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PSY-10000 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How to improve memory?

A

-positive attitude
-plan of attack
-get help
-study time
-over-learning

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2
Q

Dunning Kruger Effect

A

people overestimate their abilities/knowledge levels at first, so their confidence drops after failure, but then it increases with time and true competence.

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3
Q

Psychology

A

a science! mind, brain, behavior, and how they interact with each other.
all people have variability, reactivity, and complexity.

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4
Q

levels of analysis

A

cultural, social, individual, biological

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5
Q

animism

A

life giving spirit

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6
Q

dualism

A

mind and body are separate. mind=not physical

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7
Q

René Descartes

A

created modified dualism

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8
Q

modified dualism

A

animals have no soul, so some behaviors don’t need it. but for us the body controls behavior and the mind thinks.

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9
Q

materialism

A

mind is a product of the brain

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10
Q

empiricism

A

gain knowledge through experience

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11
Q

idealism

A

mind works to organize and structure thoughts

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12
Q

nature vs nurture

A

how much is due to DNA vs experience?

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13
Q

nativism

A

more of who we are/what we do is because of DNA

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14
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

founded psychology in 1879. focused on sensation and perception response times

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15
Q

structuralism

A

breaking things down into component parts. founded by Titchner (wundt’s student). about components of thought and introspection.

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16
Q

Titchner

A

wundt’s student who founded structuralism

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17
Q

introspection

A

asking what it feels like to experience something. subjective.

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18
Q

william james

A

founded functionalism

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19
Q

functionalism

A

founded by william james. questioning what role certain thoughts and behaviors play. has darwinian influence––adaptation.

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20
Q

freud

A

founder of psychoanalysis

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21
Q

psychoanalysis

A

founded by freud. focuses on the active unconscious.

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22
Q

active unconscious

A

a lot of what you experience is in the unconscious mind.

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23
Q

humanistic/positive psychology

A

founded by rogers and maslow. emphasis on positive potential of people.

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24
Q

rogers and maslow

A

founded human/positive psychology

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25
Q

gestalt psychology

A

founded by wertheimer, kohler, lewin. look at the whole of a thing–different than the sum of it’s parts.
how you think + experience is influenced by context and experience.

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26
Q

wertheimer, kohler, lewin

A

founded gestalt psychology

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27
Q

behaviorism

A

founders are pavlov, watson, and skinner. wants to focus on measuring and observing behavior. the mind is not a subject of study. uses animals in experiments.

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28
Q

pavlov, watson, and skinner

A

founders of behaviorism

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29
Q

cognitive

A

mind is open to scientific study. trying to reverse engineer the mind. keeps methodological rigor of behaviorists, not subjectiveness.

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30
Q

neuroscience

A

looking at neural structures, brain regions, and neurotransmitters.

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31
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

combines the cognitive and neuroscience perspectives.

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32
Q

applied psychology

A

counseling, clinical health, education, industrial/organizational, social-personality

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33
Q

research psychology

A

cognitive, neuroscience, quantitative, developmental, evolutionary

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34
Q

psychologists

A

PHD, PsyD

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35
Q

psychiatrist

A

MD or DO

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36
Q

scientific method

A

description, prediction, explanation

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37
Q

theory

A

an explanation, falsifiable

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38
Q

occam’s razor

A

simplest possible explanation is the most preferred

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39
Q

hypothesis

A

derived from a theory, an educated guess

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40
Q

descriptive research

A

case studies, observational studies, surveys+questionnaires

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41
Q

case studies

A

one person, potentially insightful, not generalizable

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42
Q

observational studies

A

watching and reading over time

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43
Q

surveys and questionnaires

A

self-reported info

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44
Q

correlation studies

A

dependent variable of a pre-existing value

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45
Q

correlation coefficient

A

-1 to 1. 1 is positive, -1 is negative, 0 is no correlation.

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46
Q

directionality problem

A

what causes what: hard to determine in a correlational study

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47
Q

third variable problem

A

something else has influence over the variables, don’t know if the correlation is true

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48
Q

false causation

A

seeing causal relationships that don’t exist––
correlation≠causation

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49
Q

experiments

A

manipulate variables, measure the effect

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50
Q

operational definitions

A

define variables and measures so experiment could be recreated

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51
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated

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52
Q

dependent variable

A

the response that is measured

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53
Q

control variable

A

tries to reduce confounding variables

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54
Q

between participant designs

A

different people, different groups. has between subject availability.

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55
Q

within participant designs

A

aka repeated measures. same person in multiple conditions (own control)

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56
Q

counterbalancing

A

even out things so effect can be net zero

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57
Q

random assignment

A

randomly place participants to null confounding effects

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58
Q

demand characteristics

A

for experimenter: is what you’re observing due to the way you’re asking questions?

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59
Q

expectancy effects

A

for participants: expectations of the participant influencing how they behave.

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60
Q

single blind

A

experimenter knows conditions, subjects don’t

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61
Q

double blind

A

neither researcher nor participants know the group (used in drug studies)(limits placebo effect)

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62
Q

reproducibility

A

same lab/same method

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63
Q

replicability

A

diff lab/same method

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64
Q

robustness

A

same lab/diff method

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65
Q

generalizability

A

diff lab/diff method

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66
Q

confirmation bias

A

we see what we expect to see– placing greater emphasis on what confirms your beliefs.

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67
Q

Belmont Report

A

1979, produces parameters under which you can ethically do research with humans

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68
Q

1879

A

psych founded

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69
Q

principles

A

informed consent
free to choose
no coercion
equal opportunity
right to withdraw
right to withhold
no needless harm
don’t lie/no deception
respect privacy
confidentiality
explain/debriefing
protect powerless+vulnerable

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70
Q

informed consent

A

you agree to be in the study

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71
Q

equal opportunity

A

everyone in the sample population has equal chance of being in the study

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72
Q

no needless harm

A

no harm without good reason

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73
Q

don’t lie/no deception

A

need a justifiable reason to lie

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74
Q

explain/debriefing

A

explain the study afterward

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75
Q

protect powerless and vulnerable

A

don’t take undue advantage

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76
Q

institutional review board (IRB)

A

made of various members. look at value of research relative to harm. one at every institution with human research.

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77
Q

institutional animal care and use committee

A

same as IRB but for animals

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78
Q

internal validity

A

can plausible alternative explanations be ruled out?

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79
Q

external validity

A

will the effect generalize beyond the study conditions?

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80
Q

Reliability

A

measures and assessments should be reliable

81
Q

accuracy

A

nearness to actual value

82
Q

precision

A

degree of repeatability (same value)

83
Q

descriptive statistics

A

central tendency (average)–mean, median, mode
normal, left skew, right skew
range, standard deviation, standard error
scatterplot: pos, neg, no correlation

84
Q

bar charts

A

categorical data only

85
Q

line charts

A

continuous data (e.x. time)

86
Q

pie chart

A

organizer

87
Q

error bars

A

an indication of how much variance there is

88
Q

inferential statistics

A

allow you to draw conclusions

89
Q

type I error

A

false positive. say they’re different but they’re not. p < .05

90
Q

type II error

A

false negative. say they’re same but they’re diff. power (more data).

91
Q

statistically significant

A

if p < .05

92
Q

Bayesian Statistics

A

assess whether null hypothesis should be rejected
assess the probability of an outcome

93
Q

Best practices

A

open science
pre-registration
power analysis
meta-analysis

94
Q

open science

A

sharing data and steps and more

95
Q

pre-registration

A

say what you’ll do before you do it

96
Q

power analysis

A

how many people will you test

97
Q

meta-analysis

A

analyzing all data from all studies

98
Q

structure of a neuron

A

cell body/soma
dendrites
axons
synaptic buttons
myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier

99
Q

cell body

A

soma

100
Q

dendrites

A

collect info for the cell

101
Q

axons

A

take info out of cell

102
Q

synaptic buttons/terminal branches

A

form junctions with other cells

103
Q

myelin sheath

A

speeds neuro-communication

104
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

105
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated neurons, parts of the brain that send info farther

106
Q

gray matter

A

no myelin, transmitting info short distances and there’s no room for myelin

107
Q

afferent neurons (sensory)

A

take periphery info in (outside-in)

108
Q

efferent neurons (motor)

A

send info that’s inside outside (inside-out)

109
Q

glial cells

A

help support neurons; provide nutrients, clean up waste, hold neurons in place, insulate neurons, remove dead neurons

110
Q

CNS glial cells

A

ependymal
astrocytes
microglia
oligodendrocytes

111
Q

PNS glial cells

A

satellite cells
schwann cells

112
Q

ependymal

A

(CNS) line ventricles, make spinal fluid

113
Q

astrocytes

A

(CNS) provide nutrients, clean waste, hold in place

114
Q

microglia

A

(CNS) respond to infections and damage

115
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

(CNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)

116
Q

satellite cells

A

(PNS) provide nutrients, clean up, hold in place

117
Q

schwann cells

A

(PNS) insulate neurons (myelin sheath)

118
Q

neural conduction (ACTION POTENTIAL)

A

70 mV resting, when stimulated you get depolarization, then repolarization, then a recharging refractory period before returning to 70 mV

119
Q

all or none principle

A

when a neuron fires it will fire, when it doesn’t it won’t

120
Q

pattern of firing

A

some fire and some don’t (1+0 in computing, specific patterns for specific things). seizure is all. death is none.

121
Q

reflective refractory period

A

resting of neural membrane

122
Q

absolute refractory period

A

resetting balance of sodium and potassium in the cell

123
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

depolarizing, encourage synaptic firing

124
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

hyperpolarizing, discourage post-synaptic firing

125
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory, NMDA+AMPA receptors, sensory neurons, learning, deactivated by alcohol. precursor for GABA.

126
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory, anxiety regulation, learning, receptor sites are stimulated by opiates and alcohol––binds to receptor sites it would bind to

127
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitatory and inhibitory. muscle movement, attention, alertness, memory (hippocampus), sleeping + REM sleep, production blocked in AD. release prevented w/ botulism, activated by nicotine, blocked by curare.

128
Q

dopamine

A

excitatory and inhibitory, regulates motor actions, emotions (motivation and pleasure). too little is Parkinsons, too much is schizophrenia. amphetamines and cocaine block reuptake.

129
Q

norepinepherine

A

excitatory, mood control + arousal, vigilance

130
Q

serotonin

A

inhibitory. motion control, dreaming, pain regulation. prozac blocks reuptake, sites stimulated with LSD

131
Q

endorphins

A

inhibitory, pain regulation, reward. opioids simulate endorphins. blocked by naloxone.

132
Q

agonists

A

accentuators. aid neurotransmitter action, reuptake blocker or receptor binding

133
Q

antagonists

A

diminishers. impede neurotransmitter action. neurotransmitters breakdown in synapse, receptor blocking.

134
Q

re-uptake

A

presynaptic absorption of unused neurotransmitters

135
Q

learning

A

altered connections
pruning
plasticity
neurogenesis

136
Q

altered connections

A

dendrites usually change with learning

137
Q

pruning

A

fewer connections now then when younger (incomplete pruning is theory for synesthesia)

138
Q

plasticity

A

constantly being modified and developed

139
Q

neurogenesis

A

new neurons being created in hippocampus for learning and representing new information.

140
Q

endocrine system

A

nervous system influences glands (pituitary gland, signals from hypothalamus). glands secrete hormones for global effects.

141
Q

nervous system

A

peripheral and central and spiderweb out from there

142
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

143
Q

somatic nervous system

A

deliberate actions

144
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

things you do but are unaware of (ex breathing)
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system

145
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

146
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

147
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid and ventricles and meninges
blood-brain barrier
spinal cord does higher-order processing
brain is most prominent

148
Q

meninges

A

meningitis is a breakdown of meninges

149
Q

higher order processing

A

reflexes

150
Q

major brain areas

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

151
Q

hindbrain

A

brain stem, medulla, reticular formation, pons, cerebellum

152
Q

brain stem

A

oldest part of brain
made of myelencephalon

153
Q

medulla

A

heartbeat, blood circulation, respiration : made of myelencephalon

154
Q

reticular formation

A

circadian rhythms : made of myelencephalon

155
Q

pons

A

relays sensory info, controls respiration : metencephalon

156
Q

cerebellum

A

fine motor control, coordination, balance : metencephalon

157
Q

midbrain

A

reticular activating system (RAS)
superior + inferior colliculi

158
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

arousal and sleep-wake states : tegmentum

159
Q

tegmentum

A

RAS and movement

160
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

vision and hearing : tectum

161
Q

tectum

A

superior + inferior colliculi

162
Q

substantia nigara

A

reward, addiction, movement

163
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla, reticular formation

164
Q

metencephalon

A

pons, cerebellum

165
Q

assessing structure of brain

A

post mortem examination, CT scan, MRI scans, DTI (diffuser temperature imaging)

166
Q

Electrical measures to assess brain

A

single cell recording, EEG recordings, MEG scan (magnetoencephalography), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

167
Q

assessing brain blood flow

A

position emission tomography (PET scan), fMRI (functional MRI), NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy), light on scalp and see light scatter

168
Q

neurological assessment measures

A

abrasion and lesions (surgically remove part of brain)

169
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon, telencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala

170
Q

appearance of brain

A

bulge, valley
brain is wrinkled to fit a large “sheet” of neurons into small surface area.

171
Q

bulge

A

ridge or gyrus

172
Q

valley

A

fissure or sulcus

173
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

174
Q

thalamus

A

receives and integrates sensory information (post office of brain). smell does NOT go through here.

175
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis: temp satiety, fluids
motivation: thirst, hunger, aggression

176
Q

telencephalon

A

basal ganglia, limbic structures

177
Q

basal ganglia

A

many structures: globus pallidus, striatum, putamen, cavdate nucleus
movement control (large movements)
motor learning (muscle memory)

178
Q

limbic structures

A

hippocampus, amygdala

179
Q

hippocampus

A

important for conscious learning (declarative)

180
Q

amygdala

A

important for emotions, fear and aggression. connected to olfactory system (smell to emotions). smell goes through here instead of thalamus.

181
Q

Insula

A

gustatory processes
emotion and empathy
many connections

182
Q

Phrenology

A

means study of the mind. DISCREDITED––Francis Gall. “if you’re good at something that part of the brain gets bigger”.

183
Q

lobes of the cortex

A

occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal, frontal

184
Q

occipital lobe

A

in the back of the skull: vision

185
Q

temporal lobe

A

on the side: long term memory

186
Q

parietal lobe

A

on the top: spatial, sensory, working memory, processing

187
Q

frontal lobe

A

controls thought and motion
- last part to develop is first to go away

188
Q

Phineas Gage

A

case study. in an accident rod went through his head and he could no longer control emotions: his frontal lobe was damaged.

189
Q

sensory cortex

A

in front of parietal lobe, has receptors from all over body, amount of lobe per body part proportional to sensitivity of that body part

190
Q

motor cortex

A

back of frontal lobe, amount of cortex per body part proportional to how much it does and how much control we need.

191
Q

mirror neurons

A

in frontal and parietal lobe, near motor and sensory cortexes.
watching another’s actions leads to action understanding, speech perception, imitation, empathy
leads to phantom limb

192
Q

phantom limb

A

feeling in removed limb still there because of neurons in motor and sensory cortices even though arm is gone.

193
Q

george a. miller

A

launched the cognitive psychology movement with his book “cognitive psychology”

194
Q

experimentation averse

A

a tendency for people to prefer to receive an untested treatment than to participate in a randomized study to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

195
Q

broca’s area

A

left frontal region of the brain, responsible for language production

196
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge of axons that connects the hemispheres of the brain

197
Q

split brain

A

procedure where you cut the corpus callosum

198
Q

pituitary gland

A

located at base of hypothalamus, sends signals to the rest of the hormone glands

PSY-10000 (5 decks)

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