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Cell Bio > Exam 5 vocab > Flashcards

Exam 5 vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parent strand

A

provide a platform for complementary base pairing to form a new duplex.

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2
Q

template

A

The parent strands provide a platform for complementary base pairing to form a new duplex

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3
Q

daughter strand

A

Need dNTP to be synthesized. Is the copied strand.

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4
Q

DNAPol I

A

`prokaryotic removes and replaces the primer. remove RNA primers and replace with DNA.

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5
Q

DNAPol III

A

Prokaryotic major replication polymerase. synthesize DNA daughter strands

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6
Q

DNA Pol alpha

A

initiates replication by synthesizing the primer. aka primase. short DNA stretches on the RNA primer

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7
Q

DNA Pol beta

A

replaces nucleotide in DNA repair. (BER)

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8
Q

DNA Pol sigma

A

major replication polymerase lagging strand

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9
Q

DNA Pol epsilon

A

major replication polymerase leading strand.

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10
Q

Primer

A

short single stranded DNA or RNA with free 3’ OH group that allows linkage. required to start replication. RNA primers are the lagging strand start site.

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11
Q

Helicase

A

unwinds strands in DNA replication

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12
Q

RPA

A

(replication protein A) Is a protein that protect ssDNA and stem loops during DNA repair. eukaryotic

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13
Q

ssDNA BP

A

prevents stem loops. Prokaryotic

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14
Q

RFC

A

is the protein that enables PCNA to move onto the next okazaki fragment during polymerase exchange.

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15
Q

PCNA clamp

A

is loaded by replication factor C. coordinate travel of both polymerases into the fork during DNA replication

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16
Q

Primase

A

aka DNA Pol alpha. short handed DNA stretched on the RNA primer.

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17
Q

Topoisomerase

A

cleave and rejoin duplex.

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18
Q

Lap endonuclease

A
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19
Q

lagging strand

A

has synthetic direction away from the growing fork.

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20
Q

Leading strand

A

can be replicated continuously and polymerization of the new strand moves with the fork.

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21
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

joined together by DNA ligase

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22
Q

beta-clamp

A

after Okazaki fragments are synthesized, beta-clamp and DNA Pol III release DNA and relocate to the next primer location to synthesize the next Okazaki fragment.

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23
Q

Telomerase

A

enzyme that elongates telomeres at the lagging strand to provide a template. not expressed in somatic cells meaning shorter.

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24
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

telomerase reverse transcriptase is TERT. Is the process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.

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25
Q

Methylguanine methyltransferase

A

MGMT. alkylating agents can add alkyl groups to the DNA. has 50% chance if base pairing with thymine during DNA replication

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26
Q

Thymine dimer

A

covalent bonding of adjacent thymines in the DNA. caused by UV radiation

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27
Q

Nucleotide excision repair

A

defect is noticed by the RNA polymerase during transcription. RNA polymerase stalls and CSB protein may recognize the lesion. XPB and XPD helicases separate the DNA strands. strand is nicked before and after defect by XPG and ERCC1. DNA Pol delta or epsilon fills in gap. DNA ligase joins new with old at gap. DNA adducts and lesions

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28
Q

base excision repair

A

specific damage to a particular base.
1. recognition by glycosylase
2. removal of base from sugar creates apyrimidinic or apurinic site. (where on DNA guanine has been removed from the sugar backbone)
3. APE endonuclease nick on phosphodiester bond
4. phosphodiesterase removes the deoxyribose sugar.
5. DNA pol beta adds the new nucleotide
6. last phosphodiester bond made by ligase.
The altered base is caused by oxidative damage. the base is removed first then sugar. glycosylases are enzymes that can target and remove a single base.

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29
Q

Deamination

A
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30
Q

Thymine glycol

A
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31
Q

Thymine glycosylase

A
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32
Q

Uracil glycosylase

A
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33
Q

a-basic

A
34
Q

a-purinic

A
35
Q

a-pyrimidimic

A
36
Q

endonuclease

A
37
Q

exonucleasee

A
38
Q

ligase

A
39
Q

MMR

A
40
Q

MutS

A
41
Q

MutL

A
42
Q

MutH

A
43
Q

MSH2

A
44
Q

MSH3

A
45
Q

MSH6

A
46
Q

MLH1

A

is the dimer that nicks the daughter strand in eukaryotic MMR.

47
Q

PMS2

A

is the dimer that nicks the daughter strand in eukaryotic MMR.

48
Q

IDL

A
49
Q

Hemimethylation

A
50
Q

Ku

A
51
Q

MRE11-NBS1-Rad50

A

a trimer that coordinates with phosphorylated gamma H2AX

52
Q

NHEJ repair

A

always result in a deletion mutation. Is rare in bacteria, yeast and drosophila.

53
Q

Holliday junction

A

is the structure that a crosslink in the DNA duplex resembles.

54
Q

Strand invasion

A
55
Q

TERT

A
56
Q

TERC

A

is the name of the RNA fragment wihtin the telomerase structure

57
Q

Hayflick limit

A
58
Q

Rad 51

A

is the protein that allows strand invasion during dsDNA break repair

59
Q

Aneuploidy

A
60
Q

Benign Tumor

A

non-invasive tumor. well differentiated.

61
Q

Malignant Tumor (neoplasia)

A

invasive tumor (cancer) generally less differentiated or undifferentiated. do not carry out their “adult function” or may revert to fetal function. Can become hyperchromatic or sometimes multinucleated.

62
Q

5-fluorouracil

A
63
Q

emozolamide

A
64
Q

Lomeguatrib

A
65
Q

PAHs

A
66
Q

Loss of heterozygosity

A
67
Q

Heterogenetic

A
68
Q

Hyperchromatic

A

is the characteristic feature that appears as when cancer are

69
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

is a cancer protein class that DMM2 would be categorized as. Cyclins growth factors and receptors. produce proteins which function in some way to enhance cell growth and division. turning-on = supports tumor formation. only require 1 homolog mutation

70
Q

Tumor suppressor gene

A

inhibitors. p21. Must have both copies of homologues mutated.

71
Q

Metastasis

A
72
Q

Anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation or poorly differentiated

73
Q

Differentiation

A

extent to which parenchymal

74
Q

Contact inhibition

A
75
Q

pigenetic

A
76
Q

Initiation

A
77
Q

Promotion

A
78
Q

Mutator phenptype

A
79
Q

ROSs

A
80
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Is the improper segregation oof chromosomes during mitosis.

81
Q

Anagiogensis

A
82
Q

Hypo/hyper methylation

A

Cell Bio (6 decks)

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