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Developmental psychology > Exam 1 - Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most popular form of ART and how does it work

A

Most popular = in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Women given fertility drugs -> eggs harvested -> placed in lab dish with sperm to fertilize -> fertilized egg inserted into the uterus

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2
Q

How have life stages changed based on the lifespan

A

Postponed life stages: Marry later, grandparent in 40s, & old age 65

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3
Q

What is evolutionary psychology

A

theorizing about the “ nature” of human similarities

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4
Q

Apgar

A

A quick test after birth.

  • measuring
    • heart rate
    • muscle tone
    • respiration
    • reflex response
    • color.
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5
Q

The time when a body structure is MOST vulnerable to damage by a teratogen is called the _____ period.

A

Sensitive

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6
Q

What is Van Dijck view on cyberspace

A

“ culture of connectivity” = Social media + web 2.0 (internet) + phones (call or text whenever) affects everything

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7
Q

what makes the cervix unique

A

must be strong enough to resist the pressure of the expanding uterus and flexible enough to open fully at birth

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8
Q

How did rising income inequality affect the US as a whole

A

Worsened everyone’s well-being = no more hope for the American dream

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9
Q

Cephalocadual can be explained as

A

Head forms first and feet last

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10
Q

What happens when you born to early

what happens during the final month of pregnancy

A
  • Being born too early = impact on lifelong health
  • Final month:
    • Placenta projecting from the uterine wall
    • Umbilical cord protruding from baby belly button
    • Amniotic sac provides insulation from infection and harm
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11
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

branching from upper end of the uterus, slim pipe like structures serves as conduits to uterus

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12
Q

Which of the following is a normative transition?

A

retirement, becoming parents, beginning middle school

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13
Q

What are people now dying from after the 20th-century life expectancy revolution?

A

Chronic old age diseases

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14
Q

Who thought of variable reinforcement schedules and what is it

A

BF Skimmer reinforced unpredictably so we keep responding

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15
Q

what are three methods of designing a study?

A

Descriptive approach, correlation approach, experimental approach

  1. Descriptive approach: describe or document in a particular behavior
    1. Observe, measure, and describe the behavior
  2. Correlational approach: predicted current over particular behavior
    1. Measure two different types of behavior and evaluate the relationship between them
  3. Experimental approach: explain a behavior understand why it occurs
    1. Investigation to determine cause and effect by manipulating one aspect of a situation
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16
Q

pros and cons of longitudinal studies

A

Pros:

show individuals development

Cons:

A lot of time, effort, & expense

Most participants that keep returning are elite, better-than-average-groups

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17
Q

Who smokes when pregnant

A

1 in 3 pregnant women smoke typically young and poorly educated

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18
Q

what lines the uterus and what is its purpose

A

endometrium - thickens in preparation for pregnancy and sheds during menstruation if pregnancy does not occur

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19
Q

The embryonic period lasts for about _____ weeks.

A

6

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20
Q

4 major players in labor and birth

A

Midwife - handle low-risk deliveeries

Doula - “old-style” emotional support

Lamaze method - teaches pain management through breathing and relaxing

Bradley method - Stresses good diet and exercise, partner coaching, deep breathing

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21
Q

Active Forces

A

we actively select our environments based on our genetic tendencies

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22
Q

Who established the first institute in the United States that was devoted to the study of child development?

A

G. Stanley Hall

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23
Q

Two main causes of preterm birth

A
  1. Uncontrollable influences such as Infection
  2. C-sections and ART
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24
Q

The main consequence of lifestyle revoultion of 1960s is greater

A

Freedom in lifestyle choices

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25
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors

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26
Q

Developmenatlists view on behaviorism

A

find behaviorism unsatisfying, want to know why people behave a certain way not just how to change the behavior

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27
Q

Dr. Osbourne is studying the cell mass that is formed about one week after conception; it is usually called the _____.

A

blastocyst

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28
Q

How would history’s leading developmentalism complete this sentence: “Human development depends on . . . “? Select the answer choice that pairs the theorist with his beliefs.

Please choose the correct answer from the following choices

Sigmund Freud; “complex interacting forces at many levels.”

Erik Erikson; “the successful completion of a series of psychosocial tasks.”

Jean Piaget; “unconscious, primal motives and conflicts.”

Urie Bronfenbrenner; “a sequence of fundamental changes in thought processes.”

A

Erik Erikson; “the successful completion of a series of psychosocial tasks.”

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29
Q

When did most small babies start surviving

A

1980s

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30
Q

When is observer evaluations mostly used

A

During childhood but also with impaired adults

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31
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from week 3 through week 8.

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32
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

is A cluster of birth defects caused by the mother’s alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

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33
Q

during pregnancy what changes from the first semester to the second

A

Mother symptoms feel better, more emotional connection with baby

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34
Q

Accommodations

A

enlarging our mental capacities to input from the wider world

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35
Q

What are the three stages of birth in order

A

Stage 1 = dilation

stage 2 = birth

stage 3 = expulsion of placenta

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36
Q

What are evolutionary psychologist view on morning sickness

A

first used to prevent mothers from eating spoiled food or toxic plants

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37
Q

When is increased risk of developmental disorder happen

A

Second & third trimester

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38
Q

Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health & development study

A

Longitudinal study that showed Conscientiousness - measured during childhood show if a adult will have good health habits

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39
Q

What does the brain scan test for

A

Shows developing brain

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40
Q

What is the job of a genetic counselor

A

Layout chances of having an affected child and describe advancement in treatment

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41
Q

What are two important theories in developmental psychology

A

Nurture versus nature

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42
Q

What is key in determining age of viability, what is the typical age of viability

A

Money or access to good health care. 22 - 23 weeks

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43
Q

Neonatal intensive care unit

A

A special hospital unit that treats at-risk newborns, such as low-birth-weight and very-low-birth-weight babies.

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44
Q

How does Socio economic status affect us

A

It determines our development at every stage

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45
Q

When self-efficacy is low what does that mean

A

You take lower risks

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46
Q

Natural childbirth

A

available for returning the birth experience to it’s “true” natural state colon is now in bedded in the labor and birth choices available to women today

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47
Q

What did albert bandura work show

A
  • power of modeling
  • model people who are nurturing
  • At 2 1/2 Y.O model based on gender norms
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48
Q

Ova

A

a woman’s eggs.

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49
Q

This lines the uterus.

A

endometrium

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50
Q

what are five prenatal test

A
  1. First-trimester blood test
  2. Brain Scan (MRI)
  3. Ultrasound
  4. First-trimester chronic villus sampling (CVS)
  5. Second-trimester SAFER amniocentesis
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51
Q

3 Risks of smoking and why

A

Infant = small less healthy

Baby born = less able to regulate behavior

Child and teen = develop antisocial behaviors

Nicotine reduces blood flow to fetus, preventing nutrients from reaching baby

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52
Q

What are two designs for studying development

A

Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies

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53
Q

What do twin studies show

A

if given trait influenced by genetics, = identical twins should be more alike than fraternal twins

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54
Q

mass-to-specific can be described as

A

Fingers form before the finger nails

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55
Q

Person-environment fit

A

The extent to which the environment is tailored to our biological tendencies and talents

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56
Q

What is the minimum pregnancy age a mom can have a live birth

A

22-23 weeks

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57
Q

Umbilical cord

A

protruding from what will be the baby’s belly button, the conduit through which nutrients flow

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58
Q

Neural tube

A

A cylindrical structure that forms along the back of the embryo and develops into the brain and spinal cord.

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59
Q

In the 1915s how important was education

A

One and 10 children attended high school, children begin working after puberty

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60
Q

Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.

A

risen dramatically

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61
Q

What does an ultrasound do

A

show date of pregnancy, utero growth, show physical abnormalities

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62
Q

What is behavioral genetics?

A

genetics of human differences

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63
Q

Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipe-like structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her:

A

fallopian tube.

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64
Q

Psychosexual is to psychosocial as _____ is to _____.

A

Sigmund Freud; Erik Erikson

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65
Q

What is socioeconomic status

A

A marker that refers to status of education and income of a country

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66
Q

Twin/adoption studies

A

identical twins separated in childhood & reunited in adult life

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67
Q

How do teratogens exert their damage

A

unpredictably, depending on fetal and maternal vulnerabilities

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68
Q

By week _____, the odds of survival are 50 percent in affluent nations.

A

25

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69
Q

Birth defeats

A

Health problems at birth

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70
Q

If you have careless parents according to Freud what will happen

A

Careless parents = id drives behavior = we will be out of control

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71
Q

When are the ova formed

A

women are born with them

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72
Q

What is the developing world

A

The most impoverished countries in the world

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73
Q

What is upward mobility

A

A child’s chance of rising and Socio economic status compared to our parents

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74
Q

What is primary cause of infant mortality

A

Prematurity

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75
Q

3 major medical interventions in birth

A

Episiotomy - cutting vagina to widen the opening

Epidural - anesthesia to numb below the waist

Electronic fetal monitor - monitors fetal heart rate and alerts the doctor to distress

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76
Q

proximodistal can be described as

A

The Nerual tube develops and then the arms

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77
Q

What is a common threat at birth

A

In the modern world most threats of birth occurred to OB/GYN techniques

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78
Q

Very Low birth weight (VLBW)

A

1.4% of babies who weigh less than 3¼ pounds

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79
Q

How has gender changed in the 20th century

A

Sex chromosomes no longer define our lives

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80
Q

Sex-linked single-gene disorders

A

carried on the mother’s X chromosome

female offspring unaffected

fifty-fifty chance each male child.

both parents are carrier = girls can get it

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81
Q

What do we need to express our genetic talents

A

we need the right nurture (life experiences) to fully express our nature (genetic talents)

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82
Q

What does the first-trimester blood test for

A

Various chromosomal conditions

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83
Q

What is the normal chromosome count in humans, if born with missing or extra what happens to most

A

46

end in miscarriage.

If born - learning impairments & infertility

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84
Q

What caused rising income inequality

A

Bedrock sectors of economy moved manufacturing jobs to low wage regions

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85
Q

In the 21st century, why have people gotten smarter

A

They haven’t. Technology allowed more people to show genetic intelligent

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86
Q

Behavioralism view on divorce

A

Reinforcing each other lessons overtime

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87
Q

What is some physical feature and symptoms of down syndrome

A

Down syndrome - in 1 in every 100 births

Similar physical features: flat facial profile, upward slant eyes, stocky appearance, & enlarged tongue

High risk for birth defects, leukemia, alzheimer’s, intellectual disabilities

Live to 60 years

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88
Q

what are the 3 stages of prenatal development in order?

which stage do the organs form

A

Germinal, embryonic, & fetal

Organs form in embryonic

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89
Q

Which pair of people helped to make adolescence a separate developmental stage?

A

Franklin Roosevelt and G. Stanley Hall

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90
Q

When is self-report strategy mostly use

A

Mostly used in adults in early children

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91
Q

How does gender affect our life span

A

Women outlive men by at least two years

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92
Q

What started norm of female useless if barren , what is rate of infertility

A

The bible, affects 1 in 5 couples

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93
Q

Genes

A

ound along each chromosome, segments of DNA, which serves as a template for creating the proteins responsible for carrying out in the physical process of life

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94
Q

If Mike is struggling to achieve generativity rather than stagnation, Mike is probably:

A

middle age

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95
Q

Attachment theory

A

survival depends on how closely connected w/ a caregiver during early childhood & and being attached to an S.O during all of life

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96
Q

What is extinction

A

Opposite process of reinforcement

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97
Q

Lisa’s 9-month-old son is demonstrating slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities, small brain size, and emotional and behavioral disturbances. From this list of symptoms, Lisa’s doctor will likely identify her son’s condition as _____.

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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98
Q

Who is John Bowlby

A

EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGIST created attachment theory

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99
Q

What was John Bowlby theory

A

babies need to be physically close to caregiver during walking stage

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100
Q

What was the 20th-century life expectancy revolution

A

Most important milestone in human history - most dramatic increases in longevity.

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101
Q

When does the production of progesterone happen and why is it used

A

After implantation to maintain pregnancy

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102
Q

What is assimilation

A

we fit the world to our capacities or existing structures

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103
Q

Morning sickness impacts _____ women during the first trimester.

A

two out of three

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104
Q

Dominant disorders

A

An illness that a child gets by inheriting one copy of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder.

one parent has it = child has 50% chance of getting it

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105
Q

Unpredictable life changes that occur during development are termed _____ transitions.

A

non-normative

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106
Q

what is the psychosocial theory

A

our basic motivations center on becoming an independent self & relating to others

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107
Q

True experiment

A

researchers isolate their variable of interest by manipulating that condition (independent variable) then randomly assign people to receive treatment or not

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108
Q

When is naturalistic observation mostly used

A

During childhood but also with impaired adults

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109
Q

What is ART or assisted reproductive technology and some cons

A

any strategy in which the egg is fertilized outside the room

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110
Q

Two major threats to development just after birth

A

Born too small and too soon

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111
Q

John Locke’s view on childhood

A

Human beings are born a blank slate (tabula rasa), and the way we treat children shape their adult lives

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112
Q

What advangates do rich countries have against poor in terms of infant mortality that USA doesn’t

A

Rich countries (not USA) = mortality rate low

USA - income inequality’s, stress, poor health practices, limited access to high-quality prenatal care

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113
Q

zygote divides every _____ hours

A

12 - 15 hours

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114
Q

Cephalocaudal Sequence

A

from top (cephalo = head) to bottom (caudal = tail)

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115
Q

The research strategy that involves charting relationships between two or more variables as they naturally occur is called _____ research.

A

correlational

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116
Q

Implantation

A

The process in which a blastocyst becomes embedded in the uterine wall.

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117
Q

Adoption studies

A

Compare adopted children to adoptive parents and their children

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118
Q

To get the best human potential what do you need

A

best possible environment

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119
Q

one pro of correlational studies

A

More ethical can be used in more different situation

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120
Q

The end of the germinal period is marked by the _____ of the _____ in the wall of the uterus.

A

Implantation, blastocyst

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121
Q

Uterus

A

center, pear-shaped muscular organ that carries the baby to term

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122
Q

pros and cons of observer evaluations

A

Pros: strutted look at person’s behavior

Cons: observers have their own bias

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123
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

A
  • Placenta produces own hormone so body doesn’t reject zgote
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124
Q

What did John Watson and BF Skinner believe?

A

could not study feelings and thoughts because inner experiences could not be observed

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125
Q

What happens when baby is born with VLBW

A

Rushed to neonatal intensive care unit

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126
Q

What happens during stage 1 of birth

A

Cervix dilates by contractions

Contractions start out 20 to 30 minutes apart

Symptoms = sweating, nausea, and intense pain

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127
Q

Heritability

A

statistic to summarize the extent a given behavior is shaped by genetic forces

0 = no genetic contribution – 1 = total genetic

128
Q

Behaviorist view on one student getting better grade than other

A

student with worst grade may have low self-efficacy

129
Q

Qualitative research

A

Best convey the magic of human life - occasional developmental science data collection strategy that involves personal interviews

130
Q

Representative Sample

A

group that reflects the characteristics of population you want to generalize

131
Q

Why do some struggle with slight stress while others don’t

A

Our genetics allow us to react differently to life events

Biologically set to survive in less nourishing environments

132
Q

What is nature shape

A

our nature (genetic tendencies) shape or nurture (life experiences)

133
Q

Oedipus complex

A

attracted to opposite sex parent and superego forms

134
Q

What are psychosocial tasks

A

the developmental markers that define each stage

builds on each other, master one to move to

135
Q

How could man and women disadvantages at work be described during pregnancy?

A

Most men get work benefits for wives giving birth but not women

136
Q

What are Freud 3 basis principles

A

(1) Human beings are basically irrational; (2) lifelong mental health depends on our parents’ caregiving during early life; (psychoanalytic)and (3) self-understanding is the key to living a fulfilling adult life

137
Q

Freud - what drives human life

A

Sexual feelings

138
Q

Mass-to-specific Sequence

A

gross (large, simple) structures before smaller (complex) refinements, is the third principle of body growth

139
Q

two cons of correlational studies

A
  1. Correlation doesn’t equal causation
  2. Maybe another variable that explains the results
140
Q

Dr. Nonne’s research tries to establish a link between what happens during prenatal development and adult temperament. Dr. Nonne is conducting:

A

fetal programming research.

141
Q

What happens during the fetal stage

A

Specific part of sequence form ( eyes, nose, mouth )

Brian finished and works - can see and hear

142
Q

Blastocyst

A

The hollow sphere of cells formed during the germinal stage in preparation for implantation.

143
Q

Epigenetic studies what

A

Events in utero on behavior throughout life

144
Q

Developmentalists view on smoking during prenancgy

A

Learning problems may or may not be due to smoking as this woman could put her babies health at risk in other ways

145
Q

pros and cons of cross-sectional studies

A

Pros:

easy to carry out

Cons:

don’t show real changes that occur as we grow old

Only show group differences not individual

146
Q

What does evocative forces affect

A

Evocative forces affect how you interact with the world

147
Q

Trimesters

A

each lasts 3 months, divide the pregnancy

148
Q

Evocative forces

A

our inborn talents evoke certain responses from world

149
Q

Collectivist cultures

A

Societies that prize social harmony, obedience, and close family connective Ness over individual achievement

150
Q

Family-work conflict

A

being pulled between the demands of caregiving and career, is a major issue for working parents

151
Q

What is self-efficacy

A

our belief in our competence, our sense that we can be successful at a given task

152
Q

Who were two traditional behaviorists

A

John Watson and BF Skinner

153
Q

Teratogen

A

any substance that crosses the placenta to harm the fetus

154
Q

What is a good Apgar score

A

7+

155
Q

What impact did the baby boom cohort have on western societies

A

Size - More people, more rebellious adolescents wanting to change the standard western family traditions

156
Q

Recessive disorders , how do children get it

A

An illness that a child gets by inheriting two copies of the abnormal gene that causes the disorder.

157
Q

What affects the developing brain throughout pregnancy

A

Teratogens

158
Q

What happened to start the changing conceptions of adult life (how we live our life)

A

1960s (decade of protest) Baby boomers hit teenage years

159
Q

What is income inqualities

A

Income inequalities widening gap between rich and everyone else. Became #1 economic problem in US during 1970s

160
Q

What was Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

A

humans at the center of expanding circle of environmental influences

161
Q

What is the difference between collective societies and individual or societies

A

Collective societies family generations live longer, children taught to obey their elders, suppress feelings, value being respected, for group over self

162
Q

fetal programming research explores how

A

Disasters and severe life stress during pregnancy affect a baby long life health

163
Q

how many babies born preterm and what are their risks

A

1 in 11 babies = low birth weight - arrived before due date or not grow enough in womb

164
Q

What is young-old

A

people in their 60s, who look and feel middle-aged and don’t call themselves old

165
Q

Birth options in 18th and 19th century vs now

A
  1. 18 century pregnancy = hazards in birth and after
    1. Bad doctoral practices spread childbed fever
  2. 19th-century pregnancy = techniques improved but home-birth preferred
  3. Early 20th century = modern hospital birth most popular
    1. 1930s = Fetal mortality down birth safe
166
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

researchers select group of particular age & periodically test those people over many year

167
Q

How is sex determined

Why do girls rule the world

A

by male sperm XY = boy XX = girl

Ys (boys) more successful at being conceived

More males die in uterus = Prenatal period hard on males

5% more boys than girls make it to birth

Boys more susceptible to developing autism to ADHD

168
Q

what is causing the rising rate of infertility

A
  1. STDs
  2. delay childbearing
169
Q

common signs to find out your pregnant

A
  1. fainting
  2. Morning sickness - nausea and vomiting
  3. tender breasts
  4. missed period.
170
Q

A doula is a woman who _____.

A

helps with the birth process through emotional and psychical support

171
Q

What is the most important challenge in correlational studies

A

accurately measuring your variables

172
Q

The main cause of infant mortality in the United States is _____.

A

prematurity and low birth weight

173
Q

DNA

A

ladder leg strands of genetic material

174
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

researchers compare different age group at same time on the trait or characteristic they are interested in

175
Q

Genetically determined interests cause people to put themselves in specific environments. The term for this nature-evokes-nurture principle is:

A

active forces.

176
Q

who created cognitive behaviorism or social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

177
Q

What is morning sickness ( men and women )

A

Morning sickness - nausea and vomiting

Couvade = men also getting morning sickness with wife

178
Q

What do twin/adoption studies show

A

rare but produce most powerful evidence

179
Q

Hormones

A

chemicals that target certain tissues and cause them to change,

180
Q

What are common measurement issues in regards to pregnancy studies on alcohol

A
  1. Biased to culture norms already set towards pregnancy and alcohol
  2. Most studies are correlational
  3. Don’t factor in other factors or variables
181
Q

What is the difference between a developed world and a developing world

A

Developed world:

  • higher level of life expectancy
  • income inequality low
  • good education
  • moderate healthcare
182
Q

Ovaries and ovas are found where

A

The fallopian tubes

183
Q

Attachment theory was formulated by:

A

John Bowlby.

184
Q

Infant mortality

A

the term for deaths occurring within the first year of life.

185
Q

_____ are chemical substances released into the bloodstream that target and change organs and tissues.

A

Horomoes

186
Q

Genetic counselor

A

skilled in both genetics and counseling

help you think through your choices

187
Q

What is cognitive behaviorism? ( You went to cognitive behavioral therapy )

A

Behavioral worldview

emphasizes that people learn by watching others &

thoughts about reinforcers determine our behavior.

Cognitive behaviorists focus on charting and modifying people’s thoughts

188
Q

How can relationship issues affect pregnancy

A

Couples are emotionally tethered

A woman’s feelings depend on relationships in the world

189
Q

Order from ovulation to implantation

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. fertilization
  3. zygote
  4. blastocyst
  5. implantaion
190
Q

Whose theory was psychosocial

A

Erik Erikson’s

191
Q

What happens during the third trimester

A

Symptoms in get body ready for birth = back aches, leg cramps, numbness, heartburn, insomnia

Researchers advise taking time off close to delivery

192
Q

The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during:

A

the first trimester.

193
Q

Is there a relationship between reinforcing and learning

A

no reinforced to learn.

194
Q

What are 2 causes of genetic birth defects

A
  1. An unusual number of chromosomes
  2. faulty gene or set of genes
195
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • occurs because a cell-division error = nondisjunction,
  • extra chronomosome to chromosome pair 21
196
Q

Miscarriage

A

loss of a pregnancy and fetus.

197
Q

This occurs around day 14 of a woman’s cycle.

A

Ovulation

198
Q

Quantitive research

A

find out scientific truth

data collection strategy =

test groups of people

use numerical scale and statistics

199
Q

Genetic similarities in twins personalities

A

Created a similar family environment

200
Q

Ecological, developmental systems theorists stress what two points

A
  1. use many different approaches.
  2. need to look at how processes interact
201
Q

Gestation

A

the 266 - 277 day period or pregnancy

202
Q

What is the impact teratogenic have on medicines & recreational drugs

A

Often have to choose between babies health and medicines that may include teratogenic

203
Q

What happens during germinal stage

A

blastocyst begins to embed into uterine wall

204
Q

Abusive child-rearing practices came from what

A

Colonial times high mortality rate and poverty

205
Q

Afterbirth includes all of the following EXCEPT:

fluid from the amniotic sac

the placenta

the umbilical cord

other membranes.

A

fluid from the amniotic sac

206
Q

Bidirectional

A

people affect one another, or that interpersonal influences flow in both directions

207
Q

who is the only one human development rival to Freud

A

Jean Piaget

208
Q

Whatis genetic testing

A

blood test to see if you carry gene for various diseases

209
Q

epigenetic

A

environment affects outer cover of DNA

lifelong changes in health & behavior

210
Q

what happens during germinal stage

A

6 weeks:

  1. The fertilized ovum divides on its trip to the uterus,
  2. becomes a hollow ball called a blastocyst,
  3. fully implants in the wall of the uterus at about 14 days after fertilization.
211
Q

Pros and cons of self-report strategy

A

Pros:

cost-effective

easy to administer

quickly provides data

cons:

participants may be bias

212
Q

The early 1800s was different from previous decades how

A

High rate of newborns abandoned

213
Q

What are Freud 3 hypothetical structures

A

id= instincts, ego= rational , & superego= morality

214
Q

What stage of pregnancy does major structural damage from teratogens happen

A

embryonic stage

215
Q

How many weeks can a baby survive at

A

22 weeks

216
Q

what are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation

A

Pros:

you see behavior as it naturally occurs

Cons:

Not practical in terms of time

People behave differently when watched

217
Q

An evolutionary psychologist is similar to who

A

behaviorists

218
Q

Observer evaluations

A

Knowledgeable person such as a parent, teacher, or trained observer completes scales evaluating the person; sometimes peers rank the children in their class

219
Q

BF Skinner on exploring reinforcement

A

General law of learning is operant conditioning but we Reinforces more negative than positive

220
Q

What are the 3 principles of prenatal development

A

Growth follows the proximodistal sequence - inner to outer

Development takes place by the cephalocaudal sequence - head to toe

Mass-to-specific sequence: Whole comes before specific = head before eyes

221
Q

What is the difference between evolutionary and behaviorists

A

lacks practical, action-oriented approach

222
Q

Testes

A

Male organs that manufacture sperm.

223
Q

What happens during stage 2 of birth

A

Birth

Fetus descend through uterus to vagina

Shoulders first

224
Q

What was the Swedish twin/adoption

A

study of aging

Most genetically determined quality was IQ

Changed the way we view parenting assumptions

225
Q

At what age group do most diesases form and people get sicker

A

80s

226
Q

Cesarean Section

A

a surgeon makes incisions in the woman’s abdominal wall and enters the uterus to remove the baby manually

227
Q

What are the 4 stages of the cognitive developmental theory

A
228
Q

Ecological & Developmental system

A

approach outlook on development that stresses the need to embrace a variety of approaches, and emphasizes the reality that many influences affect the development

229
Q

Proximodistal

A

Sequence from the most interior (proximal) part of the body to the outer (distal) sides

230
Q

Sensitive period

A

timeframe when a particular organ or system is coming “online”

231
Q

what happens during the second trimester

A

Week 14 = uterus grows dramatically

Week 18 = quickening - makes mom feel connected to baby

232
Q

What reflects views on alcohol during pregnancy

A

Cultural norms

233
Q

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

weighing less than 5½ pounds

234
Q

When did researchers begin to study the aging process?

A

after World War II

235
Q

Correlational study

A

researchers chart the relationships between the dimensions they are interested

236
Q

Quickening

A

a sensation like bubbles that signals the baby kicking in the womb—occurs

237
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rope structures composed of ladder like strands of genetic material

238
Q

_____ is the greatest risk to delivering a baby prematurely or having the baby die before his/her first birthday.

A

poverty

239
Q

Josephine has just given birth without a spouse. According to recent statistics, her infant joins the ranks of roughly _____ percent of U.S. babies born to unmarried women.

A

33%

240
Q

Dr. DeQuincy investigates memory among adults aged 65 and older. Dr. DeQuincy is MOST likely to refer to herself as a(n):

A

gerontologist

241
Q

Which is a difference between Erikson and Frued

A
  1. Freud
    1. the development ends at 5
    2. Sexuality drives behavior
  2. Erikson
    1. Development never ends
    2. Becoming independent self and having caring relationship drive behavior
242
Q

The best conclusion relating to the impact of maternal stress on fetal development is

A

Stress during pregnancy can have a long lasting impact on the developing fetus

243
Q

what is Old-old

A

people in their 80s, more likely to have physical & mental disabilities.

244
Q

During the embryonic stage, the cylindrical structure that will eventually develop into the baby’s brain is called the

A

neural tube

245
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

defects in learning and impaired mental health caused by minimum drinking

246
Q

From colonial times to the late 19th century what was the growth rate of life expectancy

A

30% increase

247
Q

cognitive behaviorism view on parenting

A

Draw on the principles of modeling and stimulate efficacy feelings to help children and adults succeed

248
Q

Who is Urie Bronfebrenner

A

a child psychologist that formes the developmental system approach

249
Q

  1. During the fetal period the fetus may increase in size as much as twentyfold. t/f
A

TRUE

250
Q

What does the 2nd trimester SAFER amniocentesis do and how does it work

A

determines fatus’ fate

Insert syringe into uterus and extracts amniotic fluid

251
Q

Placenta

A

The structure projecting from the wall of the uterus during pregnancy through which the developing baby absorbs nutrients.

252
Q

What is emerging adulthood

A

18 years to late 20s devoted to exploring our place in the world

253
Q

pros and cons of true experiment

A

Pros:

rules out confounding forces

Through random assignment - rules out preexisting differences between participants

Cons:

Not always ethical

254
Q

Zygote

A

within 36 hours, the fertilized ovum, which is now a single cell

255
Q

If you have good parents according to Freud what will happen

A

Good parents = good ego = master challenges of life

256
Q

Infertility

A

inability to conceive a child after a year of unprotected intercourse

257
Q

The field of adult development is most closely related to the field of:

A

gerontology

258
Q

What changed in the 17th & 18th centuries that allowed a change of childhood rearing

A

The inclusion of modern age technologies

259
Q

What is reinforcement

A

Behavioral term for reward

260
Q

What did the new age of technology bring to childhood

A

Children didn’t need to work education was more important

261
Q

Embryonic stage is unique why

A

Most fast-paced period of development - only 6 weeks

Most organs constructed - we start to look human

heart & spinal cord/brain

262
Q

What do Developmentalists study?

A

The life span - the scientific study of human growth throughout life.

263
Q
  1. The embryonic period begins with ____ and lasts until the _____ week.
A

implantation; eighth

264
Q

What is the developed world

A

The most affluent countries in the world

265
Q

Germinal Stage

A

first two weeks after fertilization where the call mass hasn’t fully attached to the uterine wall

266
Q

What is the process of neural migration

A
  • In neural tube - mass of cells differentiate during embryonic phase
  • cells go to top of neural tube
  • finial months neuorons elongate & begin to assume mature structure
267
Q

In an experiment, the ______ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

A

independent

268
Q

_____ is the process that occurs when the developing zygote embeds into the uterine lining.

A

Implantation

269
Q

Amniotic sac

A

the fluid-filled chamber within which the baby floats

270
Q

Colonial times childhood looked like what

A

Adulthood fast, death more certain

271
Q

Between 1980 and 2010 how could the economy be described

A

1% and 40% of US wealth everyone else gained only a little

272
Q

Pros and cons of C-Sections

A

pros:

lifesaving to mother and baby

needed when mother has certain health problems or fetus is in distress

Planned

cons:

surgical procedure, more expensive, discomfort after birth

Popular in the 70s - 2015 = 1 in 3

273
Q

How much were children involved in the labor force in the 1800s

A

Children made up for 1/3 of the labor force

274
Q

What are three emerging research trends

A

International studies, quantitive research, qualitive research

275
Q

What do active forces affect

A

Active forces effect what you do within the world

276
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on childhood

A

Babies enter the world innocent and should shower them with love

277
Q

Piaget believed that mental growth occurs through:

A

assimilation and accommodation.

278
Q

Why is stage 3 of birth important

A

The expulsion of the placenta

Essential to avoid infection and help uterus return to its pre-pregnant state

279
Q

What is Erik Erikson’s nickname

A

father of lifespan development = unique challenges we face at each life stage

280
Q

the male version of ovaries is

What is the different between the egg and sperm

A

testes

proudce hundreds of millions per day not at birth

281
Q

Which two enlightenment thinkers had a different vision of childhood

A

John Locke & Jean Jacques Rousseau

282
Q

What are the two new groups of older adults

A

young-old and old-old

283
Q

Where did emerging adulthood come from

A

New with the start of universities and grad schools - creates more elastic concept of old age `

284
Q

Single gene disorders

A

illness caused by a single gene

285
Q

What is Jean Piaget view on developmental theory

A

Cognitive developmental theory: get into the head of children - liked incorrect responses on IQ tests

286
Q

What is the cognitive-developmental theory

A

from birth to adolescence, children progress through qualitatively different stages of cognitive growth

287
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell.

288
Q

Why does our species require such a long refining period?

A

for major organs like the brain to form

289
Q

What is twin studies

A

research strategy comparing identical and fraternal twins on traits researcher are interested in

290
Q

How does the rate of fetal loss change in women in their 30s

A

Normally 1 and 10 but now 1 in in 5

291
Q

why would women worry about getting pregnant while working

A

Being able to afford or missing out on opportunities at work affect a woman’s mood during pregnancy

292
Q

What caused the 20th-century life expectancy revolution

A

Public health improvements - pasteurized milk, allowed babies to survive past infancy

293
Q

In the 1970s what changed in regards to alcohol recommendation during pregnancy in the USA, and why

A

Alcohol is no longer recommended, becuase causedsmaller birthweight and brain, facial abnormalities, & developmental disorders

294
Q

How did Dad’s field during miscarriages

A

double burden of coping with trauma and focusing on their wife

295
Q

What are people who study the lifespan called?

A

Developmentalists or developmental scientists

296
Q

What role do cohorts play

A

Heavy role in influencing our adult life - depending on the cohort you see and interact with the world differently

297
Q

What does the 1st trimester chronic villus sampling (CVS) do and how does It work

A

Insert catheter into abdomen or vagina and takes out piece of placenta

298
Q

Pregnancy lasts between _____ and _____ days.

A

266 -277

299
Q

How do we get 46 new chromosomes

A

gametes of sperm + gametes of ova

300
Q

Where does fertilization begin and what is the 4 steps

A

Fertilization begins at ovulation

Step 1: Men’s sperm goes to vagina -> uterus -> fallopian tubes

Step 2: Team assault - Sperm drills into ovum till one research’s the innermost part, The chemical composition of ovum wall change is shutting out the other sperm

Step 4: Nuclei of male and female cells move slowly together

301
Q

What is Max. lifespan?

A

living to biological human limit 105 years old, Chance higher if female, and born in first world country

302
Q

Change in average life expectancy

A

Happened in the 20th century, before in colonial times only lived to 20

303
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm & egg

304
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

law of learning that determines any voluntary response

305
Q

Freud - How do infants express sexual feelings

A

Infants: sexual feeling centered on erogenous zones
1 Y.O = mouth - oral stage
2 Y.O = Elimination - anal stage
3 - 4 Y.O = genitals - phallic stage

306
Q

Individualist cultures

A

Societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success

307
Q

Behavioral genetics

A

research strategy devoted to examining genetic contribution to differences we see between humans

308
Q

Who was in the baby boom cohort?

A

people born in 1946 - 1964

309
Q

Self-report Strategy

A

a measurement having people report on their feelings and activities through questionnaires

310
Q

infant (0-1) psychosocial task

A

trust vs. mistrust

infants must learn that adults can be trusted

311
Q

Toddlerhood (1-2) psychosocial task

A

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

developing a greater sense of self-control.

312
Q

Early childhood (3-6) Psychosocial task

A

Initiative vs guilt

Major Question: “Am I good or bad?”

Basic Virtue: Purpose

Important Event(s): Exploration, Play

313
Q

Middle childhood (7-12) psychosocial task

A

Industry vs inferiority

Major Question: “How can I be good?”

Basic Virtue: Competence

Important Event(s): School

314
Q

Adolescence (13-20) psychosocial task

A

identity vs role confusion

Major Question: “Who am I?”

Basic Virtue: Fidelity

Important Event(s): Social Relationships

315
Q

Early adulthood (20-40) psychosocial task

A

intimacy vs isolation

Major Question: “Will I be loved or will I be alone?”

Basic Virtue: Love

Important Event(s): Romantic relationships

316
Q

Middle adulthood (40-60)

A

Generativity vs stagnation

Major Question: “How can I contribute to the world?”

Basic Virtue: Care

Important Event(s): Parenthood and Work

317
Q

Late adulthood (60+)

A

Integrity vs despair

reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure

Developmental psychology (6 decks)

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