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Astrology flashcards
1
Q

Rocky Planets

  1. Distance from sun
  2. Size
  3. Mass
  4. Composition
  5. Density
A
  1. Close
  2. Small
  3. Small
  4. Rocky
  5. High
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2
Q

Gas Planets

  1. Distance from sun
  2. Size
  3. Mass
  4. Composition
  5. Density
A
  1. Far
  2. Large
  3. Large
  4. Solar-like
  5. Low
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3
Q

What is a simple rule that gives the distance of the planets to the Sun?

A

Bode’s Law

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4
Q

What does Bode’s Law tell us?

A

Predicted that there should be a planet between Mars and Jupiter, but it turned out to be the asteroid belt.

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5
Q

What is the order of the planets?

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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6
Q

What are the 4 challenges about the formation of the solar system?

A
  1. Patterns of Motion
  2. Categorizing Planets
  3. Asteroids and Comets
  4. Exceptions to the Rules
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7
Q

look at 4 challenges sg

A

do it before test

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8
Q

How was our solar system formed?

A

it was formed from a cloud of gas and dust

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9
Q

What is a pre-star which emits energy by light and infrared rays?

A

Protosun

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10
Q

What is it when gas and dust come together to form our solar system?

A

Accretion

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11
Q

Why is our sun a second generation star?

A

Another star erupted and the remains came together to form our sun

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12
Q

What are impact craters evidence of?

A

Collisions of planetsimals

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13
Q

What are the shapes of the moons in our solar system?

A

Some are spherical and some are potato shaped

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14
Q

What are asteroids and comets?

A

Asteroids are rocks and comets are dirty snowballs

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15
Q

What causes shooting stars?

A

Meteoroids falling into the Earth’s atmosphere and burn up

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16
Q

What is the trail of light the burning meteoroid produces?

A

Meteor

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17
Q

What are tiny bits of dust and rock?

A

Meteorites

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18
Q

What are energy-carry waves emitted by vibrating electrons?

A

Electromagnetic Waves

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19
Q

What are two models of light?

A
  1. Electromagnetic Waves

2. Photons

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20
Q

What is the distance between two successive peaks in a wave?

A

Wavelength

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21
Q

What is the maximum departure of a wave from the undisturbed state?

A

Amplitude

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22
Q

What is the amount of time for a wave to repeat itself at a specific point in space?

A

Wave Period

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23
Q

What is the number of wave crests passing a given point per unit time?

A

Frequency

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24
Q

What makes up the Electromagnetic Spectrum?

A

Wavelength and amplitude

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25
Q

What is a range of light waves extending in wavelength from radio waves to gamma rays?

A

Visible Spectrum

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26
Q

What are examples of things that create a spectra?

A
  1. Prism
  2. Raindrops
  3. CD’s
  4. Diffraction Grating
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27
Q

What is another way to produce a spectra

A

break “white light” into individual colors

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28
Q

Draw an atom

A

check sg

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29
Q

How do like and opposite charges react to each other?

A

Like charges repel and opposites attract

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30
Q

What are particles that transmit light?

A

Photons

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31
Q

What is the change in wavelength of light due to motion of the source of light?

A

The Doppler Effect

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32
Q

What is it called when objects move faster than the waves they produce?

A

Sonic Boom

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33
Q

How does the Doppler Effect help us measure a star’s motion?

A

It causes red shifts and blue shifts. The red shifts are objects moving away from Earth and the blue shifts are the objects moving towards the Earth.

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34
Q

What happens as an object is heated?

A

Their color and brightness changes

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35
Q

What can we learn from a stars spectrum?

A

It tells us if a star is moving towards or away form Earth

36
Q

What are the colors of the coolest to the hottest stars?

A

The hottest color is blue and the coolest is red/orange

37
Q

What is the bending of light rays upon passing from one transparent medium to another?

A

Refraction

38
Q

What is the place where light rays converge to a point?

A

Focal Point

39
Q

What is the distance from a curved mirror or lens to its focus?

A

Focal Length

40
Q

Draw a label the lens image

A

See SG

41
Q

What are the two lens called in a refracting telescope?

A
  1. Objective lens

2. Eyepiece

42
Q

List and describe the reasons we use a telescope

A
  1. Brighten - To make things brighter
  2. Magnify - To make things bigger
  3. Resolve - To make things clearer
43
Q

How does a focal length and diameter affect brightness, magnification, and resolve?

A

Telescopes with a larger diameter are able to resolve smaller objects. The larger the diameter, the more details you can see.

44
Q

What do stars twinkle?

A

They twinkle due to turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere

45
Q

What is meant by invisible astronomy?

A

Things we can’t see from the naked eye

46
Q

What does light pollution do?

A

It makes it difficult to see stars in the city

47
Q

What are stars that are formed out of enormous volumes of dust and gas?

A

Nebula

48
Q

How does a supernova affect the birth of a star?

A

Their explosions in cold, dark nebulae trigger the birth of a star

49
Q

What is the importance of a star’s color?

A

It tells us how hot the star is

50
Q

What does the HR diagram identify?

A

The size of the star

51
Q

Draw the HR diagram and label where the following are found on the diagram

a. Main Sequence
b. Giant-Super giant
c. White Dwarf

A

See SG

52
Q

Where do stars spend most of their time on the HR diagram?

A

The upper left to the lower right

53
Q

What is the main sequence of stars where outward thermal pressure is exactly balanced by the inward force of gravity?

A

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

54
Q

What are the main sequence of stars in terms of energy production?

A

Hydrogen fusing into helium

55
Q

What happens when hydrogen fusion ceases?

A

The star can no longer support its weight. The weight from the outer layers compresses hydrogen into layers just outside the core enough to initiate shell hydrogen fusion. The extra internal heat causes the outer layers to expand into a giant star.

56
Q

How does the mass of a star affect how long it “lives”?

A

The bigger the star, the faster it dies

57
Q

What type of fusion begins at the center of a giant?

A

Helium fusion

58
Q

What is the explosive burning of helium in the case of a star of low mass that occurs when the core is so dense that the matter has become degenerate?

A

Helium Flash

59
Q

Describe how low mass stars die. What do they form?

A
  1. Their core burns out

2. They form a planetary nebula and a white dwarf

60
Q

What happens to low mass stars before they become a planetary nebula?

A

They expand into red giants/ supergiants

61
Q

What do low mass stars expand into?

A

Planetary Nebula

62
Q

What supports stable stars?

A

Gas pressure, radiation pressure, and electron degeneracy pressure

63
Q

What happens when a low mass star loses hydrostatic equilibrium?

A

There is a gravitational contraction of the core. Temporary, nuclear fusion-based stability, surrounding the planetary nebula disperses. Then the remaining core becomes a white dwarf.

64
Q

What is a relatively gentle explosion of hydrogen gas on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary star system?

A

A nova

65
Q

When does a nova occur?

A

It occurs when the white dwarf steals mass from its companion and the external layers quickly ignite and shine brightly.

66
Q

What do a series of fusion reactions lead to?

A

Luminous supergiants

67
Q

How do high mass stars die?

A

They die violently by blowing themselves apart in supernova explosions

68
Q

How long do remnants of supernova explosions last?

A

They can be detected for millennials afterwards

69
Q

What happens to white dwarfs in close binary systems?

A

Type I supernova happens

70
Q

What happens to the cores of Type II supernova?

A

They become neutron stars

71
Q

What are supernova remnant cores that are highly compressed clumps of neutrons?

A

Neutron Stars

72
Q

What are rapidly spinning neutron stars?

A

Pulsars

73
Q

What did radio waves emitted by pulsars lead scientists to believe at one time?

A

They thought it was evidence of an alien civilization’s communication system called LGM

74
Q

How does Einstein’s theory of relativity affect your description of physical reality?

A

It is the same regardless of the velocity at which you move

75
Q

How does mass affect space and what does it result in?

A

Mass warps space and resulting in light traveling in curved paths

76
Q

How is the speed of light measured regardless of speed or direction?

A

The speed of light will always be they same

77
Q

How does the speed of light affect the length of an object?

A

It decreases as its speed increases

78
Q

How does the speed of light affect the clocks?

A

The faster you go, the slower time goes

79
Q

How does the speed of light affect the mass of an object?

A

As an object approaches the speed of light, it becomes infinitely massive

80
Q

What does the theory of relativity do to the space time fabric? What does this predict?

A
  1. Mass warps space resulting in light traveling in curved paths
  2. It predicts black holes
81
Q

Explain how the theory of relativity is right?

A
  1. Light is measurably deflected by the Sun’s gravitational curving of spacetime
  2. Extremely accurate clocks run more slowly when being flown in airplanes
  3. Some stars have their spectra shifted due to gravity
  4. If we apply it to a collapsing stellar core, we find that it can be sufficiently dense to trap light in its gravity
82
Q

What is located at the center of most galaxies?

A

A supermassive black hole

83
Q

Explain how primordial black holes may have formed the universe?

A

The Big Bang might have been chaotic and powerful enough to have compressed tiny knots of matter into primordial black holes

84
Q

What is the shell from within light cannot escape?

A

The Event Horizon

85
Q

What are ripples in spacetime which carry energy away from black holes?

A

Gravitational Waves

86
Q

What are the three properties of a black hole?

A
  1. Mass
  2. Angular Momentum
  3. Electrical Charge
87
Q

What would it be like to fall into a black hole?

A

It is an infinite voyage as gravitational tidal forces pull spacetime in such a way that time becomes infinitely long

Astrology & Geology (10 decks)

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