exam 1 Flashcards
How to improve memory?
-positive attitude
-plan of attack
-get help
-study time
-over-learning
Dunning Kruger Effect
people overestimate their abilities/knowledge levels at first, so their confidence drops after failure, but then it increases with time and true competence.
Psychology
a science! mind, brain, behavior, and how they interact with each other.
all people have variability, reactivity, and complexity.
levels of analysis
cultural, social, individual, biological
animism
life giving spirit
dualism
mind and body are separate. mind=not physical
René Descartes
created modified dualism
modified dualism
animals have no soul, so some behaviors don’t need it. but for us the body controls behavior and the mind thinks.
materialism
mind is a product of the brain
empiricism
gain knowledge through experience
idealism
mind works to organize and structure thoughts
nature vs nurture
how much is due to DNA vs experience?
nativism
more of who we are/what we do is because of DNA
wilhelm wundt
founded psychology in 1879. focused on sensation and perception response times
structuralism
breaking things down into component parts. founded by Titchner (wundt’s student). about components of thought and introspection.
Titchner
wundt’s student who founded structuralism
introspection
asking what it feels like to experience something. subjective.
william james
founded functionalism
functionalism
founded by william james. questioning what role certain thoughts and behaviors play. has darwinian influence––adaptation.
freud
founder of psychoanalysis
psychoanalysis
founded by freud. focuses on the active unconscious.
active unconscious
a lot of what you experience is in the unconscious mind.
humanistic/positive psychology
founded by rogers and maslow. emphasis on positive potential of people.
rogers and maslow
founded human/positive psychology
gestalt psychology
founded by wertheimer, kohler, lewin. look at the whole of a thing–different than the sum of it’s parts.
how you think + experience is influenced by context and experience.
wertheimer, kohler, lewin
founded gestalt psychology
behaviorism
founders are pavlov, watson, and skinner. wants to focus on measuring and observing behavior. the mind is not a subject of study. uses animals in experiments.
pavlov, watson, and skinner
founders of behaviorism
cognitive
mind is open to scientific study. trying to reverse engineer the mind. keeps methodological rigor of behaviorists, not subjectiveness.
neuroscience
looking at neural structures, brain regions, and neurotransmitters.
cognitive neuroscience
combines the cognitive and neuroscience perspectives.
applied psychology
counseling, clinical health, education, industrial/organizational, social-personality
research psychology
cognitive, neuroscience, quantitative, developmental, evolutionary
psychologists
PHD, PsyD
psychiatrist
MD or DO
scientific method
description, prediction, explanation
theory
an explanation, falsifiable
occam’s razor
simplest possible explanation is the most preferred
hypothesis
derived from a theory, an educated guess
descriptive research
case studies, observational studies, surveys+questionnaires
case studies
one person, potentially insightful, not generalizable
observational studies
watching and reading over time
surveys and questionnaires
self-reported info
correlation studies
dependent variable of a pre-existing value
correlation coefficient
-1 to 1. 1 is positive, -1 is negative, 0 is no correlation.
directionality problem
what causes what: hard to determine in a correlational study
third variable problem
something else has influence over the variables, don’t know if the correlation is true
false causation
seeing causal relationships that don’t exist––
correlation≠causation
experiments
manipulate variables, measure the effect
operational definitions
define variables and measures so experiment could be recreated
independent variable
the variable that is manipulated
dependent variable
the response that is measured
control variable
tries to reduce confounding variables
between participant designs
different people, different groups. has between subject availability.
within participant designs
aka repeated measures. same person in multiple conditions (own control)
counterbalancing
even out things so effect can be net zero
random assignment
randomly place participants to null confounding effects
demand characteristics
for experimenter: is what you’re observing due to the way you’re asking questions?
expectancy effects
for participants: expectations of the participant influencing how they behave.
single blind
experimenter knows conditions, subjects don’t
double blind
neither researcher nor participants know the group (used in drug studies)(limits placebo effect)
reproducibility
same lab/same method
replicability
diff lab/same method
robustness
same lab/diff method
generalizability
diff lab/diff method
confirmation bias
we see what we expect to see– placing greater emphasis on what confirms your beliefs.
Belmont Report
1979, produces parameters under which you can ethically do research with humans
1879
psych founded
principles
informed consent
free to choose
no coercion
equal opportunity
right to withdraw
right to withhold
no needless harm
don’t lie/no deception
respect privacy
confidentiality
explain/debriefing
protect powerless+vulnerable
informed consent
you agree to be in the study
equal opportunity
everyone in the sample population has equal chance of being in the study
no needless harm
no harm without good reason
don’t lie/no deception
need a justifiable reason to lie
explain/debriefing
explain the study afterward
protect powerless and vulnerable
don’t take undue advantage
institutional review board (IRB)
made of various members. look at value of research relative to harm. one at every institution with human research.
institutional animal care and use committee
same as IRB but for animals
internal validity
can plausible alternative explanations be ruled out?
external validity
will the effect generalize beyond the study conditions?
Reliability
measures and assessments should be reliable
accuracy
nearness to actual value
precision
degree of repeatability (same value)
descriptive statistics
central tendency (average)–mean, median, mode
normal, left skew, right skew
range, standard deviation, standard error
scatterplot: pos, neg, no correlation
bar charts
categorical data only
line charts
continuous data (e.x. time)
pie chart
organizer
error bars
an indication of how much variance there is
inferential statistics
allow you to draw conclusions
type I error
false positive. say they’re different but they’re not. p < .05
type II error
false negative. say they’re same but they’re diff. power (more data).
statistically significant
if p < .05
Bayesian Statistics
assess whether null hypothesis should be rejected
assess the probability of an outcome
Best practices
open science
pre-registration
power analysis
meta-analysis
open science
sharing data and steps and more
pre-registration
say what you’ll do before you do it
power analysis
how many people will you test
meta-analysis
analyzing all data from all studies
structure of a neuron
cell body/soma
dendrites
axons
synaptic buttons
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
cell body
soma
dendrites
collect info for the cell
axons
take info out of cell
synaptic buttons/terminal branches
form junctions with other cells
myelin sheath
speeds neuro-communication
nodes of ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
white matter
bundles of myelinated neurons, parts of the brain that send info farther
gray matter
no myelin, transmitting info short distances and there’s no room for myelin
afferent neurons (sensory)
take periphery info in (outside-in)
efferent neurons (motor)
send info that’s inside outside (inside-out)
glial cells
help support neurons; provide nutrients, clean up waste, hold neurons in place, insulate neurons, remove dead neurons
CNS glial cells
ependymal
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes
PNS glial cells
satellite cells
schwann cells
ependymal
(CNS) line ventricles, make spinal fluid
astrocytes
(CNS) provide nutrients, clean waste, hold in place
microglia
(CNS) respond to infections and damage
oligodendrocytes
(CNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)
satellite cells
(PNS) provide nutrients, clean up, hold in place
schwann cells
(PNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)
neural conduction (ACTION POTENTIAL)
70 mV resting, when stimulated you get depolarization, then repolarization, then a recharging refractory period before returning to 70 mV
all or none principle
when a neuron fires it will fire, when it doesn’t it won’t
pattern of firing
some fire and some don’t (1+0 in computing, specific patterns for specific things). seizure is all. death is none.
reflective refractory period
resting of neural membrane
absolute refractory period
resetting balance of sodium and potassium in the cell
excitatory neurotransmitters
depolarizing, encourage synaptic firing
inhibitory neurotransmitters
hyperpolarizing, discourage post-synaptic firing
glutamate
excitatory, NMDA+AMPA receptors, sensory neurons, learning, deactivated by alcohol. precursor for GABA.
GABA
inhibitory, anxiety regulation, learning, receptor sites are stimulated by opiates and alcohol––binds to receptor sites it would bind to
Acetylcholine
excitatory and inhibitory. muscle movement, attention, alertness, memory (hippocampus), sleeping + REM sleep, production blocked in AD. release prevented w/ botulism, activated by nicotine, blocked by curare.
dopamine
excitatory and inhibitory, regulates motor actions, emotions (motivation and pleasure). too little is Parkinsons, too much is schizophrenia. amphetamines and cocaine block reuptake.
norepinepherine
excitatory, mood control + arousal, vigilance
serotonin
inhibitory. motion control, dreaming, pain regulation. prozac blocks reuptake, sites stimulated with LSD
endorphins
inhibitory, pain regulation, reward. opioids simulate endorphins. blocked by naloxone.
agonists
accentuators. aid neurotransmitter action, reuptake blocker or receptor binding
antagonists
diminishers. impede neurotransmitter action. neurotransmitters breakdown in synapse, receptor blocking.
re-uptake
presynaptic absorption of unused neurotransmitters
learning
altered connections
pruning
plasticity
neurogenesis
altered connections
dendrites usually change with learning
pruning
fewer connections now then when younger (incomplete pruning is theory for synesthesia)
plasticity
constantly being modified and developed
neurogenesis
new neurons being created in hippocampus for learning and representing new information.
endocrine system
nervous system influences glands (pituitary gland, signals from hypothalamus). glands secrete hormones for global effects.
nervous system
peripheral and central and spiderweb out from there
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
deliberate actions
autonomic nervous system
things you do but are unaware of (ex breathing)
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid and ventricles and meninges
blood-brain barrier
spinal cord does higher-order processing
brain is most prominent
meninges
meningitis is a breakdown of meninges
higher order processing
reflexes
major brain areas
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
hindbrain
brain stem, medulla, reticular formation, pons, cerebellum
brain stem
oldest part of brain
made of myelencephalon
medulla
heartbeat, blood circulation, respiration : made of myelencephalon
reticular formation
circadian rhythms : made of myelencephalon
pons
relays sensory info, controls respiration : metencephalon
cerebellum
fine motor control, coordination, balance : metencephalon
midbrain
reticular activating system (RAS)
superior + inferior colliculi
reticular activating system (RAS)
arousal and sleep-wake states : tegmentum
tegmentum
RAS and movement
superior and inferior colliculi
vision and hearing : tectum
tectum
superior + inferior colliculi
substantia nigara
reward, addiction, movement
myelencephalon
medulla, reticular formation
metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
assessing structure of brain
post mortem examination, CT scan, MRI scans, DTI (diffuser temperature imaging)
Electrical measures to assess brain
single cell recording, EEG recordings, MEG scan (magnetoencephalography), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
assessing brain blood flow
position emission tomography (PET scan), fMRI (functional MRI), NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy), light on scalp and see light scatter
neurological assessment measures
abrasion and lesions (surgically remove part of brain)
forebrain
diencephalon, telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
appearance of brain
bulge, valley
brain is wrinkled to fit a large “sheet” of neurons into small surface area.
bulge
ridge or gyrus
valley
fissure or sulcus
diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus
thalamus
receives and integrates sensory information (post office of brain). smell does NOT go through here.
hypothalamus
homeostasis: temp satiety, fluids
motivation: thirst, hunger, aggression
telencephalon
basal ganglia, limbic structures
basal ganglia
many structures: globus pallidus, striatum, putamen, cavdate nucleus
movement control (large movements)
motor learning (muscle memory)
limbic structures
hippocampus, amygdala
hippocampus
important for conscious learning (declarative)
amygdala
important for emotions, fear and aggression. connected to olfactory system (smell to emotions). smell goes through here instead of thalamus.
Insula
gustatory processes
emotion and empathy
many connections
Phrenology
means study of the mind. DISCREDITED––Francis Gall. “if you’re good at something that part of the brain gets bigger”.
lobes of the cortex
occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal, frontal
occipital lobe
in the back of the skull: vision
temporal lobe
on the side: long term memory
parietal lobe
on the top: spatial, sensory, working memory, processing
frontal lobe
controls thought and motion
- last part to develop is first to go away
Phineas Gage
case study. in an accident rod went through his head and he could no longer control emotions: his frontal lobe was damaged.
sensory cortex
in front of parietal lobe, has receptors from all over body, amount of lobe per body part proportional to sensitivity of that body part
motor cortex
back of frontal lobe, amount of cortex per body part proportional to how much it does and how much control we need.
mirror neurons
in frontal and parietal lobe, near motor and sensory cortexes.
watching another’s actions leads to action understanding, speech perception, imitation, empathy
leads to phantom limb
phantom limb
feeling in removed limb still there because of neurons in motor and sensory cortices even though arm is gone.
george a. miller
launched the cognitive psychology movement with his book “cognitive psychology”
experimentation averse
a tendency for people to prefer to receive an untested treatment than to participate in a randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.
broca’s area
left frontal region of the brain, responsible for language production
corpus callosum
bridge of axons that connects the hemispheres of the brain
split brain
procedure where you cut the corpus callosum
pituitary gland
located at base of hypothalamus, sends signals to the rest of the hormone glands
