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PSY-10000 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sclera

A

whites of the eye

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2
Q

cornea

A

made of cells and light has to pass through it

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3
Q

aqueous humor

A

where light passes after cornea, filled with water

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4
Q

lens

A

made of cells and is flexible. does the fine focusing of the eye. because cells don’t regenerate as you get older it gets more difficult to focus sight

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5
Q

iris

A

is the color part of the eye

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6
Q

iris

A

is the color part of the eye

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7
Q

pupil

A

the middle of the iris. a hole that light passes through. when light is high it contracts. when light is low it expands.

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8
Q

vitreous humor

A

helps the eye maintain shape. can build up floaters in vision.

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9
Q

retina

A

where light is turned into neural impulses

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10
Q

fovia

A

is wherever your sight fixation is. photoreceptors are most dense here. this is why there isn’t a lot of detail in the periphery but there is on main focus.

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11
Q

optic nerve

A

where all nerve fibers are gathered together for sending signals. holes in vision where optic nerves in eyes are.

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12
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness (eye too long) can’t see far away

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13
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness (eye too short) can’t see close up

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14
Q

astigmatism

A

cornea imperfections. causes trouble focusing and distortion

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15
Q

presbyopia

A

lens stiffening as you age causing focusing sight to be difficult

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16
Q

photoreceptors

A

point towards the back of the eye. about 130 million but only 1 million go out (compression). cones and rods.

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17
Q

cones

A

need a lot of light to operate. color system.

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18
Q

rods

A

outnumbered by cones by a lot. black and white vision. used a lot more in the dark

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19
Q

ganglion cells

A

make up the optic nerve. sharpen sight. in periphery, light goes through less ganglion cells than in fovea.
- on center and off center ganglion cells

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20
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy

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21
Q

transduction

A

convert energy to neural impulses

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22
Q

perception

A

determine external world from sensory stimuli

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23
Q

sensory systems

A

vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, vestibular, kinesthesis/proprioception, somatic

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24
Q

somatic sense

A

heat, pain, pressure

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25
Q

law of specific nerve endings

A

signals on a sensory pathway are interpreted as that type of information. ex. visual nerve stimulation=light.

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26
Q

synesthesia

A

inappropriately experiencing senses

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27
Q

distal stimulus

A

reflects or radiates energy

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28
Q

proximal stimulus

A

affects sense organs

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29
Q

psychophysics

A

relate physical properties to psychology

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30
Q

detection

A

the ability to determine whether a stimulus is present

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31
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the point in which the stimulus is detectable 50% of the time

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32
Q

discrimination

A

detection of a change in intensity or quality of the stimuli

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33
Q

Discrimination laws

A

weber’s law
fechner’s law
steven’s law

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34
Q

weber’s law

A

a fraction. the more intense the stimulus the bigger the change needed for you to notice the difference.

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35
Q

fechner’s law

A

logarithmic sensation

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36
Q

steven’s law

A

stimulus’ magnitude: pain, length, brightness

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37
Q

signal detection theory

A

used to calculate discrimination
- can have hits (yes/yes), misses (no/no), false alarms (yes/no), correct rejections (no/yes)

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38
Q

dark adaptation

A

rods adapt better in darkness (D.A. curve–rods vs cones)

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39
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

we only see a bit of it because we only see what we need to see (wavelengths correspond to colors)

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40
Q

hue

A

dominant wavelength of light (what is meant by color)

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41
Q

brightness

A

amplitude, intensity

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42
Q

saturation

A

purity, quantity of primary wavelengths

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43
Q

trichromatic color vision

A

in retina there are three color receptors (cones)–red, green, and blue (long, medium, short wavelengths). connect to colorblindness.

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44
Q

colorblindness

A

some of the color associated cones don’t work properly

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45
Q

photopigments

A

rods: rhodopsin
cones: idopsins: photopsin I (red), photopsin II (green), photopsin III (blue)

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46
Q

Opponent-Process Color Vision (Hering’s Theory)

A

6 systems in 3 pairs.
Hue: red vs green , and blue vs yellow
Brightness: black vs white
Afterimages

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47
Q

Cortical Color Vision

A

Color constancy. Edwin Land Colors Collage. Projecting colors of light to create other colors.

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48
Q

Color Constancy

A

wavelengths vary (eg sunlight vs fluorescent) and occipital lobe takes the context into account

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49
Q

Pattern Recognition

A

2d proximal stimuli to 3d objects (inkblot test). first you identify features and it’s processed along different pathways then organized into objects

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50
Q

perceptual constancies

A

color constancy, size constancy, shape constancies

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51
Q

size constancy

A

people walking away aren’t perceived as becoming smaller

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52
Q

shape constancy

A

you don’t think shape changes when perspective changes (ex doors)

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53
Q

ventral stream

A

what (object recognition)

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54
Q

dorsal stream

A

where (spatial recognition)

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55
Q

serial processing

A

one thing happens at a time

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56
Q

parallel processing

A

multiple things at a time

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57
Q

gestalt organization principles

A

figure-ground, proximity, similarity, good continuation, common fate, closure, simplicity (good form)

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58
Q

figure ground

A

deciding whats object and what’s background

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59
Q

proximity

A

things together are likely to be part of something

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60
Q

similarity

A

things similar to one another are likely to be part of something

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61
Q

good continuation

A

if things meet we assume they continue on

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62
Q

common fate

A

things moving together group together

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63
Q

closure

A

(inkblot) close gaps in our perception

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64
Q

simplicity (good form)

A

complete things with simplest solution

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65
Q

subjective contours

A

white space and shapes lalalala

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66
Q

sound

A

an interpretation of movements of air

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67
Q

monocular cues (one eye)

A

relative size, linear perspective, occlusion, texture gradient, motion parallax, height in image

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68
Q

binocular (two eyes)

A

binocular disparity, binocular convergence

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69
Q

binocular disparity

A

brain takes into account that eyes are in diff places and show different images

70
Q

binocular convergence

A

the closer something gets to you the more your eyes turn in, brain uses it to tell how far

71
Q

relative size

A

we don’t assume things far away are small we just see them as further

72
Q

linear perspective

A

when we see parallel lines, them getting closer is seen as farther

73
Q

occlusion

A

one image blocking another means it’s closer

74
Q

texture gradient

A

up close texture is more detailed and it looks smoothed out when it’s far away

75
Q

motion parallax

A

when you’re moving things closer feel like they’re moving (closer=faster). things beyond fixation point feel like they’re moving in the same direction

76
Q

height in image

A

when it’s higher in a picture we see it as further away

77
Q

ponzo illusion

A

2 lines on linear perspective

77
Q

müller lyer illusion

A

lines with arrows facing in vs out

78
Q

moon illusion

A

moon seems larger at horizon, smaller overhead

79
Q

Area MT (temporal lobe)

A

area responsible for motion perception

80
Q

phi phenomenon

A

(related to common fate) interpreting movement when there isn’t any

81
Q

waterfall illusion

A

like opponent process but for down-up: watch a waterfall go down for a while and everything will feel like it’s going up

82
Q

bottom-up

A

what’s in the world to you

83
Q

top-down

A

your thoughts into the world

84
Q

interactive

A

bottom up and top down processing at the same time

85
Q

simple cells

A

respond to features in receptive field

86
Q

complex cells

A

aggregates of simple cells

87
Q

hypercomplex cells

A

aggregates of complex cells: specific shapes and combinations

88
Q

Biederman’s RBC theory

A

geons are 3d shapes and they’re recognizable then assembled together to make objects we can clearly identify. important places are where one geon ends and another begins. bottom-up processing.

89
Q

autokinetic effect

A

when you stare at something your eyes can’t stay still (ex. dark room and light looks like it’s moving… example of top-down processing experiment with movement and words)

90
Q

nativism

A

knowledge needed for perception is innate

91
Q

empiricism

A

knowledge needed for perception is learned

92
Q

visual deprivation

A

evidence that perception is learned, restricting visual inputs to a maturing organism

93
Q

visual distortion

A

evidence for learned. distorting normal vision in an experienced organism.

94
Q

redirection of visual input

A

learned. redirection of visual inputs, altering the route of neural pathways. (moving sight from occipital to frontal lobe in hampsters)

95
Q

visual agnosia/anomia

A

inability to identify objects–temporal lobe damage (visual association cortex)

96
Q

prosopagnosia

A

inability to identify faces. select part of visual association cortex (face areas)

97
Q

consciousness

A

subjective experience

98
Q

phenomenology

A

asking what consciousness feels like

99
Q

problem of other minds

A

we can’t perceive other’s consciousness, we infer from experience

100
Q

levels of consciousness

A

animal, full, self

101
Q

animal

A

some animals like rats, bugs, etc.

102
Q

full

A

cats, dogs, etc.

103
Q

self

A

our level of consciousness today, maybe primates

104
Q

cognitive unconscious

A

dynamic, lots of processes

105
Q

dual processes theory

A

fast is unconscious, slow is conscious

106
Q

endogenous attention

A

attention directed by you

107
Q

exogenous attention

A

attention captured by the environment

108
Q

early filter theory

A

attention is focused on physical aspects at first

109
Q

late filter theory

A

stimuli are processed for meaning before physicalities

110
Q

feature search

A

pop out effect-one specific feature

111
Q

conjunction search

A

combination of features

112
Q

illusory conjunctions

A

inappropriately combining traits of what you’re searching for

113
Q

change blindness

A

don’t notice changes in a scene or moment even though you’re looking directly at it

114
Q

shadowing drift

A

know most of what you’re attending to but some things slip through: naming being called

115
Q

distraction

A

music, silence, instrumental music while studying

116
Q

capacity theories

A

capacity in the mind to multitask, naturally limiting inputs when you need more focus

117
Q

automatic and controlled processing

A

cognition is less controlled and more automatic with repetition (learning to walk, drive, etc)

118
Q

stroop effects

A

attention is disrupted by irrelevant automatic processing

119
Q

choking under pressure

A

conflict of conscious and unconscious processing.

120
Q

inhibition

A

you inhibit strong but irrelevant sources of interference

121
Q

mental control

A

directing thoughts, thought suppression

122
Q

meditation

A

altered state of perception, environmental awareness is altered. benefits are reduced stress, data is suggestive but not conclusive

123
Q

concentrative meditation

A

focus on one thing

124
Q

mindfulness meditation

A

let mind wander freely

125
Q

flow state

A

in the zone, really focused so much so that nothing else is processed

126
Q

hypnosis

A

altered state of perception where experiences may be inaccurate. discovered by anton mesmer.

127
Q

hypnotic suggestions

A

ideomotor, challenge

128
Q

ideomotor

A

involuntary action, ex eyelids growing heavier

129
Q

challenge

A

voluntary action, hypnotic rigidity

130
Q

hypnotic analgesia

A

a cognitive suggestion, pain isn’t experienced like it normally is.

131
Q

glove anaesthesia

A

not feeling hand

132
Q

post hypnotic amnesia

A

forgetting after the hypnosis session

133
Q

state theory

A

says hypnosis is a form of sleep (wrong)

134
Q

sociocognitive theory

A

epiphenomenon, says people are playing a role

135
Q

neodissociative theory

A

separate parts of the mind, active part carries out commands, hidden observer

136
Q

circadian rhythyms

A

daily cycles guided by a biological clock (sleep-wake cycle)

137
Q

reticular activating system

A

regulates circadian rhythms

138
Q

circadian drift

A

at mammoth cave, no signals as to day and night but circadian rhythm still remained mostly intact it drifted slightly and they made the days longer than they actually are but upon coming out it reset

139
Q

sleep

A

an altered state of consciousness

140
Q

pre-sleep

A

hypnogogic, semi-dreamlike, hypnic jerk

141
Q

mid-sleep

A

unconscious, brain is active

142
Q

post-sleep

A

hypnopompic, sleep paralysis could occur

143
Q

to record sleep for research

A

eye movements, EMG, EEG

144
Q

stages of sleep

A

1, 2, 3, 4, REM

145
Q

Stage 1 Sleep

A

theta waves

146
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

sleep spindles, K complexes

147
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

theta + delta waves

148
Q

stage 4 sleep

A

delta waves

149
Q

REM sleep

A

theta waves + beta waves, narrative dreams, breathing and heart rate increase, muscles relaxed. aids procedural memory

150
Q

Slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

stage 3, 4, aids declarative memory

151
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

memory problems, aggressive behavior, microsleeps (brief slips into sleep, little mental processing done)

152
Q

effect of loss of REM sleep

A

you’ll have more REM sleep after you’ve been deprived

153
Q

insomnia

A

want to sleep but can’t

154
Q

narcolepsy

A

fall asleep inappropriately and in an involuntary manner

155
Q

sleep apnea

A

trouble breathing while you sleep

156
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking (more common in children) (happens during SWS)

157
Q

night terrors/sleep terrors

A

SWS emotion regulation gets out of wack

158
Q

restorative theory

A

restore body’s rescources during sleep

159
Q

evolutionary theory

A

keeps body motionless, away from predators, helps conserve resources.

160
Q

off-line neuro-processing

A

need to sleep because brain is so complicated and when we’re asleep can do more difficult tasks like memory condensation

161
Q

dreams

A

more emotional, less logical but we accept it while in the dream. poorly remembered, sensory filled.

162
Q

problem solving (dream theory)

A

cognitive, work on unresolved problems

163
Q

activation-synthesis theory (dream theory)

A

biological, brain-stem is stimulating neurons to exercise them, cortex interprets random neural firing

164
Q

wish fulfillment/psychodynamic theory

A

dreams are the royal road to the unconscious (dream interpretation)

165
Q

manifest content

A

what happens in the dream

166
Q

latent content

A

what is truly meant by what happens in the dream

167
Q

nightmares

A

not just bad dreams, but when the bad dreams wake you up. they typically follow stressful events and are caused by problems with emotion regulation.

168
Q

response bias

A

reasoning as to why one might say there is or is not a stimulus present (radiologist with signs of cancer example)

169
Q

sensory adaptation

A

like habituation except takes less time. like getting into a cold pool and you don’t feel it after a while.

170
Q

gate control theory

A

neural “gates” in the spinal cord allow pain through or block pain depending on situations. ex. you feel a bug bite when you’re trying to sleep but not when awake, or an athlete plays through an injury without realizing how bad it is.

PSY-10000 (5 decks)

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