Exam 1 - Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards
What is the most popular form of ART and how does it work
Most popular = in vitro fertilization (IVF)
Women given fertility drugs -> eggs harvested -> placed in lab dish with sperm to fertilize -> fertilized egg inserted into the uterus
How have life stages changed based on the lifespan
Postponed life stages: Marry later, grandparent in 40s, & old age 65
What is evolutionary psychology
theorizing about the “ nature” of human similarities
Apgar
A quick test after birth.
- measuring
- heart rate
- muscle tone
- respiration
- reflex response
- color.
The time when a body structure is MOST vulnerable to damage by a teratogen is called the _____ period.
Sensitive
What is Van Dijck view on cyberspace
“ culture of connectivity” = Social media + web 2.0 (internet) + phones (call or text whenever) affects everything
what makes the cervix unique
must be strong enough to resist the pressure of the expanding uterus and flexible enough to open fully at birth
How did rising income inequality affect the US as a whole
Worsened everyone’s well-being = no more hope for the American dream
Cephalocadual can be explained as
Head forms first and feet last
What happens when you born to early
what happens during the final month of pregnancy
- Being born too early = impact on lifelong health
- Final month:
- Placenta projecting from the uterine wall
- Umbilical cord protruding from baby belly button
- Amniotic sac provides insulation from infection and harm
Fallopian tubes
branching from upper end of the uterus, slim pipe like structures serves as conduits to uterus
Which of the following is a normative transition?
retirement, becoming parents, beginning middle school
What are people now dying from after the 20th-century life expectancy revolution?
Chronic old age diseases
Who thought of variable reinforcement schedules and what is it
BF Skimmer reinforced unpredictably so we keep responding
what are three methods of designing a study?
Descriptive approach, correlation approach, experimental approach
- Descriptive approach: describe or document in a particular behavior
- Observe, measure, and describe the behavior
- Correlational approach: predicted current over particular behavior
- Measure two different types of behavior and evaluate the relationship between them
- Experimental approach: explain a behavior understand why it occurs
- Investigation to determine cause and effect by manipulating one aspect of a situation
pros and cons of longitudinal studies
Pros:
show individuals development
Cons:
A lot of time, effort, & expense
Most participants that keep returning are elite, better-than-average-groups
Who smokes when pregnant
1 in 3 pregnant women smoke typically young and poorly educated
what lines the uterus and what is its purpose
endometrium - thickens in preparation for pregnancy and sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur
The embryonic period lasts for about _____ weeks.
6
4 major players in labor and birth
Midwife - handle low-risk deliveeries
Doula - “old-style” emotional support
Lamaze method - teaches pain management through breathing and relaxing
Bradley method - Stresses good diet and exercise, partner coaching, deep breathing
Active Forces
we actively select our environments based on our genetic tendencies
Who established the first institute in the United States that was devoted to the study of child development?
G. Stanley Hall
Two main causes of preterm birth
- Uncontrollable influences such as Infection
- C-sections and ART
The main consequence of lifestyle revoultion of 1960s is greater
Freedom in lifestyle choices
Naturalistic observation
a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors
Developmenatlists view on behaviorism
find behaviorism unsatisfying, want to know why people behave a certain way not just how to change the behavior
Dr. Osbourne is studying the cell mass that is formed about one week after conception; it is usually called the _____.
blastocyst
How would history’s leading developmentalism complete this sentence: “Human development depends on . . . “? Select the answer choice that pairs the theorist with his beliefs.
Please choose the correct answer from the following choices
Sigmund Freud; “complex interacting forces at many levels.”
Erik Erikson; “the successful completion of a series of psychosocial tasks.”
Jean Piaget; “unconscious, primal motives and conflicts.”
Urie Bronfenbrenner; “a sequence of fundamental changes in thought processes.”
Erik Erikson; “the successful completion of a series of psychosocial tasks.”
When did most small babies start surviving
1980s
When is observer evaluations mostly used
During childhood but also with impaired adults
Embryonic Stage
The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from week 3 through week 8.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
is A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
during pregnancy what changes from the first semester to the second
Mother symptoms feel better, more emotional connection with baby
Accommodations
enlarging our mental capacities to input from the wider world
What are the three stages of birth in order
Stage 1 = dilation
stage 2 = birth
stage 3 = expulsion of placenta
What are evolutionary psychologist view on morning sickness
first used to prevent mothers from eating spoiled food or toxic plants
When is increased risk of developmental disorder happen
Second & third trimester
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health & development study
Longitudinal study that showed Conscientiousness - measured during childhood show if a adult will have good health habits
What does the brain scan test for
Shows developing brain
What is the job of a genetic counselor
Layout chances of having an affected child and describe advancement in treatment
What are two important theories in developmental psychology
Nurture versus nature
What is key in determining age of viability, what is the typical age of viability
Money or access to good health care. 22 - 23 weeks
Neonatal intensive care unit
A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies.
How does Socio economic status affect us
It determines our development at every stage
When self-efficacy is low what does that mean
You take lower risks
Natural childbirth
available for returning the birth experience to it’s “true” natural state colon is now in bedded in the labor and birth choices available to women today
What did albert bandura work show
- power of modeling
- model people who are nurturing
- At 2 1/2 Y.O model based on gender norms
Ova
a woman’s eggs.
This lines the uterus.
endometrium
what are five prenatal test
- First-trimester blood test
- Brain Scan (MRI)
- Ultrasound
- First-trimester chronic villus sampling (CVS)
- Second-trimester SAFER amniocentesis
3 Risks of smoking and why
Infant = small less healthy
Baby born = less able to regulate behavior
Child and teen = develop antisocial behaviors
Nicotine reduces blood flow to fetus, preventing nutrients from reaching baby
What are two designs for studying development
Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies
What do twin studies show
if given trait influenced by genetics, = identical twins should be more alike than fraternal twins
mass-to-specific can be described as
Fingers form before the finger nails
Person-environment fit
The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents
What is the minimum pregnancy age a mom can have a live birth
22-23 weeks
Umbilical cord
protruding from what will be the baby’s belly button, the conduit through which nutrients flow
Neural tube
A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord.
In the 1915s how important was education
One and 10 children attended high school, children begin working after puberty
Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.
risen dramatically
What does an ultrasound do
show date of pregnancy, utero growth, show physical abnormalities
What is behavioral genetics?
genetics of human differences
Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipe-like structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her:
fallopian tube.
Psychosexual is to psychosocial as _____ is to _____.
Sigmund Freud; Erik Erikson
What is socioeconomic status
A marker that refers to status of education and income of a country
Twin/adoption studies
identical twins separated in childhood & reunited in adult life
How do teratogens exert their damage
unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities
By week _____, the odds of survival are 50 percent in affluent nations.
25
Birth defeats
Health problems at birth
If you have careless parents according to Freud what will happen
Careless parents = id drives behavior = we will be out of control
When are the ova formed
women are born with them
What is the developing world
The most impoverished countries in the world
What is upward mobility
A child’s chance of rising and Socio economic status compared to our parents
What is primary cause of infant mortality
Prematurity
3 major medical interventions in birth
Episiotomy - cutting vagina to widen the opening
Epidural - anesthesia to numb below the waist
Electronic fetal monitor - monitors fetal heart rate and alerts the doctor to distress
proximodistal can be described as
The Nerual tube develops and then the arms
What is a common threat at birth
In the modern world most threats of birth occurred to OB/GYN techniques
Very Low birth weight (VLBW)
1.4% of babies who weigh less than 3¼ pounds
How has gender changed in the 20th century
Sex chromosomes no longer define our lives
Sex-linked single-gene disorders
carried on the mother’s X chromosome
female offspring unaffected
fifty-fifty chance each male child.
both parents are carrier = girls can get it
What do we need to express our genetic talents
we need the right nurture (life experiences) to fully express our nature (genetic talents)
What does the first-trimester blood test for
Various chromosomal conditions
What is the normal chromosome count in humans, if born with missing or extra what happens to most
46
end in miscarriage.
If born - learning impairments & infertility
What caused rising income inequality
Bedrock sectors of economy moved manufacturing jobs to low wage regions
In the 21st century, why have people gotten smarter
They haven’t. Technology allowed more people to show genetic intelligent
Behavioralism view on divorce
Reinforcing each other lessons overtime
What is some physical feature and symptoms of down syndrome
Down syndrome - in 1 in every 100 births
Similar physical features: flat facial profile, upward slant eyes, stocky appearance, & enlarged tongue
High risk for birth defects, leukemia, alzheimer’s, intellectual disabilities
Live to 60 years
what are the 3 stages of prenatal development in order?
which stage do the organs form
Germinal, embryonic, & fetal
Organs form in embryonic
Which pair of people helped to make adolescence a separate developmental stage?
Franklin Roosevelt and G. Stanley Hall
When is self-report strategy mostly use
Mostly used in adults in early children
How does gender affect our life span
Women outlive men by at least two years
What started norm of female useless if barren , what is rate of infertility
The bible, affects 1 in 5 couples
Genes
ound along each chromosome, segments of DNA, which serves as a template for creating the proteins responsible for carrying out in the physical process of life
If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, Mike is probably:
middle age
Attachment theory
survival depends on how closely connected w/ a caregiver during early childhood & and being attached to an S.O during all of life
What is extinction
Opposite process of reinforcement
Lisa’s 9-month-old son is demonstrating slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, small brain size, and emotional and behavioral disturbances. From this list of symptoms, Lisa’s doctor will likely identify her son’s condition as _____.
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Who is John Bowlby
EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGIST created attachment theory
What was John Bowlby theory
babies need to be physically close to caregiver during walking stage
What was the 20th-century life expectancy revolution
Most important milestone in human history - most dramatic increases in longevity.
When does the production of progesterone happen and why is it used
After implantation to maintain pregnancy
What is assimilation
we fit the world to our capacities or existing structures
Morning sickness impacts _____ women during the first trimester.
two out of three
Dominant disorders
An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder.
one parent has it = child has 50% chance of getting it
Unpredictable life changes that occur during development are termed _____ transitions.
non-normative
what is the psychosocial theory
our basic motivations center on becoming an independent self & relating to others
True experiment
researchers isolate their variable of interest by manipulating that condition (independent variable) then randomly assign people to receive treatment or not
When is naturalistic observation mostly used
During childhood but also with impaired adults
What is ART or assisted reproductive technology and some cons
any strategy in which the egg is fertilized outside the room
Two major threats to development just after birth
Born too small and too soon
John Locke’s view on childhood
Human beings are born a blank slate (tabula rasa), and the way we treat children shape their adult lives
What advangates do rich countries have against poor in terms of infant mortality that USA doesn’t
Rich countries (not USA) = mortality rate low
USA - income inequality’s, stress, poor health practices, limited access to high-quality prenatal care
zygote divides every _____ hours
12 - 15 hours
Cephalocaudal Sequence
from top (cephalo = head) to bottom (caudal = tail)
The research strategy that involves charting relationships between two or more variables as they naturally occur is called _____ research.
correlational
Implantation
The process in which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall.
Adoption studies
Compare adopted children to adoptive parents and their children
To get the best human potential what do you need
best possible environment
one pro of correlational studies
More ethical can be used in more different situation
The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____ in the wall of the uterus.
Implantation, blastocyst
Uterus
center, pear-shaped muscular organ that carries the baby to term
pros and cons of observer evaluations
Pros: strutted look at person’s behavior
Cons: observers have their own bias
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- Placenta produces own hormone so body doesn’t reject zgote
What did John Watson and BF Skinner believe?
could not study feelings and thoughts because inner experiences could not be observed
What happens when baby is born with VLBW
Rushed to neonatal intensive care unit
What happens during stage 1 of birth
Cervix dilates by contractions
Contractions start out 20 to 30 minutes apart
Symptoms = sweating, nausea, and intense pain
Heritability
statistic to summarize the extent a given behavior is shaped by genetic forces
0 = no genetic contribution – 1 = total genetic
Behaviorist view on one student getting better grade than other
student with worst grade may have low self-efficacy
Qualitative research
Best convey the magic of human life - occasional developmental science data collection strategy that involves personal interviews
Representative Sample
group that reflects the characteristics of population you want to generalize
Why do some struggle with slight stress while others don’t
Our genetics allow us to react differently to life events
Biologically set to survive in less nourishing environments
What is nature shape
our nature (genetic tendencies) shape or nurture (life experiences)
Oedipus complex
attracted to opposite sex parent and superego forms
What are psychosocial tasks
the developmental markers that define each stage
builds on each other, master one to move to
How could man and women disadvantages at work be described during pregnancy?
Most men get work benefits for wives giving birth but not women
What are Freud 3 basis principles
(1) Human beings are basically irrational; (2) lifelong mental health depends on our parents’ caregiving during early life; (psychoanalytic)and (3) self-understanding is the key to living a fulfilling adult life
Freud - what drives human life
Sexual feelings
Mass-to-specific Sequence
gross (large, simple) structures before smaller (complex) refinements, is the third principle of body growth
two cons of correlational studies
- Correlation doesn’t equal causation
- Maybe another variable that explains the results
Dr. Nonne’s research tries to establish a link between what happens during prenatal development and adult temperament. Dr. Nonne is conducting:
fetal programming research.
What happens during the fetal stage
Specific part of sequence form ( eyes, nose, mouth )
Brian finished and works - can see and hear
Blastocyst
The hollow sphere of cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation.
Epigenetic studies what
Events in utero on behavior throughout life
Developmentalists view on smoking during prenancgy
Learning problems may or may not be due to smoking as this woman could put her babies health at risk in other ways
pros and cons of cross-sectional studies
Pros:
easy to carry out
Cons:
don’t show real changes that occur as we grow old
Only show group differences not individual
What does evocative forces affect
Evocative forces affect how you interact with the world
Trimesters
each lasts 3 months, divide the pregnancy
Evocative forces
our inborn talents evoke certain responses from world
Collectivist cultures
Societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connective Ness over individual achievement
Family-work conflict
being pulled between the demands of caregiving and career, is a major issue for working parents
What is self-efficacy
our belief in our competence, our sense that we can be successful at a given task
Who were two traditional behaviorists
John Watson and BF Skinner
Teratogen
any substance that crosses the placenta to harm the fetus
What is a good Apgar score
7+
What impact did the baby boom cohort have on western societies
Size - More people, more rebellious adolescents wanting to change the standard western family traditions
Recessive disorders , how do children get it
An illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder.
What affects the developing brain throughout pregnancy
Teratogens
What happened to start the changing conceptions of adult life (how we live our life)
1960s (decade of protest) Baby boomers hit teenage years
What is income inqualities
Income inequalities widening gap between rich and everyone else. Became #1 economic problem in US during 1970s
What was Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
humans at the center of expanding circle of environmental influences
What is the difference between collective societies and individual or societies
Collective societies family generations live longer, children taught to obey their elders, suppress feelings, value being respected, for group over self
fetal programming research explores how
Disasters and severe life stress during pregnancy affect a baby long life health
how many babies born preterm and what are their risks
1 in 11 babies = low birth weight - arrived before due date or not grow enough in womb
What is young-old
people in their 60s, who look and feel middle-aged and don’t call themselves old
Birth options in 18th and 19th century vs now
- 18 century pregnancy = hazards in birth and after
- Bad doctoral practices spread childbed fever
- 19th-century pregnancy = techniques improved but home-birth preferred
- Early 20th century = modern hospital birth most popular
- 1930s = Fetal mortality down birth safe
Longitudinal studies
researchers select group of particular age & periodically test those people over many year
How is sex determined
Why do girls rule the world
by male sperm XY = boy XX = girl
Ys (boys) more successful at being conceived
More males die in uterus = Prenatal period hard on males
5% more boys than girls make it to birth
Boys more susceptible to developing autism to ADHD
what is causing the rising rate of infertility
- STDs
- delay childbearing
common signs to find out your pregnant
- fainting
- Morning sickness - nausea and vomiting
- tender breasts
- missed period.
A doula is a woman who _____.
helps with the birth process through emotional and psychical support
What is the most important challenge in correlational studies
accurately measuring your variables
The main cause of infant mortality in the United States is _____.
prematurity and low birth weight
DNA
ladder leg strands of genetic material
Cross-sectional study
researchers compare different age group at same time on the trait or characteristic they are interested in
Genetically determined interests cause people to put themselves in specific environments. The term for this nature-evokes-nurture principle is:
active forces.
who created cognitive behaviorism or social learning theory
Albert Bandura
What is morning sickness ( men and women )
Morning sickness - nausea and vomiting
Couvade = men also getting morning sickness with wife
What do twin/adoption studies show
rare but produce most powerful evidence
Hormones
chemicals that target certain tissues and cause them to change,
What are common measurement issues in regards to pregnancy studies on alcohol
- Biased to culture norms already set towards pregnancy and alcohol
- Most studies are correlational
- Don’t factor in other factors or variables
What is the difference between a developed world and a developing world
Developed world:
- higher level of life expectancy
- income inequality low
- good education
- moderate healthcare
Ovaries and ovas are found where
The fallopian tubes
Attachment theory was formulated by:
John Bowlby.
Infant mortality
the term for deaths occurring within the first year of life.
_____ are chemical substances released into the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues.
Horomoes
Genetic counselor
skilled in both genetics and counseling
help you think through your choices
What is cognitive behaviorism? ( You went to cognitive behavioral therapy )
Behavioral worldview
emphasizes that people learn by watching others &
thoughts about reinforcers determine our behavior.
Cognitive behaviorists focus on charting and modifying people’s thoughts
How can relationship issues affect pregnancy
Couples are emotionally tethered
A woman’s feelings depend on relationships in the world
Order from ovulation to implantation
- Ovulation
- fertilization
- zygote
- blastocyst
- implantaion
Whose theory was psychosocial
Erik Erikson’s
What happens during the third trimester
Symptoms in get body ready for birth = back aches, leg cramps, numbness, heartburn, insomnia
Researchers advise taking time off close to delivery
The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during:
the first trimester.
Is there a relationship between reinforcing and learning
no reinforced to learn.
What are 2 causes of genetic birth defects
- An unusual number of chromosomes
- faulty gene or set of genes
Down syndrome
- occurs because a cell-division error = nondisjunction,
- extra chronomosome to chromosome pair 21
Miscarriage
loss of a pregnancy and fetus.
This occurs around day 14 of a woman’s cycle.
Ovulation
Quantitive research
find out scientific truth
data collection strategy =
test groups of people
use numerical scale and statistics
Genetic similarities in twins personalities
Created a similar family environment
Ecological, developmental systems theorists stress what two points
- use many different approaches.
- need to look at how processes interact
Gestation
the 266 - 277 day period or pregnancy
What is the impact teratogenic have on medicines & recreational drugs
Often have to choose between babies health and medicines that may include teratogenic
What happens during germinal stage
blastocyst begins to embed into uterine wall
Abusive child-rearing practices came from what
Colonial times high mortality rate and poverty
Afterbirth includes all of the following EXCEPT:
fluid from the amniotic sac
the placenta
the umbilical cord
other membranes.
fluid from the amniotic sac
Bidirectional
people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions
who is the only one human development rival to Freud
Jean Piaget
Whatis genetic testing
blood test to see if you carry gene for various diseases
epigenetic
environment affects outer cover of DNA
lifelong changes in health & behavior
what happens during germinal stage
6 weeks:
- The fertilized ovum divides on its trip to the uterus,
- becomes a hollow ball called a blastocyst,
- fully implants in the wall of the uterus at about 14 days after fertilization.
Pros and cons of self-report strategy
Pros:
cost-effective
easy to administer
quickly provides data
cons:
participants may be bias
The early 1800s was different from previous decades how
High rate of newborns abandoned
What are Freud 3 hypothetical structures
id= instincts, ego= rational , & superego= morality
What stage of pregnancy does major structural damage from teratogens happen
embryonic stage
How many weeks can a baby survive at
22 weeks
what are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation
Pros:
you see behavior as it naturally occurs
Cons:
Not practical in terms of time
People behave differently when watched
An evolutionary psychologist is similar to who
behaviorists
Observer evaluations
Knowledgeable person such as a parent, teacher, or trained observer completes scales evaluating the person; sometimes peers rank the children in their class
BF Skinner on exploring reinforcement
General law of learning is operant conditioning but we Reinforces more negative than positive
What are the 3 principles of prenatal development
Growth follows the proximodistal sequence - inner to outer
Development takes place by the cephalocaudal sequence - head to toe
Mass-to-specific sequence: Whole comes before specific = head before eyes
What is the difference between evolutionary and behaviorists
lacks practical, action-oriented approach
Testes
Male organs that manufacture sperm.
What happens during stage 2 of birth
Birth
Fetus descend through uterus to vagina
Shoulders first
What was the Swedish twin/adoption
study of aging
Most genetically determined quality was IQ
Changed the way we view parenting assumptions
At what age group do most diesases form and people get sicker
80s
Cesarean Section
a surgeon makes incisions in the woman’s abdominal wall and enters the uterus to remove the baby manually
What are the 4 stages of the cognitive developmental theory
Ecological & Developmental system
approach outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of approaches, and emphasizes the reality that many influences affect the development
Proximodistal
Sequence from the most interior (proximal) part of the body to the outer (distal) sides
Sensitive period
timeframe when a particular organ or system is coming “online”
what happens during the second trimester
Week 14 = uterus grows dramatically
Week 18 = quickening - makes mom feel connected to baby
What reflects views on alcohol during pregnancy
Cultural norms
Low birth weight (LBW)
weighing less than 5½ pounds
When did researchers begin to study the aging process?
after World War II
Correlational study
researchers chart the relationships between the dimensions they are interested
Quickening
a sensation like bubbles that signals the baby kicking in the womb—occurs
Chromosomes
Rope structures composed of ladder like strands of genetic material
_____ is the greatest risk to delivering a baby prematurely or having the baby die before his/her first birthday.
poverty
Josephine has just given birth without a spouse. According to recent statistics, her infant joins the ranks of roughly _____ percent of U.S. babies born to unmarried women.
33%
Dr. DeQuincy investigates memory among adults aged 65 and older. Dr. DeQuincy is MOST likely to refer to herself as a(n):
gerontologist
Which is a difference between Erikson and Frued
- Freud
- the development ends at 5
- Sexuality drives behavior
- Erikson
- Development never ends
- Becoming independent self and having caring relationship drive behavior
The best conclusion relating to the impact of maternal stress on fetal development is
Stress during pregnancy can have a long lasting impact on the developing fetus
what is Old-old
people in their 80s, more likely to have physical & mental disabilities.
During the embryonic stage, the cylindrical structure that will eventually develop into the baby’s brain is called the
neural tube
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
defects in learning and impaired mental health caused by minimum drinking
From colonial times to the late 19th century what was the growth rate of life expectancy
30% increase
cognitive behaviorism view on parenting
Draw on the principles of modeling and stimulate efficacy feelings to help children and adults succeed
Who is Urie Bronfebrenner
a child psychologist that formes the developmental system approach
- During the fetal period the fetus may increase in size as much as twentyfold. t/f
TRUE
What does the 2nd trimester SAFER amniocentesis do and how does it work
determines fatus’ fate
Insert syringe into uterus and extracts amniotic fluid
Placenta
The structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients.
What is emerging adulthood
18 years to late 20s devoted to exploring our place in the world
pros and cons of true experiment
Pros:
rules out confounding forces
Through random assignment - rules out preexisting differences between participants
Cons:
Not always ethical
Zygote
within 36 hours, the fertilized ovum, which is now a single cell
If you have good parents according to Freud what will happen
Good parents = good ego = master challenges of life
Infertility
inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse
The field of adult development is most closely related to the field of:
gerontology
What changed in the 17th & 18th centuries that allowed a change of childhood rearing
The inclusion of modern age technologies
What is reinforcement
Behavioral term for reward
What did the new age of technology bring to childhood
Children didn’t need to work education was more important
Embryonic stage is unique why
Most fast-paced period of development - only 6 weeks
Most organs constructed - we start to look human
heart & spinal cord/brain
What do Developmentalists study?
The life span - the scientific study of human growth throughout life.
- The embryonic period begins with ____ and lasts until the _____ week.
implantation; eighth
What is the developed world
The most affluent countries in the world
Germinal Stage
first two weeks after fertilization where the call mass hasn’t fully attached to the uterine wall
What is the process of neural migration
- In neural tube - mass of cells differentiate during embryonic phase
- cells go to top of neural tube
- finial months neuorons elongate & begin to assume mature structure
In an experiment, the ______ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
independent
_____ is the process that occurs when the developing zygote embeds into the uterine lining.
Implantation
Amniotic sac
the fluid-filled chamber within which the baby floats
Colonial times childhood looked like what
Adulthood fast, death more certain
Between 1980 and 2010 how could the economy be described
1% and 40% of US wealth everyone else gained only a little
Pros and cons of C-Sections
pros:
lifesaving to mother and baby
needed when mother has certain health problems or fetus is in distress
Planned
cons:
surgical procedure, more expensive, discomfort after birth
Popular in the 70s - 2015 = 1 in 3
How much were children involved in the labor force in the 1800s
Children made up for 1/3 of the labor force
What are three emerging research trends
International studies, quantitive research, qualitive research
What do active forces affect
Active forces effect what you do within the world
Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on childhood
Babies enter the world innocent and should shower them with love
Piaget believed that mental growth occurs through:
assimilation and accommodation.
Why is stage 3 of birth important
The expulsion of the placenta
Essential to avoid infection and help uterus return to its pre-pregnant state
What is Erik Erikson’s nickname
father of lifespan development = unique challenges we face at each life stage
the male version of ovaries is
What is the different between the egg and sperm
testes
proudce hundreds of millions per day not at birth
Which two enlightenment thinkers had a different vision of childhood
John Locke & Jean Jacques Rousseau
What are the two new groups of older adults
young-old and old-old
Where did emerging adulthood come from
New with the start of universities and grad schools - creates more elastic concept of old age `
Single gene disorders
illness caused by a single gene
What is Jean Piaget view on developmental theory
Cognitive developmental theory: get into the head of children - liked incorrect responses on IQ tests
What is the cognitive-developmental theory
from birth to adolescence, children progress through qualitatively different stages of cognitive growth
Neurons
A nerve cell.
Why does our species require such a long refining period?
for major organs like the brain to form
What is twin studies
research strategy comparing identical and fraternal twins on traits researcher are interested in
How does the rate of fetal loss change in women in their 30s
Normally 1 and 10 but now 1 in in 5
why would women worry about getting pregnant while working
Being able to afford or missing out on opportunities at work affect a woman’s mood during pregnancy
What caused the 20th-century life expectancy revolution
Public health improvements - pasteurized milk, allowed babies to survive past infancy
In the 1970s what changed in regards to alcohol recommendation during pregnancy in the USA, and why
Alcohol is no longer recommended, becuase causedsmaller birthweight and brain, facial abnormalities, & developmental disorders
How did Dad’s field during miscarriages
double burden of coping with trauma and focusing on their wife
What are people who study the lifespan called?
Developmentalists or developmental scientists
What role do cohorts play
Heavy role in influencing our adult life - depending on the cohort you see and interact with the world differently
What does the 1st trimester chronic villus sampling (CVS) do and how does It work
Insert catheter into abdomen or vagina and takes out piece of placenta
Pregnancy lasts between _____ and _____ days.
266 -277
How do we get 46 new chromosomes
gametes of sperm + gametes of ova
Where does fertilization begin and what is the 4 steps
Fertilization begins at ovulation
Step 1: Men’s sperm goes to vagina -> uterus -> fallopian tubes
Step 2: Team assault - Sperm drills into ovum till one research’s the innermost part, The chemical composition of ovum wall change is shutting out the other sperm
Step 4: Nuclei of male and female cells move slowly together
What is Max. lifespan?
living to biological human limit 105 years old, Chance higher if female, and born in first world country
Change in average life expectancy
Happened in the 20th century, before in colonial times only lived to 20
Fertilization
Union of sperm & egg
What is operant conditioning
law of learning that determines any voluntary response
Freud - How do infants express sexual feelings
Infants: sexual feeling centered on erogenous zones
1 Y.O = mouth - oral stage
2 Y.O = Elimination - anal stage
3 - 4 Y.O = genitals - phallic stage
Individualist cultures
Societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success
Behavioral genetics
research strategy devoted to examining genetic contribution to differences we see between humans
Who was in the baby boom cohort?
people born in 1946 - 1964
Self-report Strategy
a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires
infant (0-1) psychosocial task
trust vs. mistrust
infants must learn that adults can be trusted
Toddlerhood (1-2) psychosocial task
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
developing a greater sense of self-control.
Early childhood (3-6) Psychosocial task
Initiative vs guilt
Major Question: “Am I good or bad?”
Basic Virtue: Purpose
Important Event(s): Exploration, Play
Middle childhood (7-12) psychosocial task
Industry vs inferiority
Major Question: “How can I be good?”
Basic Virtue: Competence
Important Event(s): School
Adolescence (13-20) psychosocial task
identity vs role confusion
Major Question: “Who am I?”
Basic Virtue: Fidelity
Important Event(s): Social Relationships
Early adulthood (20-40) psychosocial task
intimacy vs isolation
Major Question: “Will I be loved or will I be alone?”
Basic Virtue: Love
Important Event(s): Romantic relationships
Middle adulthood (40-60)
Generativity vs stagnation
Major Question: “How can I contribute to the world?”
Basic Virtue: Care
Important Event(s): Parenthood and Work
Late adulthood (60+)
Integrity vs despair
reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure
