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PSY-10000 > exam 4 (oh no....) > Flashcards

exam 4 (oh no....) Flashcards

1
Q

Self-Schema

A

an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self that help us efficiently perceive, organize, interpret, and use information related to ourselves. Helps us filter info so we can process things that are self-relevant over other things.

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2
Q

Self-Concept

A

The larger, overall idea we have about who we are including our beliefs and general information about ourselves. Sometimes referred to as identity. (I)

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3
Q

Working Self-Concept

A

only a certain amount of self-info can be held at once. what’s immediately available is within the working self-concept. Tends to guide behavior (ex. being american is more important to you if you are in toronto than if you were in boston) (ME)

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4
Q

cognition

A

mental activity that includes thinking and understanding that result from thinking.

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5
Q

thinking

A

the mental manipulations of of knowledge about the world

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6
Q

analogical representations

A

mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent. ex. clocks, maps

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7
Q

symbolic representations

A

abstract mental representations that do not have any physical characteristics of what they represent. usually words, numbers, or ideas.

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8
Q

mental maps

A

use symbolic and analogical representations

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9
Q

concept

A

category or class of related items consisting of mental representations of those items.

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10
Q

prototype model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: within each category there is a best example (prototype) for that category

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11
Q

prototype

A

the best example of something in a category, usually the first thing you think of. ex: dog, golden retriever

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12
Q

exemplar model

A

a way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples, they form the concept and determine category membership

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13
Q

script

A

a schema that directs behavior over time within a situation

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14
Q

stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fact processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups. can also affect ideas of the self.
contain: expectations, interpretations, judgement, standards

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15
Q

reasoning

A

organizing things and applying logic
needs truth and validity to be a sound argument

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16
Q

thinking and understanding

A

perception and memory.
integrative process (learning in light of what you already know)

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17
Q

emotions

A

ubiquitous (ever-present), immediate, subjective, evaluative, !reactions! to environmental events. feelings are part of emotions.
made of: physiological reactions, cognitive components, phenomenological experiences.

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18
Q

moods

A

diffuse, long lasting states, no specific trigger, general, affect the way we think and interpret.

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19
Q

what emotions do

A

provide context-appropriate behavior patterns. communicate internal states to others. serve adaptive, cognitive, and relationship purposes.

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20
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions influence a person’s emotional experience. ex. smile more and you might actually feel happy

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21
Q

James Lange Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus -> physiological arousal -> phenomenological experience
-implies that all emotions have different physiological signs, but that’s not true
-some feelings come before physical reactions (ex. embarrassment)

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22
Q

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus -> physiological arousal AND phenomenological experience

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23
Q

Schacter-Singer Theory /Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

stimulus-> physiological arousal -> cognitive interpretation -> phenomenological experience
-we can misattribute arousal

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24
Q

self-esteem

A

our feelings, judgements, and evaluations about our self-concept

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25
Q

motivation

A

driving force behind behavior that: activates, sustains, and directs behavior.

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26
Q

reinforcement based

A

behavior is shaped by contingencies

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27
Q

physiological motivation

A

neurobiological basis, homeostasis
-instincts (unlearned, automatic, response), needs (states of depravity), drives (to satisfy needs)

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28
Q

cognitive motivation

A

purpose, goal oriented, expectation based
-intrinsic and extrinsic

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29
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

internal, psychological

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30
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

external, for rewards

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31
Q

process of social cognition

A

is what creates/shapes our attitudes:
-attention, where you focus it
-interpretation, what meaning you give
-judgement
-memory

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32
Q

A(ffect)

A

self esteem

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33
Q

self esteem

A

feelings, judgements and evaluations about your self concept, yourself

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34
Q

B(ehavior)

A

motivation

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35
Q

motivation

A

physiological: intrinsic needs and drives
cognitive: intrinsic and extrinsic

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36
Q

C(ognition)

A

self concept

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37
Q

needs

A

to be liked, loved and belong
to be unique, special and different
for consistency, coherence and control

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38
Q

lay psychology

A

everyone is, in ways, an inner-psychologist

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39
Q

attribution of causality

A

behavior is a function of either the person or the situation. a way in which we gain a sense of control.
for others: it’s the person
for ourselves: it’s the situation

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40
Q

managing self image

A

attribution of causality, reconstructive process of memory

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41
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

overemphasizing the influence a person’s character has on a behavior they performed.

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42
Q

the actor-observer divergence

A

a cognitive bias that occurs when people explain their own behavior differently than others.

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43
Q

reconstructive process of memory

A

make past actions concurrent with the present
current emotions influence what we remember
retelling memories changes them.

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44
Q

self-serving biases

A

tendency to see ourselves more positively than we should.
strengthened or weakened by:
objective vs subjective
public vs private
aschematic vs schematic

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45
Q

more likely to self serve in cases that are

A

subjective, private, schematic

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46
Q

self-enhancing

A

always associating self with positives

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47
Q

self-effacing

A

avoiding associating self with negatives

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48
Q

counter defensiveness

A

giving away credits for positive things and actively take blame for negatives

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49
Q

false consensus

A

overestimating amount of people who believe the same thing

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50
Q

false uniqueness

A

underestimating how many people share the same traits

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51
Q

representative heuristic

A

a mental shortcut people use to make decisions based on how similar something is to a category’s typical features. conserves effort.

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52
Q

covariation theory

A

focused on attributions: situational or personal. information can be used and interpreted systematically.
uses:
1. consistency–do they do this regularly?
2. distinctiveness-do they do similar things?
3. consensus-do others do this too?

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53
Q

situational factors for cognitions leading to behaviors

A

constraints
choice

54
Q

attitudinal factors for cognitions leading to behaviors

A

origins
strength
specificity

55
Q

behaviors leading to cognitions

A

role playing (nd self vs hs self)
foot-in-the-door (little step before big step)
gradual escalation (like above but more steps)

56
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

negative aversive tension
arises because of an incongruence between any two attitudinal components
occurs with preexisting attitudes only

57
Q

basis of relationships

A

liking

58
Q

factors predicting liking

A

proximity
familiarity
similarity
attractiveness
reciprocity

59
Q

components of love

A

intimacy
passion
commitment

60
Q

conformity

A

being influenced by others/group pressure
involves:
-compliance, obedience, acceptance
affected by:
-social roles, social norms, status, cohesiveness, unanimity

61
Q

persuasion

A

change in beliefs/values in response to receiving a message

62
Q

dual process models of persuasion

A

central/cognitive route
peripheral/affective route

63
Q

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

A

the amount of effort a person puts into processing a message determines how they are likely to be persuaded

64
Q

central/cognitive route of persuasion

A

cognitive elaboration used. results in cases:
favorable thoughts-> positive attitude change
unfavorable thoughts ->negative attitude change
mix/neutral thoughts-> if peripheral cues present then attitude will change

65
Q

peripheral/affective route of persuasion

A

minimal cognitive elaboration. affective focus.
peripheral cue present-> attitudinal change
peripheral cue absent -> no change

66
Q

peripheral cue

A

superficial characteristics that can be used to persuade

67
Q

ignorance hypothesis

A

a general lack of knowledge of other groups explains stereotypes

68
Q

in-group/out-group effect

A

we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us.

69
Q

minimal intergroup paradigm

A

a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups
1) novel and arbitrary group categorization
2) anonymity and no interaction among group members
3) no direct benefits to the participant in outcome measures

70
Q

perceived out-group homogeneity effect

A

assuming everyone in the other group is the same:
-decreases the within group variability in the out-group
-increases between group differences
-does not change in-group variability

71
Q

how to counteract negative stereotypes

A

-out-group must have traits to counteract negative stereotypes
-contact must be supported by the community
-groups must be of equal status
-contact must occur at individual level
-contact should be rewarding
-SUPERORDINATE GOAL

72
Q

superordinate goal

A

goal is NOT just tolerance but actual genuine acceptance

73
Q

human behavior

A

person x situation
goal driven

74
Q

aggression

A

behavior intended to cause harm to others

75
Q

types of aggression

A

hostile/emotional/impulsive
instrumental/cognitive

76
Q

means of expression of aggression

A

physical/direct
nonphysical/indirect

77
Q

instinct/drive theory of aggression

A

aggression is inherited and biological.
no empirical support for this, freudian.

78
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

aggression is simply a response to frustration

79
Q

frustration

A

negative emotional state when goal directed behavior is blocked
OR
negative emotion that can lead to aggression

80
Q

restructuring

A

a method of problem solving in which you rework the problem to find the solution.

81
Q

mental sets

A

problem solving strategies that have worked in the past

82
Q

functional fixedness

A

having fixed ideas about the function of an object. ex. in a car crash you wouldn’t think about using the seat belt buckle to break the window.

83
Q

algorithm

A

strategy for problem solving. a guideline that, when followed correctly, will always lead to the correct answer no matter how long it takes.

84
Q

analogical problem solving

A

comparing your situation to an analogous one to find an out of the box solution

85
Q

insight

A

the sudden realization of the solution of a problem

86
Q

feeling

A

subjective experience of the emotion but not the emotion itself.

87
Q

primary emotions

A

emotions that are innate, evolutionarily adaptive, and universal across cultures. including anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt.

88
Q

secondary emotions

A

blends of primary emotions, feelings about emotions, or emotions that relate to culturally specific values or concepts. such as remorse, guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, love.

89
Q

insula

A

part of the limbic system. receives and integrates somatosensory signals from the entire body. involved in subjective awareness of bodily states

90
Q

amygdala

A

part of the limbic system. processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional behavior and reactions. comes from (evolutionarily) the need to protect ourselves from danger. has a slow path and a fast path. also involved in perception of social stimuli.

91
Q

misattribution of arousal

A

men walking across scary vs safe bridge w pretty woman.. people scared say the woman was more attractive than the ones who were not scared.
attributing your arousal to something other than the cause.

92
Q

suppression

A

attempting not to respond at all to the emotional stimulus

93
Q

rebound effect

A

people think more about something that they’re trying to suppress.

94
Q

rumination

A

thinking about, elaborating on, and becoming stuck in a cycle of undesired thoughts or feelings.

95
Q

reappraising

A

changing the meaning of something to regulate your emotional reaction to it (ex scary movie is not real, just a movie)

96
Q

self-distancing

A

creating mental distance by taking a different perspective on a situation

97
Q

display rules

A

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations

98
Q

ideal affect

A

emotional or affective states that people want to feel or that cultures especially value

99
Q

self-actualization

A

period in life when one’s dreams are accomplished

100
Q

drive

A

a psychological state that, using arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need

101
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

the principle that performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level. after that, additional arousal impairs performance.

102
Q

incentives

A

external objects or external goals that motivate behaviors.

103
Q

pleasure principle / hedonism

A

fruedian/greek. says people seek pleasure and avoid pain.

104
Q

balance theory

A

The idea that people are motivated to achieve harmony in their interpersonal relationships. A triad is balanced when the relationships are all the same direction or if two relationships are negative and one is positive.

105
Q

self-affirmation

A

a need for a sense of self that is coherent and stable

106
Q

core values

A

Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when they are aroused or threatened.

107
Q

self-determination theory

A

people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy. these three basic needs must be met in order to thrive and do the best creative work.

108
Q

social identity theory

A

in-groups consist of people who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and take pride in their group membership

109
Q

in-group favoritism

A

the tendency for people to evaluate those in the in-group more favorably than those in the out-group

110
Q

risky-shift effect

A

groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

111
Q

group polarization

A

the process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time.

112
Q

groupthink

A

The tendency of a group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the group and maintaining its cohesiveness; especially likely when the group is under intense pressure, is facing external threats, and is biased in a particular direction.

113
Q

social facilitation

A

the idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance if the required action is easy or already well learned. in cases in which the task is difficult or not learned performance is impaired.

114
Q

social loafing

A

the tendency for people to work less hard when in a group than when alone

115
Q

deindividuation

A

a state of reduced individuality, reduced self awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards due to being part of a group

116
Q

conformity

A

the altering of behaviors to align with the group

117
Q

normative influence

A

the tendency for people to conform to a group

118
Q

informational influence

A

the tendency of people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond.

119
Q

social norms

A

expected behaviors in societies

120
Q

Stanley Milgram Shock Experiment – Obedience

A

researcher told people to shock someone and they continued to do it even when the person yelled out for them to stop and even when they became unresponsive. showed the power of authority figures.

121
Q

prosocial behaviors

A

actions that benefit others. humans are prone to prosocial behaviors

122
Q

inclusive fitness

A

explains prosocial behaviors in darwinistic terms… we perform prosocial behaviors because we want the next generation to have the strength to survive so helping others gets us there in ways

123
Q

bystander intervention effect

A

the failure to offer help in a situation in which many people are witnessing something bad occurring. (better to get stranded on an empty road than the highway)

124
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

bystanders expect others to be the one who helps

125
Q

mere exposure effect

A

being exposed to a stimulus more and more will lead to a liking of it. music as example.

126
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

choosing “good or male” “bad or female” as quickly as possible with words that could be associated with either in order to test implicit attitudes toward people. example: it starts easy with words like girl or evil and then gets harder with words such as hardworking or careful.

127
Q

Berkowitz theory of aggression

A

reformulates the frustration-aggression hypothesis. frustration is an unpleasant experience that CAN but doesnt always lead to aggression.

128
Q

general affective aggression model

A

current theory of aggression.
social/situational or personal variable -> arousal, emotion, cognition and an appraisal process -> aggression or non-aggression

129
Q

social/situational variables

A

frustration, provocation, social rejection, media exposure, video game violence

130
Q

personal variables

A

gender, personality type

PSY-10000 (5 decks)

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