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PSY-10000 > exam 6 (last one thank EVERYTHING) > Flashcards

exam 6 (last one thank EVERYTHING) Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Disorders

A

problematic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that disrupt an individual’s sense of well being and social and occupational functioning.

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2
Q

modern perspective on mental disorders

A

based on the medical model––DSM

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3
Q

disorder

A

common set of signs and symptoms

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4
Q

disease

A

underlying pathological process affecting the body

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5
Q

etiology

A

pattern of causes for that illness

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6
Q

diagnosis

A

decision: present or not?

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7
Q

prognosis

A

typical course over time. how it will respond to treatment.

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8
Q

comorbidity

A

co-ocurrence of particular disorders

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9
Q

DSM-V (diagnostic and statistical manual 5)

A

guidelines for diagnosing the presence and severity of mental illnesses.
provides: symptomlogy, threshold and criteria to make a diagnosis, distinguishing characteristics, and the prognoses.

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10
Q

intervention-causation fallacy

A

the belief that because we intervene and symptoms recede we know the cause of the disease… but we actually do not. we don’t even cure the illness.

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11
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

integrates biological/genetic/neurological influences, psychological influences, and environmental influences

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12
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences.

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13
Q

diathesis

A

a predispositional vulnerability

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14
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

overarching DSM category. has: generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia

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15
Q

everyday “normal” anxiety

A

psychological and physiological response to stress. adaptive and evolutionary.

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16
Q

anxiety is pathological when

A

extreme duration and severity, disproportionate to real-life events, and occurs even in absence of precipitating event.

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17
Q

phobic disorder

A

persistent, excessive, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations. specific phobias include animals, environments, situations, and more.

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18
Q

etiology of phobic disorders

A

preparedness theory–evolutional
temperament based
conditioning–e.g. little albert

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18
Q

social phobia

A

fear of being publicly humiliated/embarrassed.

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18
Q

Panic disorder

A

sudden occurrence of multiple physiological and psychological symptoms producing a feeling of terror.

acute symptoms: shortness of breath, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, depersonalization, derealization, fear. symptoms are short lived.

DSM requires: recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, dread/anxiety about future attacks

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19
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of public spaces. often a comorbidity of panic disorder.

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20
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

chronic excessive generalized anxiety without a precipitating cause.

need at least 3 of: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, sleep disturbance, muscle tension

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21
Q

etiology of generalized anxiety disorder

A

modest level of heritability, neurotransmitter GABA, and stress of anxiety provoking situations

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22
Q

shared causal components of anxiety disorders

A

psychological: personality, coping styles, intellectual functioning
situational: negative life events, social learning
biological: heritability, genetics, neurotransmitters, sensitivity to chemicals

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23
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (own DSM Category)

A

two components: obsessions, compulsions

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24
Q

obsessions

A

frequent, repetitive intrusive thoughts. anxiety provoking.
examples: moral concerns, contamination

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25
Q

compulsions

A

ritualistic behaviors/actions designed to fend off the obsessive thoughts and help the anxiety
examples: checking, ordering

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26
Q

etiology of OCD

A

preparedness theory
genetic heritability
brain circuitry involved in habitual behavior

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27
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (own DSM category)

A

chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the event to mind.
symptoms: flashbacks, exaggerated anxiety and reactions, medical conditions

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28
Q

etiology of PTSD

A

trauma, increased amygdala activity, reduced activity in medial prefrontal cortex, smaller hippocampus

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29
Q

medial prefrontal cortex

A

involved in calming fear and trauma

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30
Q

DSM Category: Mood Disorders

A

includes: major depressive disorder, dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder, double depression, seasonal affective disorder

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31
Q

major depressive disorder

A

severely depressed mood and anhedonia with some combination of: feeling worthless, lethargy, appetite/weight changes, sleep disturbance, energy loss, concentration issues, guilt, thoughts of death/suicide.
need to be like this for 2 or more weeks.

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32
Q

dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder

A

same symptoms as MDD, but mild to moderate severity. present most of the day, most days, more often than not for two years or longer

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33
Q

double depression

A

mixture of MDD and dysthymia: dysthymia with periods of major depression

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34
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

seasonal depression

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35
Q

etiology of depressive disorders

A

situational components: life stressors
cognitive/behavioral components: negative cognitions (internal, stable, global), interpersonal interactions
biological components: genetics, neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, serotonin), neural structures, biological rhythms

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36
Q

DSM Category: Bipolar Disorders

A

alternating episodes of depression and mania

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37
Q

bipolar I

A

severe depression indistinguishable from MDD. periods of mania. ongoing for one or more weeks.

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38
Q

mania

A

elevated, expansive, irritable mood with increased activity level, grandiose ideas, reckless behavior, lack of sleep. psychotic features could also occur (hallucination/delusion).

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39
Q

depersonalization

A

state of feeling disconnected from your body, feelings, and environment. like you’re just watching everything happen instead of living it.

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40
Q

derealization

A

a state of feeling like the world is unreal or strange. It’s a type of dissociation, which is a disconnection between your body, thoughts, and sense of self

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41
Q

bipolar II

A

severe depression just like MDD but there’s hypomania.

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42
Q

hypomania

A

a lower level of mania, not as extreme as a full blown manic episode

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43
Q

cyclothymia

A

dysthymia and hypomania

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44
Q

rapid recycling bipolar disorder

A

four or more swings between depression and mania in one year.

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45
Q

etiology of bipolar disorders

A

highest rate of genetic heritability (polygenic, pleiotropic)
neurotransmitters: serotonin and dopamine
stressful life events

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46
Q

polygenic

A

interaction of multiple genes to create the symptoms

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47
Q

plieotropic

A

single gene susceptibility to develop disorder.

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48
Q

DSM Category: Personality Disorders

A

consistently inflexible and maladaptive pattens of thinking, feeling, and behaving or controlling impulses that:
-deviate from cultural norms
-cause distress
-impair social and occupational functioning
have four defining features:
-distorted thought patterns
-problematic emotional responses
-over/under regulated impulse control
-interpersonal difficulties

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49
Q

why personality disorders are controversial

A

-are they just unpleasant people, or are they actually people with mental illnesses?
-are these distinct types of disorders or just extremes of the big 5?

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50
Q

odd/eccentric cluster

A

dominated by distorted thinking
-paranoid
-schizoid
-schizotypal

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51
Q

paranoid

A

guarded, suspicious, hold grudges

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52
Q

schizoid

A

socially isolated, restricted emotional expression, cold + detached, no desire for social interaction

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53
Q

schizotypal

A

strange thoughts, emotionally detached, uncomfortable in social situations

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54
Q

dramatic/erratic cluster

A

impulse control and emotional regulation problems
-antisocial
-borderline
-histrionic
-narcissistic

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55
Q

antisocial

A

manipulative, exploitative, dishonest, not guilty, break social rules, higher males than females. criminals. sometimes confused with psychopathy, which is a very extreme form of this

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56
Q

borderline

A

labile, moods shift rapidly, impulse control issues, polarized world view. seem to lack a strong sense of self.

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57
Q

histrionic

A

attention seeking, seductive behavior, highly emotional, need to be center of attention, need approval of others

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58
Q

narcissistic

A

envious, need to be the center of attention, entitled, problems with self worth, lack empathy, exploitative

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59
Q

anxious/inhibited cluster

A

-avoidant
-dependent
-obsessive-compulsive

60
Q

avoidant

A

easily hurt, few close friends, like routine, avoid new things, hypersensitive

61
Q

dependent

A

need others to make choices, clingy, needy, fears being abandoned

62
Q

obsessive-compulsive (personality)

A

perfectionistic, indecisive, preoccupied with details, can’t express affection

63
Q

etiology of personality disorders

A

least understood
biologically: family history
environmentally: unstable/chaotic childhood family life. physical, sexual, and emotional abuse/neglect.

64
Q

DSM Category: Dissociative Identity Disorders

A

typical symptoms: significant memory loss, depersonalization, derealization, depression, anxiety, suicidality, lack of self identity/identity confusion/alteration

65
Q

dissociation

A

change in memory and attention–loss of memory.
pathological when: an involuntary escape from reality characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory

66
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

loss of memory, fugue state.

67
Q

fugue state

A

people become confused about identity, move away, assume new identity. can last mins/days/years

68
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

either or together: depersonalization and derealization

69
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

(previously multiple personality disorder)
2 or more distinct personalities, each with changes in behavior, memory, thinking.
usually there’s a dominant personality, and personalities don’t know each other. ongoing memory gaps. very rare.
physiological evidence: diff parts of brain active with diff personalities. diff personality responses to allergens.

70
Q

etiology of Dissociative Identity Disorders

A

(childhood) trauma that is long term, repetitive, and overwhelming.

71
Q

Schizophrenia (own DSM category)

A

psychotic disorder, affects personality, thoughts, behavior. chronic and profound.
3 categories of symptoms: positive, negative, cognitive
for diagnosis: 2 or more symptoms, continuous period of at least 1 month, persistent signs for at least 6 months
age of onset: 16-25 overall, 18-25 males, 25-30, 40 women

72
Q

positive symptoms

A

adding more than normal. delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior.

73
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs about the nature of reality. no basis in reality.

74
Q

hallucinations

A

auditory, visual, smelling, tactile

75
Q

disorganized speech

A

no lack of fluency, but rhyming (clan association) and no sense.

76
Q

grossly disorganized behavior

A

inappropriate behavior for situation

77
Q

catatonic behavior

A

stupor, decrease in motor activity, hyperactivity

78
Q

negative symptoms

A

(more typically male, harder to treat)
normal things not present. emotional and social withdrawal. avolition, alogia

79
Q

avolition

A

extreme form of apathy, not engaging with anything

80
Q

alogia

A

reduced verbal fluency and output

81
Q

cognitive symptoms

A

(harder to diagnose)
disorganized/slow thinking, deficits in attention and working memory, difficulty understanding, poor concentration, poor memory

82
Q

etiology of schizophrenia

A

genetic:
-closer relationship to someone diagnosed, higher genetic chance
neuroanatomy:
-structural differences in temporal and frontal lobes (25% less gray matter.
-brain activation levels are lower in medial frontal cortex and interior parietal cortex
neurochemicals:
-dopamine sensitivity (too much or too high sensitivity)
environmental:
-exposure to viruses, malnutrition in utero, birth problems, psychosocial factors (drug abuse)

83
Q

barriers to treatment

A

attitudinal/belief barriers
structural barriers

84
Q

attitudinal/belief barriers

A

i should be able to deal with this on my own … it’s not severe … treatment is ineffective … perceived stigma

85
Q

structural barriers

A

expense … lack of doctors … inconvenience of attending … lack of transportation

86
Q

psychoanalysis treatments

A

not solving particular problems, but dealing with life as a whole. freudian foundation.
role of unconscious, childhood experiences, insight, object relations
client-therapist relationship is critical

87
Q

insight

A

personality structure, ego functioning

88
Q

transference

A

looking for evidence that client transfers issues from their life onto therapist

89
Q

counter transference

A

therapist putting their issues onto the client

90
Q

resistence

A

therapist analyses a client’s resistance to confrontation and interpretation

91
Q

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

A

clients talk about their interpersonal behaviors and feelings. focus on improving current relationships to improve interpersonal functioning.
as compared to psychodynamic: fewer sessions, focus on present relationships, don’t accept ALL of freud.
critical issue: developing insight; intellectual/emotional

92
Q

Behavioral approaches to treatment

A

treatment based on learning theory: behavioral analysis (what triggers issues, conditions under which symptoms arise)
utilizes operant conditioning (reward/punishment).
reducing unwanted emotional responses using exposure techniques

93
Q

exposure response prevention

A

for OCD exposes you to anxiety (obsession) provoking stimulus and prevents compulsions

94
Q

systematic desensitization

A

treating a phobia. exposure technique.

95
Q

cognitive approaches

A

psychopathology understood as a function of dysfunctional thinking
-low self efficacy, negative self virtues
utilizes cognitive restructuring, focusing on:
-irrational beliefs, maladaptive cognitive processes, automatic beliefs/assumptions
-replaces negative thinking with more positive/realistic thinking
-by considering the evidence for the negative irrational thoughts

96
Q

rational emotive therapy (Ellis)

A

aka rational emotive behavioral therapy
-negative emotions are the result of interpretation of the event (cognitive restructuring)
-ABC model
-3 forms of acceptance

97
Q

ABC model

A

A: activating event
B: beliefs about the event that happened
C: consequence–emotional response to belief

98
Q

3 forms of acceptance

A

-unconditional self acceptance
-unconditional other acceptance
-unconditional life acceptance

99
Q

cognitive distortion theory (Beck)

A

cognitive distortions:
-biased/exaggerated thought patterns+beliefs
-irrational and misrepresent reality
-promote negative thinking
examples:
-polarized thinking, overgeneralization, focusing solely on negative info, disqualifying positive info, catastrophizing
Focus: becoming aware/conscious of these, identifying them and challenging them with evidence

100
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

most common therapy in USA.
acknowledges:
-there are behaviors that clients cannot control with rational thought
-but there are also ways in which rational thought can be helpful
-combines behavioral and cognitive techniques
is:
-problem focused, action oriented, transparent
effective for:
-depression, GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, PTSD, childhood anxiety/depression

101
Q

Humanistic + Existential Approaches to treatment

A

understanding of human nature: active agent subjects, fundamentally positive
root of psychological problems is: feelings of loneliness, meaninglessness, alienation due to failure to reach potential

102
Q

Person-Centered Approach (Carl Rogers)

A

true self + tendency toward growth
conditions of worth (false self)
therapists role is to provide honesty (congruence), empathy, and unconditional positive regard

103
Q

Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)

A

focus on client’s thoughts, behaviors, and experiences and the ownership/responsibility of those.
therapists role is yo be encouraging and warm
techniques are focusing, putting emotions into action (role playing) (empty chair technique)

104
Q

Systems Perspective/Approaches to Treatment

A

understands psychotherapy in the context of dysfunctional social groups
key issue: homeostasis, social units
family systems approach

105
Q

family systems approach

A

focuses on:
-subsystems/hierarchies: marital, parental, sibling
-communication patterns
-boundaries (disengaged or enmeshed)

106
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

big unknown, intervention-causation fallacy

107
Q

antipsychotic medications

A

used for schizophrenia + related disorders
-traditional: thorazine, haldol
-new: clozapine, resperidone
side effects: Tardive dyskinesia

108
Q

traditional antipsychotic drugs (sedatives)

A

thorazine, haldol
they block dopamine receptors in meso-limbic pathways
-effective against positive symptoms
-ineffective against negative ones due to under-activity of dopamine or neuroanotomical deficits

109
Q

new/atypical antipsychotics

A

clopazine, resperidone
dopamine and serotonin
-effective on positive symptoms and fairly affective for negative as well

110
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

head/neck twitching, lip smacking. from long-term anti-psychotic use.

111
Q

Anxiety medications

A

benzodiazepines

112
Q

benzodiazepines

A

valium, xanax, ativan
-facilitate the action of GABA

potentially dangerous: highly addictive, tolerance builds up quickly, dangerous when mixed with alcohol

side effects: drowsiness, coordination loss, memory issues

113
Q

psychopathology

A

sickness or disorder of the mind

114
Q

moral treatment

A

first benevolent treatment of those with mental illness. involved close contact with and careful observation of patients.

115
Q

maladaptive

A

a behavior is maladaptive when it interferes with the person’s ability to respond to situations

116
Q

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

A

defines basic domains of functioning (such as attention, social communication, anxiety) and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior.
meant to guide research rather than classify disorders for treatment.

117
Q

assessment

A

examination of a person’s cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning in order to diagnose possible psychological disorders. goal is to make a diagnosis so the person can be treated.

118
Q

family systems model

A

proposes that a person’s behavior must be considered within their social/familial context

119
Q

sociocultural model

A

views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

120
Q

internalizing disorders

A

characterized by negative emotions

121
Q

externalizing disorders

A

characterized by impulsive or out of control behavior

122
Q

Antidepressant medications

A

MAOIs, tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs

123
Q

Monomine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

A

MO is an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. so this drug inhibits that.

124
Q

tricyclics

A

reuptake inhibitor of serotonin, norepinephrine

125
Q

tricyclics+MAOI side effects

A

strong side effects. high blood pressure, constipation and difficulty urinating, blurred vision, racing heart

126
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

reuptake inhibitor of serotonin. selective means it doesn’t effect norepinephrine. effective for depression. fewer side effects than MAOI’s and tricyclics

127
Q

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRIs)

A

reuptake inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine. effective for depression. fewer side effects than MAOI’s and tricyclics.

128
Q

meds & bipolar disorder

A

antidepressants trigger manic episodes. mood stabilizers suppress the mood swings. lithium is traditional drug

129
Q

lithium

A

metal used to treat bipolar disorder. potential long term kidney and thyroid problems. requires regular monitoring of blood levels because too much is poisonous.

130
Q

Electrical convulsive therapy (ECT)

A

induce short seizures in the brain.
side effects: short term memory loss, headaches, muscle aches
highly effective temporarily for depression and bipolar disorder, more so than MAOIs or tricyclics.

131
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

powerful pulsed magnet over left/right prefrontal cortex.
minimal side effects: mild headaches, small risk of seizures, NO impact on memory or concentration
as effective as ECTs

132
Q

treppany

A

ancient practice of drilling a hole in the skull (doesn’t work to cure mental illness)

133
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

Moniz. sever connection between prefrontal lobes and inner brain structures. significant side effects: lethargy, child like behavior. there are effective modern versions, though.

134
Q

cingulotomy

A

modern version of lobotomy used for treating OCD. is more targeted–brain tissue implicated in obsessions and compulsions is removed (part of corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus)

135
Q

anterior capsulotomy

A

modern version of lobotomy used for treating OCD. disrupts the pathway between the caudate nucleus and the putamen.

136
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

targeted electrical stimulation to specific brain areas implicated in disorders. effective for severe cases of OCD and depression, also the tremors associated with Parkinson’s

137
Q

placebo

A

substance/treatment with no known medical effect. a sugar pill, effectively.

138
Q

placebo effect

A

improvement experienced when taking placebo. placebo effect increasing over time. effective in pain, nausea, asthma, phobias, depression, anxiety

139
Q

causes of placebo effect

A

regression to the mean (mood disorders cyclical), confirmation bias/expectations (feeling better once diagnosed, for example), role of empathy and warmth (human connection)

140
Q

common features for effective psychotherapy

A

insight (intellectual and emotional), quality of relationship with therapist, value of emotional expression, development of self-confidence

141
Q

learned helplessness

A

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives.

142
Q

echolalia

A

schizophrenia symptom where, while in a catatonic state, a person mindlessly repeats words they hear

143
Q

protective factors

A

prevent children from being affected by childhood stress, such as warm and nurturing parents, and other positive memories

144
Q

interpersonal therapy

A

focuses on circumstances and relationships the client tries to avoid, kind of combines cognitive and psychodynamic

145
Q

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

A

based on mindfulness meditation, focuses on work with depression and preventing relapses

146
Q

reflective listening

A

therapist repeats the clients concerns to ensure clarity

147
Q

phototherapy

A

exposure to light to reduce symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (SAD/seasonal depression)

148
Q

dialectical behavior therapy

A

combines elements of cognitive and behavioral therapy as well as mindfulness. treats personality disorders.
3 phases:
1. change extreme behaviors
2. explore past traumas
3. develop independence + self-respect

149
Q

conduct disorder

A

a childhood disorder that can be a precursor for antisocial personality disorder

PSY-10000 (6 decks)

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