A
  1. Marry first cousins
  2. Marry right after puberty
142
Q

Changing middle eastern standards

A
  1. More women enrolled in universities than men
  2. Women free to initiate divorce
  3. Women can draw up prenups
143
Q

Is Being Married Better than Living Single?

144
Q

Pros of couples that are happily marriage

A
  1. Richer - economic security
  2. Live longer
  3. Healthier in old age - having loving person care for you
  4. Sharing parenting
145
Q

People in unhappy marriages

A

Less happy than single counterparts

146
Q

Marriage market for poverty-level women and men

147
Q

Is Being Married Better than Cohabiting for Life?

A

no not if you’re happy

148
Q

The U-shaped curve of martial satisfaction

A

The most common pathway of marital happiness in the West, in which satisfaction is

highest at the honeymoon

declines during the child-rearing years

then rises after the children grow up.

149
Q

Consummate love

A

In Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, the ideal form of love, in which a couple’s relationship involves all three of the major facets of love:

  1. passion
  2. intimacy
  3. commitment
150
Q

Triangular Theory of Love

A

Robert Sternberg categorization of love relationships into three facets: passion, intimacy, and commitment. When arranged at the points of a triangle, their combinations describe all the different kinds of adult love relationships.

151
Q

Martial satisfaction at peak during

A

honeymoon then decreases

152
Q

Real flag for divorce

A

wives distress

153
Q

The downside of marriage deepest during

A

first four years

154
Q

John Bowlby’s attachment phases and marriage

A

1-2 years of marriage = in clear-cut attachment

After = Working model - develop separate lives - risk divorce

155
Q

Middle age vs. elderly couple

A
  • Elderly couples fight less
  • Relate in kinder & less combative ways
  • Idealize partners
156
Q

Women who believe “my marriage is different we are going to live happily ever after”

A

more at risk of being turned off in the next few years

157
Q

Their comments of the triangular theory of love

A

shows different kinds of relationships

  1. Pasion = sexual arousal
    1. Crush
  2. Intimacy = feelings of closeness
    1. Best friend
  3. Commitment = exclusive
    1. “Empty marriages”
158
Q

Intimacy + commitment =

A

companionate marriages

Best friend relationships long-married couples have after passion fades

159
Q

Why is consummate love fragile?

A
  • Passion dwindles - married couples show lower testosterone than single counterparts
  • Intimacy wanes - as a couple enter the working model phase
160
Q

When we fall in love we feel

A
  1. efficacy
  2. Powerful
  3. Competent
  4. Capable
  5. Self-expansion - boosts testosterone
161
Q

To stay passionate for decades people should

A

engage in flow inducing activities that brought couples together in the beginning

162
Q

Glue of marriage

A

commitment - inner attitudes that keep couples together

163
Q

Qualities of committed spouses

A
  1. The value system won’t allow them to consider divorce
  2. Dedicated to partners inner growth
164
Q

Feeling compassion for his spouse

A

cemented once attraction to a mate

165
Q

During disagreements women in happy relationships

A

regulate emotions

166
Q

Psychologists that can tell whether a marriage is becoming unglued

A

John and Julie Gottman

167
Q

4 communication styles that distinguish thriving relationships from those with serious problems

A
  1. Happy couples engage in a high ratio of positive to negative comments
  2. Happy couples don’t get personal when they disagree
  3. Happy couples are sensitive to a partners need for space
  4. Happy couples listen non-defensively to complaints
168
Q

How to stay together happily for life

A
  1. Be fully committed
    1. Be devoted to person development
    2. Take joy in sacrificing for your mate
  2. Preserve intimacy and passion
    1. Share arousing and exciting activities
  3. Avoid getting personal when fighting
  4. Be very very positive after you get negative
169
Q

If relationship totally one-sided

A

time to consider divorce

170
Q

Negative changes after divorce

A
  1. May need to move
  2. Perhaps find better-paying job
  3. Housework burden rises - more for men
  4. Legal hasseles
171
Q

Positive changes after divorce

A
  1. Produce emotional growth
  2. Enhance efficacy
  3. The welcome feeling of relief
  4. The burst of testosterone = Women rediscover sexuality
172
Q

Two groups of divorced couples

A
  1. Spouses who had reported being miserable in marriage
  2. Couples who divorced even though they had previously judged marital status as “ fairly good “
173
Q

Unhappy marriages after divorce versus happy marriages

A

Unhappy marriages = much happier

Happy marriages = decline in well-being

174
Q

Paul Amato on divorce

A

The fantasy of finding a soulmate lure people into leaving marriage too soon

175
Q

US remarriage rates

A
  • 1 in 4 involving previously divorced partners
  • 1 in 2 involving spouse married before
  • Women 60% lower odds of remarrying
176
Q

Unique barriers remarried couples

A
  1. Seem less committed
  2. Stepparent syndrome
177
Q

Fertility rates

A

The average number of children a woman in a given country has during her lifetime.

178
Q

Breadwinner

A

The traditional concept is that a man’s job is to support a wife and children.

179
Q

Nurturer Father

A

A husband who actively participates in hands-on child care.

180
Q

Fertility rates in developing countries today

181
Q

Childless adults that chose this path

A

equally as happy as adults with children

182
Q

Conclusions of studies exploring the transition to parenthood

A
  1. Parenthood makes couples less intimate and happy
  2. If a couple is heterosexual, parenthood often produce more traditional marital roles
183
Q

Which couples are most likely to see babies as a good thing to marriage?

A
  1. Pre-baby attachment dance important
  2. If a couple able to relate well before Child
  3. Your father involved with child
184
Q

The downside of motherhood

A

can top balance from pleasure to pain

  • Lack of sleep
  • Financial strain
  • Spending hours in boring activities
  • Messy house
185
Q

Parenthood up to

A

decrease in mothers feeling of self-esteem

186
Q

Mothers versus non-mothers happiness

A

mothers no happier on daily basis

187
Q

The main factor that affected her closely a woman fit her motherhood image depended on

A

attachment with given child

188
Q

21-century mothers vs. past

A

Spend more time with children

189
Q

Badge of honor when women entered working force for fathers

A

Nurturer father became masculine ideal - being the breadwinner and caring for children

190
Q

Traditional stable career

A

A career path in which people settle into their permanent life’s work in their twenties and often stay with the same organization until they retire.

191
Q

Boundary-less career

A

Today’s most common career path for Western workers, in which people change jobs or professions periodically during their working lives.

192
Q

Father spend more time with who

A

sons than daughters

193
Q

Fathers hands-on nurturing

A

most done by moms but dads involvement more towards play activities

194
Q

How to tell how involved a father will be?

A

Depends on man’s attitude -

  1. men who regulate emotions
  2. feel they got more care from fathers
  3. Feeling efficacious at child care
  4. Whether the pregnancy was wanted
195
Q

Men with greater decline in testosterone during wife’s pregnancy

A

more satisfied with being dad

196
Q

Changes in careers over 21st century

A

Traditional stable career now atypical

More boundary fewer careers

197
Q

Work separation change

A

People now work on weeks or nights

198
Q

Pros and cons of online revolution of careers

A
  • Pro:
    1. Flexibility
  • Cons:
    1. Disappearing barrier between work and family
    2. Longer hours
    3. Accelerate pace at which they must perform
199
Q

Workers increasingly function as

A

free agents

200
Q

Pros and cons of gig work

A
  • Pros:
    1. Be own boss
    2. Explore numerous career passions
  • Cons:
    1. No health insurance or retirement benefits
    2. No job security
    3. No training included
    4. Overall income declines
201
Q

Occupational segregation

A

the fact that men and women gravitate to different kinds of jobs, ensures that gender pay gaps endure.

202
Q

Role Conflict

A

A situation in which a person is torn between two or more major responsibilities—for instance, parent and worker—and cannot do either job adequately.

203
Q

Intrinsic career rewards

A

Work that provides inner fulfillment and allows people to satisfy their needs for creativity, autonomy, and relatedness. Most ideal to people

204
Q

Extrinsic career rewards

A

Work that is performed for external reinforcers, such as pay.

205
Q

Role overload

A

A job situation that places so many requirements or demands on workers that it becomes impossible to do a good job.

206
Q

Work-life balance

A

A situation in which people feel a perfect balance energized and happy at work and fulfilled with other aspects of their lives.

207
Q

What evaluation predicts work success in early midlife

A

Core self-evolution

weather a person had high self-esteem, optimistic, felt control of life

208
Q

Why do attitudes matter over academic success?

A

people who feel better about themselves:

  • gravitate to more rewarding fields
  • shape their jobs
209
Q

Developing a feeling of “career is life calling”

A

grew out of time committed to career

210
Q

John Holland work happiness

A

key to work happiness is to find the best personality-career match

211
Q

Holland’s 6 personify types and jobs

A
  1. Realistic type
  2. Investigative type
  3. Artistic type
  4. Social Type
  5. Entrepreneurial type
  6. Conventional type
212
Q

What makes an optimal workspace?

A
  • Autonomy to exercise creativity
  • Sense of control over work conditions
  • Employee friendly
  • Bosses warfare and sensitive to the needs
213
Q

As people transition from emerging adulthood to families what motivates career

A

extrinsic career rewards

214
Q

Organizational psychologists believe adult happiness

A

depends on work and nonwork satiation

215
Q

3 Enduring Difficulties Women Face at Work

A
  1. Women have more erratic (especially when married), less continuous careers than men
  2. Male-dominated professions pay more than female-type jobs
  3. Employers don’t look kindly on people taking “family time.”
216
Q

Jared is describing marriage around the world today. Which 2 statements can he make?

A

In Saudi Arabia, divorced women are still social shunned

In India, traditional arranged marriages are in decline

217
Q

Couples who cohabit are

A

more likely to be poor

218
Q

Why does sharing mutually exciting activities and commitment help promote marital happiness

A
  1. Sharing mutually exciting activities = cements passion
  2. Commitment grows out of = feeling devoted to partner’s well-being
219
Q

What can happen when one remarriage

A
  1. More quick to contemplate leaving partner when disagreeing
  2. Children are more apt to feel threatened by a new relationship
  3. May place barriers to your getting along
220
Q

The deinstitutionalization of marriage was an outcome of the:

A

Lifestyle revolution of 1960s

221
Q

Which movement reflects the “lifestyle revolution” that occurred in Europe and North America during the last third of the twentieth century that contributed to the deinstitutionalization of marriage?

A

Women’s movement

222
Q

How does marital satisfaction change after a baby? What force predicts coping well with this change?

A

Martial satisfaction declines. If the couple communicates well before the baby and the dad is involved and caring should be fine.

223
Q

New mothers feeling unexpectedly stressed and unhappy would cope better if?

A

Had less rosy, more accurate picture about motherhood from the media

Had less pressure placed on them from outside world to “be perfect”

224
Q

Questions to predict how involved in child care a man is likely to be

A
  1. Are you a mellow person
  2. What was your relationship like with your own father
  3. Do you feel content about providing hands-on childcare
  4. Do you really want this baby
  5. How committed are you to being the primary breadwinner
225
Q

Compared to women who stay home, women who work for money spend less time:

A

Cleaning home and being alone with spouse

226
Q

Parenthood tends to produce traditional marital roles, which can:

A

lead to conflicts related to marital equity.

227
Q

Years of middle age

A

40 to 60-65

228
Q

In the US people identify as middle age

229
Q

Feeling physically appealing is essentially important to

A

happiness at every age

230
Q

Female body dissatisfaction at middle age

A

doesn’t increase

  • women don’t give up sexuality
231
Q

Body-image issues of midlife women

A

impair sexual desire

  • Feel deficient by comparing images to other “older” movie stars
  • 50-something thin idea
232
Q

Menopause

A

The age-related process, occurring at about age 50, in which ovulation and menstruation stop due to the decline of estrogen.

233
Q

Perimenopause

A

sexual winding down.

In women, the menstrual cycle becomes more irregular. Physical symptoms such as night sweats and hot flashes

234
Q

Age-related sexual findings for men and women,

A

different

  • Men:
    1. more time to develop erection
    2. More likely to lose before ejaculation
    3. Ejaculation less intense
    4. Erection is not as frequent
  • Women:
    1. Orgasm the same
    2. More apt to turn off to sex
235
Q

Defining marker of menopause

A

not menstruating for a year

236
Q

After menopause women report sex lives

A

improve

  • liberated from anxieties about getting pregnant
237
Q

Older couples description of sex

A

All about:

  1. Intimacy
  2. Communication
  3. Authenticity
238
Q

Sex experts on old age

A

Focus on what’s physically wrong

  • believe sex is automatically more dissatisfying with age
239
Q

Seattle Longitudinal Study

A

The definitive study of the effect of aging on intelligence, involving simultaneously conducting and comparing the results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.

240
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of a person’s knowledge base, or storehouse, of accumulated information.

241
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

A basic facet of intelligence, consisting of the ability to quickly master new intellectual activities.

242
Q

Allostatic load

A

An overall score of body deterioration, gained from summing how a person functions on multiple physiological indexes. Allostatic load predicts cognitive performance during adult life.

243
Q

Selective optimization with compensation

A

Paul Baltes’s three principles for successful aging (and living):

  1. Focus on our most important activities
  2. Work especially hard in these top-ranking areas
  3. Rely on external aids when we cannot cope on our own.
244
Q

The solution to contrasting biases of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging

A
  • Conduct both studies simultaneously
  • Compare results to get a true picture of intelligence changes with age
245
Q

Seattle study is unusual because

A

researchers used intelligence tests measuring separate kinds of abilities

246
Q

Findings of Seattle study

A
  1. Intelligence peek at the late 40s and early 50s
  2. On test measuring knowledge base improve into the 60s
  3. On tests involving doing some thing new fast worsen at the early 40s
247
Q

Psychologist categories of intelligence

A
  1. crystallized
  2. fluid
248
Q

Fluid intelligence at highest point during

A

The 20s then declines

  • depends on the nervous system being at a biological peak
249
Q

Crystallized intelligence at highest peak during

A

increases well into late middle age

  • depends on knowledge that we get over years
250
Q

The distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence accounts for

A

why people in fast pace jobs worry about being over the hill in their 40s

251
Q

When creative activity depends on being totally original

A

people perform best in their 30s

252
Q

When creative activity depends on just crystallized skills

A

perform best in 60s

253
Q

How to stay mentally sharp as we age

A
  1. Staying physically young
  2. Exercise mental capacities
254
Q

How to exercise mental capacities

A
  1. Work and complex, challenging jobs
  2. Careers that involve people
255
Q

Challenging life experiences promote

A

resilient minds

256
Q

The peak of mental powers

A

The 40s and 50s

  • trouble mastering new cognitive challenges when under pressure though
257
Q

Postformal thought

A

A uniquely adult form of intelligence that involves being sensitive to different perspectives, making decisions based on one’s inner feelings, and being interested in exploring new questions.

258
Q

Big FIve

A

Five core psychological predispositions

  1. Agreeableness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Openness to experience
  4. Neuroticism
  5. Extraversion

that underlie personality.

259
Q

Aristotle and wisdom

A

believes one component of wise thinking is the ability to thoughtfully direct our lives

Wise people effectively tailor their responses to situations

260
Q

4 defining qualities of being wise

A
  1. Wise thinkers embrace uncertainty
  2. Wise thinkers are sensitive to others’ perspectives
  3. Wise thinking involves self-transcendence
  4. Wise thinking demands humility
261
Q

Pros and cons of vignette measured wisdom

A
  • Pros:
    1. Well adjusted
    2. Prosocial
    3. Being open to life
  • Cons:
    1. More emotionally involved in a situation less likely to reason wisely
262
Q

Way psychologists measure personality

A

ranking people according to five basic temperamental qualities

263
Q

Neuroticism

A

the tendency towards mental health versus psychological disturbance

264
Q

Extroversion

A

outgoing attitudes

265
Q

Openness to experience

A

passion to seek out new experiences

266
Q

Conscientiousness

A

kind of efficacious

267
Q

Agreeableness

A

kindness, empathy, ability to compromise

268
Q

Robert McCrae & Paul Costa

269
Q

A core component of wise thinking

A

openness to experience

270
Q

What might help protect us against Alzheimer’s

A
  1. openness to experience
  2. conscientiousness
271
Q

Core of conscientiousness

A

having good executive functions

272
Q

Related to most real-world achievements

A

conscientiousness

  • More stable marriages
  • Less likely to be unemployed
  • Healthier
  • Live longer
273
Q

Who thinks there is a burden of parent care

A
  1. If siblings no
  2. Alzheimer’s disease yes
274
Q

Frail older adults in china are in trouble because

A
  1. No longer obey care for one’s elders
  2. No form of government-sponsored system
275
Q

Generativity

A

In Erikson’s theory, the seventh psychosocial task, in which people in midlife find meaning from nurturing the next generation, caring for others, or enriching the lives of others through their work. According to Erikson, when midlife adults have not achieved generativity, they feel stagnant, without a sense of purpose in life.

276
Q

Hedonic happiness \

A

Well-being is defined as pure pleasure.

277
Q

Eudaimonic happiness

A

Well-being is defined as having a sense of meaning and life purpose.

278
Q

Commitment Script

A

In Dan McAdams’s research, a type of autobiography produced by highly generative adults that involve:

  • childhood memories of feeling special
  • being unusually sensitive to others’ misfortunes
  • having a strong, enduring generative mission from adolescence
  • redemption sequences.
279
Q

Redemption sequences

A

In Dan McAdams’s research, a characteristic theme of highly generative adults’ autobiographies, in which they describe tragic events that turned out for the best.

280
Q

Family watchdogs

A

A basic role of grandparents, which involves monitoring the younger family member’s well-being and intervening to provide help in a crisis.

281
Q

Caregiving grandparents

A

Grandparents who have taken on full responsibility for raising their grandchildren.

282
Q

Parent care

A

Adult children care for their disabled elderly parents. Seen as burden

283
Q

Sandwich generation

A

women pulled between caring for their young children and disabled elderly parents

is fairly rare

284
Q

Because our nature shapes specific life experiences

A

people become more like ourselves as we age

Personality gets less hereditable as we age

285
Q

Early influence fostering maturity is

A

confronting normal challenges of adult life

286
Q

Close adult encounters - the especially romantic kind

A

Force us to mature faster

287
Q

As age humans feel more

A
  1. in control of life’s
  2. self-assured
  3. Less egocentric
  4. More altruistic attitude towards life
288
Q

McAdam on genertivity

A

to understand development we need to get close and personal and talk to people about the mission and goals

289
Q

Generativity is the key to

A

happiness in adult life

290
Q

Life stories of highly generative adults had themes of

A
  1. commitment script
  2. redemption sequences
291
Q

What produces generatively adults

A
  1. Presents of caregiving adults in past
  2. Critical incidents involving family members and teachers more frequently
292
Q

Ethnic group high in generative community-minded adults

A

African American

293
Q

Tips for brightening your day

A
  1. Act in harmony with the inner self
  2. Buy time in experiences rather than material things
  3. Reach out to very different kinds of people
294
Q

How to flourish during middle age

A
  1. Having a positive body image
  2. Keep mind fine-tuned
  3. If lack life balance - establish priorities
  4. Practice thinking wisely
  5. Develop generative mission
295
Q

Grandmas function to

A

help species survive

In Africa presence of grandmothers reduces mortality rates in early life

296
Q

Grandparents in western societies

A
  1. Help younger family members cope
  2. Mediators
  3. Cheerleaders and advocates
297
Q

Forces that determine how involved a grandparent is likely to be

A
  1. Gender = Women more than men
  2. If their upper-middle class
  3. Physical proximity
  4. Grand children’s age
298
Q

Grandparents take pride in

A

free to be there in loving listening and leave discipline to parents

299
Q

Paternal grandparents in danger of

A

not being there as much as they would like

300
Q

If the wife gets custody and remarries

A

lock ex-husband’s family out of child life

301
Q

The rate of caregiving grandparents in the US

A

doubled in decades

302
Q

Burdens of caregiving grandparents

A
  1. Financial issues
  2. Fear social services will take grandchildren
  3. Devastating emotions
303
Q

Elderly spouse is find caregiving far less burdensome then

304
Q

Caregiving for ill parents typically causes

A

Women to cut back work hours or leave a career

305
Q

The intergenerational commitment of parent care

A

caring for an elderly parents and watching grandchildren

306
Q

For the following age and sexuality statements, select the correct gender

Males/Females decline the most physiologically

Male/Female sexuality is most affected by social issued such as not having a partner.

A

Males decline most physiologically

Female sexuality is most affected by social issues such as not having a partner

307
Q

Andrés is an air traffic controller, and Mick is a historian. Pick which man is likely to, and explain the reason why.

A

Andrés reach first. Because the job is heavily dependent on fluid skills

308
Q

Identify each type of intellectual skill involved and describe how my abilities in each of these areas are likely to have changed now that I am 70 Y.O

  1. Learning a new video game
  2. Writing a textbook
A
  1. Textbook
    • crystalized skill
    • Same as young
  2. Video Game
    • Fluid skills
    • Worse than when young
309
Q

Risk says, “I’ve got too much on my plate. I can’t do anything well.” Identify the theory that would be most helpful in addressing this problem, and explain what this theory would advise.

A

Baltes’s Selective optimization with compensation

  1. Prioritize and shed less important jobs
  2. Work harder in his top-ranking areas
  3. Use external aids to help him cope
310
Q

People typically reach a creativity peak in their:

311
Q

Men’s sexual difficulties in midlife mostly relate to:

A

blodd flow

312
Q

“Women whose menstrual cycles have stopped for 12 consecutive months are considered to have entered menopause.” This statement offers a(n) ______ definition of menopause by specifying how to measure it.

A

operational

313
Q

Which type of study introduces the LEAST amount of bias into the study of changes in intelligence with age?

A

Longitudinal study

314
Q

Because of homogamy, a conscientious young adult is likely to marry someone who is:

A

conscientious

315
Q

When friends and family are asked to describe 28-year-old Tracy, they say she is hardworking, self-disciplined, and reliable. On the Big Five, Tracy ranks high on:

A

conscientiousness

Developmental psychology (6 decks)

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