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Developmental psychology > Exam 2 - Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What causes the remarkable changes—from seeing to walking to speaking—that unfold during infancy and toddlerhood?

A

Answers come from scanning development in that masterpiece structure—the human brain.

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2
Q

What makes the human brain unique

A

The massive cerebral cortex in fact that it doesn’t reach full development till the 20s

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3
Q

What is essential to fostering babies emerging abilities

A
  1. Synaptic loss
  2. Neural pruning
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4
Q

When babies have a stroke what happens

A

May end up less impaired than during adulthood due to brain plasticity

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5
Q

Which neural processes incurring in babies, mothers, and grandmothers

A

Synaptogensis

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6
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

the outer, furrowed mantle of the brain, is the site of every conscious perception, action, and thought

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7
Q

Axons

A

fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

treelike, branching ends

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9
Q

Synapses

A

The gap between the dendrites of one neuron and the axon of another, over which impulses flow.

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10
Q

Myelination

A

The axons form a fatty layer around their core

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11
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

The lubricant that permits the neural impulses to speedily flow and which cells thrive

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12
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

the process of making myriad connections, programs every skill

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex from birth to full development

A
  • Few months after birth = cortex starts taking over behavior
  • First, four years of life = brain gets four times bigger in volume
  • Two decades = brain fully mature
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14
Q

What happens during the fetal period - year 1 of childhood

A
  1. Brain migrates to the top of neural tube
  2. Cells form axons and sprout dendrite
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15
Q

two Critical transformations and when do they occur

A
  1. Synaptogenesis
  2. Myelination
    • Myelin Sheath - Frontal lobes’ forms into the 20s
  • occur at different rates in specific brain areas
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16
Q

Parallels between our unfolding abilities and when

A

and when our brain matures

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17
Q

Neural loss is important to what and why

A
  • Critical to the development
  • Each cortical region undergoes synaptic pruning & neural death
    • Necessary to permit essential cells to grow
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18
Q

Why do our brains undergo overproduction followed by cutting back?

A
  1. Having an oversupply of connections allows us to “recruit” from this wider pool
  2. redirect these extra neurons to perform other function
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19
Q

When is the cortex malleable?

A

malleable during infancy and childhood

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20
Q

What is unique about people born blind and how is it possible

A
  • People born blind, intense activity while reading braille and listening
  • How? neurons program for visual provision taken over to strengthen hearing and touch
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21
Q

Brain plasticity highlights

A
  1. Basic nature and nurture principal
  2. Environmental stimulation vital to strengthened pacific neural networks
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22
Q

Basis brain principles

A
  1. Development unfolds in its own neurological time
  2. Simulation scopes neurons (environment affects how our brain works )
  3. The brain is always under construction
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23
Q

once a child has passed the 5- or 6-month milestone, parents get

A

agitated if an infant has never permitted them a full night’s sleep

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24
Q

relationship between childhood sleep problems and parents

A

Bidirectional effect

Children with chronic sleep problems produce irritable, stressed-out parents.

Irritable, stressed-out parents produce childhood problems with sleep

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25
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

anything touches babies cheek they turn their head in that direction and suck

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26
Q

Grasping

A

newborns automatically grasp anything that touches their palm

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27
Q

Undernutrition

A

having a serious lack of adequate food

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28
Q

Stunting

A

the percentage of children under age 5 in a given region who rank below the fifth percentile in height, according to the norms for their age.

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29
Q

Micronutrient deficiencies

A
  1. Inadequate levels of nutrients such as
    1. Iron
    2. Zinc
    3. Vitamin A — is rampant.
  2. Can cause Kwashiorkor.
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30
Q

Food Insecure

A

According to U.S. Department of Agriculture surveys, the number of households that report needing to serve unbalanced meals, worrying about not having enough food at the end of the month, or having to go hungry due to lack of money (latter is severe food insecurity).

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31
Q

Colic

A

A baby’s frantic, continual crying during the first three months of life

caused by an immature nervous system.

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32
Q

Skin to skin

A

contact holding a baby close has a clear physiological effect

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33
Q

Kangaroo care

A

using a baby sling can even help premature infants grow

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34
Q

Self-soothing

A

put themselves back to sleep when they wake up

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35
Q

REM Sleep

A

a phase of rapid eye movement, when dreaming is intense and our brain-wave frequencies look virtually identical to when we are in the lightest sleep stage

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36
Q

Co-sleeping

A

sharing a bed with a child

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37
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

refers to the unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant, often while sleeping, during the first months of life

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38
Q

Basic Newborn Stages

A
  1. Eating: The Basis of Living: Changes from 1 - 2
  2. Crying: The First Communication Signal
  3. Sleeping: The Main Newborn State
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39
Q

When do newborn babies suck

A

All the time + rooting reflex

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40
Q

What doesn’t depend on the cortex

A
  • Reflexive automatic = don’t depend on the cortex
    1. Sucking
    2. Rooting
    3. Grasping
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41
Q

As Cortex grows what happens, When does sucking stop

A
  • voluntary processes replace reflexes
  • Month 4 / 5 = no sucking all the time - now operant conditioning
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42
Q

Developmental change from 1 1/2 - 2 YO

A
  • can eat a few basic foods (apple juice)
  • Revolutionary psychologist = this behavior is adaptive sticking to foods babies no reduce risk of poisoning themselves
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43
Q

What do babies face after birth?

A

Baby faces perils right after birth

  1. Infectious diseases
  2. impure food and water - hard to survive beyond age 1
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44
Q

Benefits of breast-feeding now:

A
  1. Breastfeeding lifesaver to poor nations - increase infants survival odds
  2. more resilient to flu
  3. accelerating myelin formation
  4. less reactive to stress
  5. Fewer disruptive behaviors in children genetically at risk
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45
Q

What is wrong with breastfeeding research

A

Findings involve correlations

does not control from maternal motivations

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46
Q

Barriers that make it difficult to breastfeed?

A
  1. Work Demands - lessens motivation to continue
  2. Physical Pain - It hurts to breastfeed
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47
Q

How long does it take for babies to need solid food?

A

After 6 months baby need solid food

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48
Q

Chronic inadequate nutrition

A

compromises every aspect of development and activity of life

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49
Q

The difference in developing world

A
  • Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean = Dramatic decline
  • Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia = 2 in 5 children affected
  • Developing world = Micronutrient deficiencies rampant
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50
Q

How does food insecurity and serve food insecurity affect the USA

A
  • USA - more than 1 in 6
  • Severe food insecurity = 1 in 11
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51
Q

Programs to fight food insecurity in America

A
  1. Food Stamp Program
  2. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
  3. Child & Adult Care Food Program (CACFP)
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52
Q

Crying reaches peak when what is the correlation between cortex and crying

A

one month after birth
Cortex blooms = crying rates decline

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53
Q

How is Crying is vital to survival, what happens when cry too little or too much

A

How? cement infant-parent bond & communication
Cried too Little = neurological problem
Cries too much = maybe Colic
Short-lived typically ends after a month 4

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54
Q

Cuddling intervention on baby and parent and why

A

Cuddling intervention = impact on baby & parent-child bond

Why?: sense of self-efficacy high from leveling baby thrive

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55
Q

Types of cuddling intervention

A
  1. Skin-to-skin contact - reduces stress hormone ( cortisol )
  2. Kangaroo care: hope premature infants grow
  3. Infant massage: premature infants gain weight, treating toddlers sleep problems
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56
Q

How long do babies sleep for

A

2 week old babies = sleep 14/24 hours

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57
Q

What happens from 0 to 1 relating to babies sleep pattern

A

0 - 1YO = sleep patterns adapt to human world

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58
Q

3 month sleep pattern

A

3 months = sleep shifts towards nighttime hours

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59
Q

6 month sleep pattern

A

6 months = milestone - six hours a night (start self-soothing)

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60
Q

1 YO sleep pattern

A

12 hours of night + morning and afternoon nap

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61
Q

2 YO sleep pattern

A

= no more morning nap

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62
Q

Differences between adult and infant sleep pattern , and when infant sleep pattern changes to adult

A

Infant sleep different psychologically from adult pattern
Adults = 4 stages - progressively slower brain-wave frequencies, than REM
Infants = immediate REM
Adolescence = start to undergo adult sleep cycle

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63
Q

relationship between irritated parents & childhood sleeping problems

A

Bidirectional relationship between irritated parents & childhood sleeping problems
Women slept a lot while pregnant = depressed one toddler woke up frequently

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64
Q

Behaviorists view on interventions

A

Don’t go in and comfort baby

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65
Q

John Bowlby & Erik Erikson view on intervention

A

: sensitively respond when infant cries

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66
Q

when and how is intervention changed based on research opinion

A

Month 7/8 = don’t immediately respond to cry baby

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67
Q

“ Settling activities “ correlate with

A

with sleep difficulties at age 5

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68
Q

3 People against co-sleep

A
  1. Individualistic societies - no co-sleeping
  2. Behaviorists - could produce “ excessive dependency “
  3. Freudian theorists - could place child at risk for sexual abuse
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69
Q

Person for co-sleep

A

Collectivist culture - no co-sleep = infant abuse

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70
Q

Most US Women on co-sleep

A

room share not bed share

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71
Q

SID chances

A

: 1 in 1,000 US babies - top-ranking cause of infant mortality in developed world

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72
Q

Cause of SID biological and post birth environment

A

Cause: Abnormalities in particular brain regions -
Biological
too much or few neurons in part of brain that controls tongue movement
pathologies producing cerebrospinal fluid
Post birth environmental causes
Inadvertently smothered, by face down in crib
Back to sleep campaign - worked 1992 - 1997 SID death 43% reduction

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73
Q

Preferential-looking paradigm

A

is the principle that human beings are attracted to novelty and look selectively at new things

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74
Q

Habituation

A

the fact that we naturally lose interest in a new object after some time

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75
Q

Face Perception

A

making sense of human faces

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76
Q

Fear Bias

A

hypersensitivity to facial expressions of fear built into our species to keep us safe from harm

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77
Q

Cortical Pruning

A

the fact that unneeded synapses in our visual system atrophy, or are lost

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78
Q

What helped to reduce SiD cases from 1992 to 1997

A

Back to sleep campaign - worked 1992 - 1997 SID death 43% reduction

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79
Q

When do sense become operational and how do we know this

A

Sense operational before we leave womb - ultrasound shows hearing capabilities before birth

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80
Q

What do researchers use to prove newborns can see

A

Researcher use Preferential-looking paradigm and habituation

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81
Q

What study was done to see if newborns could see and what were the results

A

Show newborn small and large stripe patterns = ability to see clearly at birth is poor
Visual activity score - 20/400

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82
Q

How quick does the visual cortex mature

A

Visual cortex matures quickly = About age 1 infants see like adults

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83
Q

William James view on newborn life,what was his reasoning and what was the other side

A

inner life of newborn as” buzzing, blooming confusion “ Proof - Studies of face perception
Why wrong: we have builtin antenna to tune into human world

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84
Q

What are two things newborns like to see and what does it prove

A

Newborns can make amazing distinctions
like to look:
at mother than strangers
attractive people - 61% of time

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85
Q

overtime what happens to face preferences

A

Face preferences sharpen over time

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86
Q

Face preferences at 2 months

A

: look at speaking faces

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87
Q

Face preferences at 4 months:

A

gravitate to visually captivating images

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88
Q

Face preferences at 8 months

A

like looking at fearful expressions = fear bias

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89
Q

Face preferences at 9 months why is this unique

A

less sensitive to facial differences in other ethic groups
Cortical pruning

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90
Q

Baabies arround different ethic groups

A

less sensitive at picking up facial expressions of people from other races

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91
Q

When happenes when young people view forgien faces

A

Spike in Amygdala (fear center ) when young people view foreign faces

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92
Q

What may help people become more tolerant, and why

A

Being born in multicultural cities. Why? experience prewires us visually to be more sensitive to the feelings of other races

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93
Q

What was Elinor Gibson’s invention and why did they make it

A

Elinor Gibson: developed visual cliff to find out when babies develop depth perception

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94
Q

Depth Perception

A

the ability to “see” variations in heights

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95
Q

What results were found in the study of depth perception

A

Results: 8 month olds form depth perception only when infants begin to crawl

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96
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A table that appears to “end” in a drop-off at its midpoint; used to test infant depth perception.

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97
Q

Motor Milestone

A

the exciting progression of physical abilities during the first year of life

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98
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

head to toe

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99
Q

Proimodistal

A

inner to outer

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100
Q

Mass-to-specific

A

Hands then finger

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101
Q

Bodies grow how much from infancy to adulthood

A

21 times their newborn size by adulthood

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102
Q

Body’s growth pattern

A 
Infancy = Dramatic 
Childhood = slow down 
Preadolescent = Speeds back up
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103
Q

How does body and head change as we grow

A

Body elongates and thins out, head shape an size small difference
Newborns tiny frog like legs straighten by month 6 (bowlegged)
Childhood growth cephalacaudal (head to toe)

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104
Q

What are 3 principles on programming for motor milestone

A 
Cephalocaudal = Baby lifts head, pivot upper body, stand 
proximodistal = control shoulders before make fingers obey commands 
Mass-to-specifc = most important principle on programming
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105
Q

what happens as Neuron myelinate

A

big, uncoordinated movements perfected as children grow

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106
Q

How do researchers view development

A

Researchers view development as variability and ingenuity of babies passions to get moving in life

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107
Q

Creeping

A

when a baby can only move backward and you find him huddled in the corner in pursuit of objects that get farther way

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108
Q

Baby-proof

A

Making the home safe for a newly mobile infant.

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109
Q

During Creeping or belly-crawling stage what may happen

A

babies may take first step then start crawling again

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110
Q

Researchers view development

A

as variability and ingenuity of babies passions to get moving in life

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111
Q

Children with developmental disorder and infant mobility

A

doesn’t master motor milestones in average time
No relation between motor milestones and later intelligence

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112
Q

Landmark event = reaching,

A

makes baby want to interact with everything

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113
Q

What changes parent-child bond and how

A

Crawling changes parent-child bond: Babies mobiles = basic child-rearing agenda emerges

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114
Q

Motor development present perils

A

safety now concern
Baby-proof Strive for person-evironment fit

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115
Q

How to baby-proof

A

get on floor and look from perspective of child

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116
Q

Downside of motor milestone

A

when baby’s can reach dangerous things

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117
Q

Three-month-old peaks up when vacuum starts then loses interest. You are using a kind of ___ paradigm, and the scientific term for when your baby loses interest is ____

A

Preferential – looking paradigm and habituation

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118
Q

In the first year of life, how does vision improved and worsen

A

In the first year of life babies develop a remarkable sense of facial nuances but nine months we have unlearned the ability to become as sensitive to facial distinctions in people of other ethnic groups

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119
Q

An implication of the face perception studies is that the roots of adult prejudice begins

A

During the second six months of life

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120
Q

If an eight-month-old is participate in a visual cliff study, when she approaches the drop, she should

A

Be frightened of the cliff

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121
Q

walking schema

A

habitual way of physically navigating

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122
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage:

A

0-2, goal to make sense of physical reality by exploring world with senses

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123
Q

assimilate

A

fit the outer world to what they are capable of doing

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124
Q

As babies assimilate what do they do

A

accommodate and so gradually mentally advance.

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125
Q

“everything into the mouth” schema

A

1 YO - assimilate everything to their mouthing schema—they realize that objects have different characteristics

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126
Q

Through continual assimilation and accommodation, by age 2, babies

A

make a dramatic mental leap—from relying on reflexes to reasoning and using symbolic thought.

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127
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development, lasting from birth to age 2, when babies’ agenda is to pin down the basics of physical reality.

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128
Q

Primary Circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, the first infant habits during the sensorimotor stage, centered on the body.

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129
Q

Circular reactions

A

habits, or action-oriented schemas, the child repeats again and again

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130
Q

Deferred imitation

A

Repeating an action that the baby witnessed at an earlier time

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131
Q

Secondary Circular Reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, habits of the sensorimotor stage lasting from about 4 months of age to the baby’s first birthday, centered on exploring the external world.

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132
Q

Means-end behavior

A

when the child is able to perform a separate, or different, action to get to a goal.

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133
Q

Tertiary Circular reactions

A

In Piaget’s framework, “little-scientist” activities of the sensorimotor stage, beginning around age 1, involving flexibly exploring the properties of objects.

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134
Q

Means-end behavior

A

when the child is able to perform a separate, or different, action to get to a goal.

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135
Q

Object Permanence

A

knowing that objects exist when we no longer see them

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136
Q

A-not-B error

A

In Piaget’s framework, a classic mistake made by infants in the sensorimotor stage, whereby babies approaching age 1 go back to the original hiding place to look for an object even though they have seen it get hidden in a second place.

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137
Q

Little-scientist/ “getting into everything” phase

A

The time around age 1 when babies use tertiary circular reactions to actively explore the properties of objects, experimenting with them like scientists.

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138
Q

Circular reaction

A

drive advances in stages

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139
Q

What develops from months 1- 4

A

Primary circular reactions:
Sucking thumb
Waving legs captivates 3-month-old

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140
Q

Sucking thumb
Waving legs captivates 3-month-old, are what type of reactions

A

primary circular

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141
Q

What develops at four months

A

Secondary circular reactions

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142
Q

Cortex blossoms & child begins to reach =

A

action-oriented schemas become centered on outside world

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143
Q

What develops eight months

A

babies can simultaneously use both circular reactions - through grasping and kicking

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144
Q

What circular reaction happens at 1 YO what is an example of this

A

tertiary circular reactions
Throwing paper and balls in toilet bowl

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145
Q

Importance of circular reactions in infants?

A

Infancy about insatiable drive to repeat interesting actions

Allows infants to pin down basic properties of world

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146
Q

Hallmark of thinking

A

deferred imitation

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147
Q

Signs of reasoning

A
  1. Make-believe play
  2. Means-end behavior
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148
Q

Object permanence is fundamental and how does it develop

A

to sense of living in stable world

Develops gradually throughout sensorimotor stage

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149
Q

Piaget on object permanence

A

during early infancy life = series of disappearing images

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150
Q

When secondary circular reactions flow

A

object permanence slightly forms

151
Q

by Month 9 - 10 what error of object permanence occurs

A

A-not-B error occurs

152
Q

when does object permanence fully emerged

A

2 years old

153
Q

Emerging object permanence explains

A

puzzles about development and offers perspective on why younger babies are calm when remove an interesting object but become possessive by second year of life

154
Q

What causes terrible twos:

A

cognitive skills of knowing object still exists when taken away

155
Q

Object permanence + means–end behavior =

A

explains why one year olds first dollar bills down toilet

156
Q

When do toys become interesting and what do they show

A

Toys become interesting when babies realize they are different from real life
Shows child is making transition from sensory motor period To symbolic thought

157
Q

what transformed the way psychologists think about childhood

A

Piget

158
Q

What was wrong with Piget theory and why

A

timing off, did not have strategies, like preferential looking and habituation

159
Q

What are 2 critiques of Piaget’s theroy

A
  1. Infants grasp basics of physical reality well before age 1
  2. Infants’ understanding of physical reality develops gradually
160
Q

How did Developmentalists Renée Baillargeon prove the fact infants grasp basics of physical reality before age 1

A

Presented young babies with physically impossible event - babies as young as 5 months looked astonished

161
Q

What does research show in regards to infants understanding of physical realities developing gradually

A

Research show: takes until 1 YO for babies to master fundamental realities
Explains why magic becomes interesting at 2-3

162
Q

Contemporary researchers decode

A

step by step how cognition gradually emerges

163
Q

during their second six months on this planet, babies can

A

can decode intentions—inferring underlying motivations from the way people behave

164
Q

what does decoding intentions lead to

A

language, communicating our thoughts through words.

165
Q

Information-processing researchers and psychologists who use this approach do what

A

use metaphor of computer w/ separate processing steps to decode human’s intellectual skills

Psychologist using approach = isolate talents involved in milestone and chart how each skill develops

166
Q

Darren repeatedly opening and closing a cabinet door is an example of

A

Circular reactions

167
Q

Jai pulls out the locked door you watch then manages to unlock a door

A

means-end behavior

168
Q

Hide bear from Sam, Sam throws open the lid of the box and scoops out there

A

Object permanence

169
Q

When would a child understand another person is being mean

A

months before age 1

170
Q

Martina, a 16-month-old baby who, days after seeing another child have a temper tantrum demonstrates the same behavior, shows _____.

A

deferred intimiation

171
Q

Gia’s mother hides a rattle under a blue blanket, has her find it a few times, and then hides the rattle under a pink blanket. Gia proceeds to look for the rattle under the blue blanket. Gia is showing _____ and is probably _____ old.

A

the A-not-B error; 10 to 12 months

172
Q

When did Piaget believe sensorimotor period end, and why

A

that language signals the end of the sensorimotor period because this ability requires understanding that a symbol stands for something else

173
Q

Babies who demonstrate pointing preference at an early age - 10 months have

A

have larger later vocabularies because right-hand pointing is a general tip-off showing that the left-brain language centers are coming on-line

174
Q

Do babies whoes parents use IDS learn faster

A

more IDS communications have babies who speak at a younger age

175
Q

our main agenda and what we use to achieve it

A

is to connect with the human world

from language to face perception to social cognition

176
Q

Essential property of language

A

= elasticity

177
Q

Noam Chomsky theory and who inspired it

A

humans are biologically programmed to make “language” by language acquisition derive (LAD)
Based on B.F. Skinner ’s nurture-oriented principle that we learn through reinforcement

178
Q

B.F. Skinner,what depends on environment

A

the way our genetic program for making language gets expressed depends on environment

179
Q

Developmentalists adopt

A

social-interactionist perspective

180
Q

Language occurs in stages what are the first 4 from newborn to 1 YO

A

Newborn: reflexive crying
Month 4: cooing
Month 6: babbling
Month 11: 1st word

181
Q

Holophrase stage:

A

1st one-word sentence - one word, accompanied by gestures, to Geta full sentence or thought out

182
Q

Babbling

A

alternating consonant and vowel sounds, such as “da da da,” that infants playfully repeat with variations of intonation and pitch

183
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD)

A

Chomsky’s term for a hypothetical brain structure that enables our species to learn and produce language.

184
Q

Grammar

A

The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.

185
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

First stage of combining words in which a toddler pares down a sentence to its essential words..

186
Q

Infant directed speech

A

The rules and word-arranging systems that every human language employs to communicate meaning.

187
Q

Childrens first 50 words center on

A

important items in their world

188
Q

At what age does vocabulary explosion occur

A

From 1 1/2 to 2

189
Q

What are developmentalists passionate in

A

tracing language to its roots

190
Q

What sounds do newborns gravitate to, at what age does this change

A

Newborn gravitate to sounds of living things
Month 3: peak up to only human speech

191
Q

What is unique about 8-month-olds ability to hear sounds

A

Month 8 infant lose ability to hear sound tones in different languages

192
Q

What is unique about toddlers ability to hear sounds

A

Toddlers can hear difference between similar sounds and link them to objects after hearing connection once

193
Q

How do caregivers promote language achievements

A

Caregivers promote language achievements by talking to babies: infant-directed speech

194
Q

IDS (Infant-direct speech) promotes

A

emerging language -Babies & adults identify words better in IDS

195
Q

Neurological roots of language appear months before speech understanding shown what

A

shown by link between brain development at 7 months and 1YO speech understanding

196
Q

Observable sign of soon-to-emerge language

A

pointing with right hand

197
Q

Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in: we learn to speak by getting reinforces for saying what we want

A

Skinner’s operant conditioning

198
Q

Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in: We are biologically programmed to learn a language

A

Chomsky

199
Q

Identify the theoretical perspective reflected in Babies are passionate communicate

A

Social-interactionist perspective

200
Q

Identify probable language stage: 4 months old

A

cooing

201
Q

Identify probable language stage: 7 months old

A

babbling

202
Q

Identify probable language stage: 2 years old

A

Telegraphic speech

203
Q

Identify probable language stage: 1-year-old

A

holophrases - one word stage

204
Q

How did developmentalist’s opinion on attachment change during the 20th century

A

Early 20th century: thought babies wanted to be close to mom because “ maternal reinforcement stimulus “ was required by providing food

Late 20th century: Attachment front burner in developmental science

205
Q

How did U.S psychologists view on attachment theory differ from European and why

A

U.S. psychologist: indifferent to intense connections of love - dominated by behaviorism

European Psychoanalysts: Attachment crucial to infant life

206
Q

Who was John Watson and what was his view on attachment

A

Early US behavioral who was hostile to mother love

207
Q

What did Ethologist discover, which Ethologist added evidence to this discovery

A

Ethologists: found every species biologically programmed to attachment Konroad Lorenz - raised geese, they thought of him as dad

208
Q

Psychologist Harry Harlow was important to the changing view of US attachment how

A

convicted US their attachment theory was wrong

Study: Monkeys cloth and wire “moms” - monkeys preferred cloth

Effects on motherless monkeys: unable to have sex, frightened of peers, uncaring abusive parents

209
Q

In the late 1960s, what did John Bowlby discover

A

No such thing as excessive mother love = Orphanage findings + Lorenz’s ethological studies + Harlow’s research + clinical work
Primary attachment figure = crucial to the development

210
Q

Primary attachment figures

A

The closest person in a child’s or adult’s life.

211
Q

why 8-month-old infants suddenly become sensitive to fearful faces

A

Fear bias kicks in when we start to move in the world, stay near parents

212
Q

the human critical period for attachment unfolds when

A
  1. 1st becomes mobile
  2. most in danger of getting hurt
213
Q

Does a baby’s biology (nature) evoke insensitive caregiving and then insecure infant attachments?

A

yes —given the bidirectional nature of relationships

214
Q

How do genetic play a role in caregiving styles

A

children seem genetically immune to less sensitive caregiving

215
Q

Was Bowlby right about long term effects of attachment

A

We are not destined to have lifelong problems if we suffered from inadequate caregiving early in life.

216
Q

two important social contexts of early childhood:

A

poverty and day care.

217
Q

Bowlby - crucial value of attachment based on

A

evolutionary theory

218
Q

When is the critical period

A

Critical period (0-2) when attachment response comes out - built into survival

219
Q

Proximity-seeking behavior

A

our need to make contact with an attachment figure—is activated when our survival is threatened at any age

220
Q

Preattachment Phase

A

The first phase of John Bowlby’s developmental attachment sequence, during the first three months of life, when infants show no visible signs of attachment.

221
Q

Social Smile

A

The first real smile, occurring at about 2 months of age. doesn’t show true attachment, reflex that evokes care from adults

222
Q

Attachment in the making

A

Second phase of Bowlby’s attachment sequence, when, from 4 to 7 months of age, babies slightly prefer the primary caregiver, but trilled by anyone

223
Q

Separation anxiety

A

When a baby gets upset as a primary caregiver departs.

224
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Beginning at about 7 months, when a baby grows wary of people other than a caregiver.

225
Q

Strange Situation

A

Procedure to measure attachment at age 1, involving separations and reunions with a caregiver.

226
Q

Clear-cut (or focused) attachment

A

Critical attachment phase, from 7 months through toddlerhood, defined by the need to have a primary caregiver nearby. Full-blown attachment response

227
Q

Social Referencing

A

scientific term for this regular checking-back, helps alert toddlers to which situations are dangerous and which are safe.

228
Q

Working Model

A

In Bowlby’s theory, the mental representation of a caregiver that enables children over age 3 to be physically apart from the caregiver.

229
Q

Avoidant

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s indifference to a primary caregiver at being reunited after separation.

230
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.

231
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by responses such as freezing or fear when a child is reunited with the primary caregiver in the Strange Situation.

232
Q

“Dancing potential”

A

sensitivity to a baby’s signals, produces secure attachments

233
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

An insecure attachment style characterized by a child’s intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation.

234
Q

Insecurely Attached

A

Deviation from the normally joyful response of being reunited with a primary caregiver, signaling problems in the caregiver–child relationship.

235
Q

Securely Attached

A

Ideal attachment response when a child responds with joy at being reunited with a primary caregiver.

236
Q

Temperament

A

characteristic, inborn behavioral styles of approaching the world

237
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

This erratic, confused infant response is a risk factor for “acting-out issues” (aggression, disobedience, trouble controlling one’s behavior) as children travel through elementary school.

238
Q

Oxytocin

A

the attachment hormone because this chemical elicits bonding, caregiving, and nurturing in other mammals and human beings

239
Q

Dose-response effect

A

meaning that the intensity (dose) of deprivation predicts the impact on (response of ) a given child.

240
Q

When is Proximity-seeking behavior actived and the 2 threats to survival

A

activated when survival is threatened at any age
Two categories of threat to survival
Activated by our internal state
Evoked by wider-world dangers

241
Q

During infancy & toddlerhood what is important in attachment

A

being physically apart causes distress

242
Q

who made Attachment Milestones

A

Bowlby

243
Q

What are the 3 attachment milestones

A

Preattchment phase
Attachment in the making
Clear-cut (or focused) attachment

244
Q

When does preattachment phase occur and what is happening

A 
Preattachment phase (First 3 months) - reflex-dominate time, infant not wake to world 
Social smile (2 months old) - parent child relationship on different plane
245
Q

When does attachment in the making phase occur and what is happening

A

Attachment in the making (4 months old) - transitional period,
Piaget’s environment focused on secondary circular reactions unfolding
Cortex coming online

246
Q

When does clear-cut (or focused) attachment occur and what is happening

A

Clear-cut (or focused) attachment (7-8 months old)
Object permanence forming
Baby proofing stage: Crawling & Reaching

247
Q

What signals beginning of clear-cut (or focused) attachment

A

Separation anxiety & stranger anxiety

248
Q

When does separation anxiety and strange anxiety reach its peak how does it relate to social referencing

A

Separation anxiety & stranger anxiety reach a peak between 1 & 2 YO
Social referencing - Zone of optimum comfort = about 200 ft

249
Q

What signals end of clear-cut or focused attachment

A

Turned three years old have skills to carry a working model

250
Q

When is Baby’s critical period for attachment

A

First becomes mobile and most in danger of getting hurt

251
Q

Who studied attachment styles what did they use

A

Studied by Mary Ainsworth using Strange situation

252
Q

What was strange situation study affect on developmentalists

A

Developmental us categorize infants as securely or insecurely attached

253
Q

Securely attached babies during strange situation

A

Mom leaves, mayor may not be distressed mom returned babies eyes light up with joy

254
Q

What are the three types of insecurely attached babies

A
  1. Avoidant
  2. disorganized attachment
  3. anxious ambivalent attachment
255
Q

What is developmentalist belief of insecure attachment

A

Don’t show weakness and underlying connection

256
Q

In the attachment dance parents and babies

A

Or alerts each other signals

257
Q

Synchrony

A

model for romantic love from attachment dance

258
Q

Ainsworth & Bowlby “dancing potential “ leads to

A

secure attachments

259
Q

Sensitive caregivers =

A

Securely attached Baby

260
Q

What is one main factor of an infant attachment degree what may interfere

A

mirror of Mum’s - Women with happy childhood have securely attached babies
Dad may interfere with child’s attachment

261
Q

Do babies different temperament

A

Yes it’s a genetic trait

262
Q

Developmentalists middle class babies temperamental styles:

A

Easy = rhythmic eating and sleeping patterns, happy & easily soothed
Slow to warm up = more wary babies
Difficult (1 in 10) = hypersensitive, agitated, reactive to every sight & sound

263
Q

Temperament babies =

A

less loving caregiving (especially when mom is anxious & depressed)

bidirectional relationship

264
Q

What do women’s attachment to Baby depend on

A

Women’s attachment to Baby depends on part on partners bonding style

265
Q

How do marital problems and being a single parent affect a woman’s attachment to a baby

A

Marital problems = hard to relate to an infant in a lovingly way
Single parents = having other caring attachments critical to providing sensitive care

266
Q

Dance of attachment depends on

A

having supportive wider world

267
Q

Criticism of Bowlby and Answorth

A

“mothers solely responsible for promoting secure attachments” taking an excessively limited view

268
Q

Do babies around the world have different attachment periods , What is the rate of securely attached babies

A

Babies around world get attached to primary care caregiver at same age
Securely attached babies = 60% - 70% 2-3rd

269
Q

how Efé (communal hunter-gatherer people in Africa) unique

A

babies breast-feed from any woman but still have primary attachment to mother

270
Q

when Babies upset

A

runs to person most time spent with even if insecurely attached to that adult

271
Q

Security seeking response evoked by

A

amount of hands on caregiving, not quality

272
Q

15-month-olds that were “double insecure”

A

behavior problems in 3rd grade

273
Q

Children securely attached to only one parent

A

protected from poor mental health

274
Q

Bowlby working model concept showed

A

attachment relationships during infancy lead to how relate to other people and feel about ourselves

275
Q

Avoidant and ambivalent babies in social situations

A

Avoidant baby = aloof to friends and teachers
Ambivalent infant = needy in relationships

276
Q

Secure babies in social situation vs insecure

A

Secure babies = succeed socially,
insecure = trouble managing emotions & interpersonal difficulties

277
Q

most potent predictor of problem

A

Disorganized attachment style

278
Q

Programs that train mothers to be responsive caregivers

A

= block pathway from infant disordered attachment to disruptive preschool behaviors

279
Q

At every stage of childhood

A

At every stage of childhood = baby could transform from insecure to secure

280
Q

People who changed in attachment status

A

specific variant of gene involved in producing oxytocin

281
Q

Less environment-responsive genetic profile =

A

stable in attachment

282
Q

Romanian orphanage, what effected rate of problems

A

Damage evident if adoption occurs after six months
Socially separating but satisfy basic health needs - cut off point for deficits close to 18 months

283
Q

(Bowlby) Zone of attachment is

A

sensitive period for receiving caregiving = 7-18 months

284
Q

Longer child stays in orphanage + care of institution =

A

risk of enduring problems :Does-response effect

285
Q

“Institutionalization syndrome” symptoms and who is most likely to get them

A

more likely in boys
Reactive attachment disorder = indiscriminate friendliness
Lack of ability to focus attention - lack of stimulation delays maturation of brain

286
Q

quality of attachment during infancy =

A

foundation for healthy development throughout life.

287
Q

Attachment capabilities and human brains is

A

malleable
A negative path can be altered if deprivation is not too profound

288
Q

Example of proximity-seeking in distress

A

called mom when got fired

289
Q

phase of attachment for: 1 month old

A

Preattachment

290
Q

phase of attachment for: 5 month old

A

Attachment in the making

291
Q

phase of attachment for: 1 year old

A

Clear-cut attachment

292
Q

phase of attachment for: 4 year old

A

Working model

293
Q

One year old shows no emotion when mom leaves room, and in different one returns. What attachment style is this

A

avoidant

294
Q

Someone adopting a two-year-old from an orphanage in Haiti may have what issues and how can they be fix

A
  1. Difficulty focusing
  2. indiscriminate friendliness
  3. If boy - special trouble developing secure attachment

BUT can be muted with loving care

295
Q

A child who is 1-2 1/2 (12-30) months old is in a transitional life stage called _____.

A

Toddlerhood

296
Q

Eleven-year-old Danny has difficulty making friends. His impulsive outbursts cause other children to avoid him. Danny’s mother has alcohol problems and has spent very little time with him. Child Protective Services has intervened from time to time and placed him in temporary foster homes when her drinking became severe. Danny is MOST likely to have had a(n) _____ attachment style as a baby.

A

disorganized attachment

297
Q

economic disadvantage is often

A

the price of starting families during the very time young people are supposed to marry and give birth

298
Q

In 2014 how many children under 6 were below the poverty line

How does this change including low income familes

A

2014: 1 in 4 children under 6 = below poverty line

+ “Low-income” families = now 1 in 2

299
Q

Low income families

A

those earning within 2 times the official poverty cutoff

300
Q

Over the past 40years how has childhood poverty changed and what is one cause

A

young children are likely to live in poverty - gap in family “enrichment expenditures” has widened
Cause? Single motherhood
2013: 1 in 4 US men 25-34 = salaries below $12 / hour

301
Q

What does poverty affect in children and mothers

A

Poverty affects children’s physiology
children and mother = high levels of cortisol (stress hormone)

302
Q

Poverty most impacts what and how does being poor from 0-1 affect life

A

education = dose-response effect
Poor during 1st year of life = dramatically lower odds of graduating Highschool
Depth of deprivation and its timing matters

303
Q

Why is poverty impact on education so great

A

Parents can’t afford to provide brain stimulating activities
Technology + rising income inequalities = disadvantaged children

304
Q

What makes poverty and education situations worse

A

Crowded, dilapidated housing
Having to move repeatedly
High-crime neighborhood

305
Q

Cognitive impact evident - what study shows this

A

before children can walk

low-SES 6-month-old babies tracking visual stimuli performed worse

306
Q

Two government programs for giving disadvantaged children and in intellectual and social boost

A

Head Start:

Early Head Start:

307
Q

Head Start

A

Main goverment sponsored early childhood program - A federal program offering high-quality day care at a center and other services to help preschoolers aged 3 to 5 from low-income families prepare for school.

1965 President Lyndon Johnson as part of Great Society effort to reduce poverty

308
Q

Early Head Start

A

A federal program that provides counseling and other services to low-income parents and children under age 3.

309
Q

Two early childhood schooling and effects

A

High-quality preschool: difference in every child life
Day care: lifeline for babies in disorganized, chaotic homes
More hours per week poverty level kids spend in daycare = lower cortisol rates

310
Q

Pros and cons to interventions of poverty and childhood

A

Pros:
Programs for training poor moms to respond sensitively to babies = promote secure attachment
Cons:
underfunded - dont know when ends
Can’t erase impact of substandard elementary and chaotic home

311
Q

Recipe for loving care for impoverished moms and what is it’s effect

A

Secure attachment to caregiver + optimistic attitude = can offer child loving care which leads to further child success

312
Q

How does childcare affect us mom’s vs European moms

A

3 in 5 US mothers: return to work during babies first year
Childcare $1,000 / month = keep childcare in family
European mothers: free childcare birthright

313
Q

Paid childcare options

A

Higher nanny or babysitter
Family daycare
Licensed day-care centers:

314
Q

What is a growing type of childcare - what is the ratio of preschoolers to infants & toddlers

A

late 20th century = 1 in 2 preschoolers attend
1 in 5 infants and toddlers attend

315
Q

In 1989 what was created to study the effects of the mother’s going back to work leaving children at home

A

Developmentalists began National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care

316
Q

What was the NICHD study of early child care

A

Longitudinal study measuring attachment, academic abilities, caregiving skills, and mental heath

317
Q

What was the results of the NICHD study of early child care and one criticism

A

Results: correlations weak
Doesn’t weaken attachment bond
Middle-class toddlers = elevated cortisol level when attend full-time daycare
Long hours spent in day care = higher risk of “acting out issues”

318
Q

Child care quality in US

A

U.S. day care varies dramatically in quality

319
Q

The essence of quality daycare =

A

attachment relationship between caretakers and children
Sensitive caregiver = securely attached

320
Q

recipe of Affective caregiver and qualities :

A

Group size + lower child-teacher ratio = best

Patient
caring
empathetic
child-centered
Relate to a child in One to One Way

321
Q

Excellent childcare facilities feature what

A
  1. Predictable comforting routines - stimulate children cognitively and socially
  2. Toddlers must feel confident a familiar person is providing care
322
Q

Why are daycare centers at risk of providing inadequate care?

A

When caregivers have minimally adequate wages + paid time-off = toddlers happier & better behaved
caregivers Need freedom to make all decisions for well-being

323
Q

What factors play in choosing the best place for a kid

A

Low staff turnover
Predictable daily routine
Caregivers offer stimulation, empathy, & clear rules

324
Q

Besides the environment what affects the best place for child care

A

Consider child’s biology
Environment-responsive genetic babies = flourish in top program

325
Q

during our second year on this planet, what agendas make us human first emerge:

A
  1. We need to be closely connected,
  2. we want to be free, autonomous selves.
326
Q

Shame & Doubt

A

Erikson’s second psychosocial task, refer to the situation in which a toddler’s drive for autonomy is not fulfilled.

327
Q

Self-conscious emotions

A

Feelings of pride, shame, or guilt, which first emerge around age 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self.

328
Q

Autonomy

A

Erikson’s second psychosocial task, when toddlers confront the challenge of understanding that they are separate individuals.

329
Q

At year 2 what phase are we entering

A

we need to be closely connected + want to be free

330
Q

What is one good and bad about age 2 autonomy

A

Good - feels when forming 1st sentence
Bad - not-so-pleasent meltdowns “ terrible twos “
1 in 3 parents had kids with terrible two phase

331
Q

why is Shame & doubt important

A

vital to shedding babyhood & entering the human world

332
Q

What is an age 2 milestone in emotions that changed for year 1

A

Self-conscious emotions - age 2 milestone
Shift of emotions: from year 1 - joy, fear, & anger to year 2 pride and shame

333
Q

what is a Gift of being human and when does it start

A

capable of self-reflection (starts between 2-3)

334
Q

what is vital to socialization

A

Shame & pride

335
Q 
Developmentalists surveyed middle-class parents are change of discipline and 14 month old child versus two-year-old 
results:
A

Younger toddlers rules centered on safety, while 2 year old centered on how to act

336
Q

Early conscience improves

A

dramatically from 2 to 4 YO

337
Q

Conscience

A

the ability to adopt internal standards for our behavior, or have that little voice inside us that says, “Even though I want to do this, it’s wrong”

338
Q

Socialization

A

being taught to live in the human community.

339
Q

Differences in self-control caused by

What can help a child from immediately lashing out

A

Differences in self-control = genetically rooted + parenting

Labeling child’s emotions can help child manage disappointment with immediate lashing out

340
Q

When does a dad’s influence on socializing matter

A

Dad influence weighs heavily in socializing children at older ages

341
Q

What temperamental traits provoke early compliance?

A

Fear

342
Q

How do researchers measure toddler temperaments?

A

design situations tailored to elicit fear, anger, and joy and then observe how toddlers act

343
Q

Toddlers at high end of fearless, joyous, and angry =

A

less “morality” at 4.

344
Q

Psychologist Jerome Kagan study and results

A

longitudinal studies following toddlers w/ shy temperaments

1 in 5 middle-class European American toddlers inhibited

345
Q

Is intense shyness genetic what could be the signs

A

Intense shyness moderately genetic and see clues at early age
4 months: inhibited toddlers cry a lot
8-9 months: special trouble ignoring distracting stimuli

346
Q

Inhibited toddlers through childhood and teen years

A

fearful throughout childhood, over-focus on treating stimuli in teens
Kagan brain scan: more activity in part of brain that codes negative emotions when shown a stranger’s face on screen

347
Q

Many anxious toddlers -

A

get less inhibited as move into elementary and teens

348
Q

How to Socialize a Shy Baby

A

Be caring but provide a gentle push - expose to supportive new social situations like family daycare

349
Q

What do many parents do to try to socialize a shy child how does it fail

A

Many parents: “ treat ‘em like glass approach” - more wariness later

350
Q

What do many parents do to try to raise a rambunctious toddler how does it fail

A

Many parents: Use power assertion, or give up - counterproductive
Parents who give screaming and hitting low mark - often resort to power assertion techniques

351
Q

What works on raising a rambunctious toddler . What is an all-purpose socializer

A

2-year-old whines = reasoning and emotion coaching most effective
Disruptive behavior = firm limits, like immediate time-out
All-purpose socializer = secure attachment

352
Q

Difficult infants more likely

A

to have problems with teachers and peers

353
Q

Goodness of fit

A

An ideal parenting strategy that involves arranging children’s environments to suit their temperaments, minimizing their vulnerabilities and accentuating their strengths.

354
Q

The benefits of goodness of fit

A
  • allowed for difficult infants to shine
    Kept environment calm
355
Q

Children are genetically predisposed to be highly responsive or relatively immune to environmental events

A

Highly reactive babies = may change to difficult, because don’t like changes
Environment-responsive children in nurturing environment - performed better than laid-back peers

356
Q

With right person-environment fit

A

a child could succeed - stop labeling

357
Q

When is confrontation strong

A

strong during 2 YO

358
Q

The impulse to help, comfort, & share blossoms during what phase

A

toddlerhood

359
Q

MOST babies who attend day care:

A

are securely attached to their parents.

360
Q

Which of the following is NOT a typical behavior of toddlers?

A

patience

361
Q

What best describes 21st-century global trends in undernutrition and stunting

A

Decreasing in recent decades, but still unexpectedly high in developing world

362
Q

Six-month-old Nester adores his electronic baby seat and spends hours bouncing his legs hard to see the lights flashing on and off. Nesters behaviors examples of

A

A secondary circular reaction

363
Q

the brain changes that program humans unfolding skills are

A
  1. Snaptogenesis
  2. Myelination
364
Q

During the little scientist phase, babies engage in

A

tertiary circular reactions

365
Q

Who is most likely to breast-feed

A

People in Norway

366
Q

as babies get older they lose the

A

Ability to hear sound tones in very different languages

367
Q

If the axons in Ruth’s visual cortex have not yet fully myelinated, Ruth is

A

Less than 1 year old

368
Q

A young child who lives in poverty is most likely to be emotionally insulated by

A

Having an optimistic loving parent

369
Q

2 year old is a real handful. He just can’t sit still. How was the child most likely to react at four years old when he has preschool teacher asked the class to sit quietly during storytime

A

He will still have more trouble than other children obeying the teacher

370
Q

Sasha is a toddler. Sasha is

A

1 - 2 1/2 years old

371
Q

Francesca and her husband have adopted a child from an Eastern European orphanage. Which is a suggestion made based on the related research

A

The child is at risk of having a reactive attachment disorder

372
Q

which young child is most likely obey the rule don’t touch this toy until dinner

A

Harry an anxious child of age four

373
Q

dr. out of date is an old-style behaviorist. How do you explain one-year-old ned’s efforts to be close to his mother at all time

A

This child has a unique emotional bond with his mother

Developmental psychology (6 decks)

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