Exam 5 Material Flashcards
____ is what you get when you have the oxidation of a polyhydroxy alcohol
Carbohydrates
____ are defined as derivatives of polyhydric alcohols containing an aldehyde or a ketone group.
Carbohydrates
SUGARS mostly, starches, cellulose and glycogen are the class of compounds we often identify with ____
Carbohydrates
In naming ____ we use the suffix “-ose”
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates containing an aldehyde functional group are called the ____
Aldoses
Carbohydrates with a ketone group are called ____.
Ketoses
____ are composed of ONLY 3 elements which are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates
____ are the simplest of the carbohydrates which are the “simple sugars” the provide about 4 calories per gram and are an excellent source of energy.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides with 3 carbons are named ____
Triose
Monosaccharides with 4 carbons are named ____
Tetrose
Monosaccharides with 5 carbons are named ____.
Pentose
Monosaccharides with 6 carbons are named ____.
Hexose
Monosaccharides of the greatest significance to the body are the ____ monosaccharides
Hexose
C6 H12 O6 is the molecular formula for ____
Monosaccharides
____ is an aldose which has several alternate names three of which are “dextrose”, “grape sugar”, and “blood sugar.” Its importance to the body is its presence in the ____.
Glucose
Blood
____ is derived from lactose (“milk sugar”) and is another aldose important to the body because it is found in the make-up of the ____ and ____.
Galactose
Brain
Nerve tissue
____ is a ketose known as “levulose” or “fruit sugar”; the sweetest of all sugars (2x’s as sweet as glucose or table sugar) and found in many fruits.
Fructose
____ are derived from the hexose monosaccharides containing two saccharide groups and are the equivalent of dehydrating between 2 monosaccharides
Disaccharides
C12 H22 O11 is the molecular formula for ____.
Disaccharides
The disaccharides which contain the hexose monosaccharides are ____, ____, and ____.
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
____ is formed from the dehydration between a molecule of glucose and a molecule of fructose
AKA:
“Table Sugar”
“Cane Sugar”
Sucrose
____ is formed by dehydrating between two glucose molcules which may be hydrolyzed to yield two molecules of glucose.
AKA:
“Malt Sugar”
Maltose
____ is formed by the dehydrating between a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose; may be hydrolyzed to yield glucose and galactose
AKA:
“Milk Sugar”
Lactose
____ are the more complex sugars and will have many saccharide groups, and may be hydrolyzed repeatedly to eventually yield a monosaccharides
Includes:
Starches
Cellulose
Glycogen
Polysaccharides
The most important ____ to humans; and are found in plants such as tubers or grains; their complete hydrolysis yields monosaccahrides
Polysaccahrides
_____ occurs as a stored polysaccharide in the liver of man and other animals.
Glycogen
____ occurs in the make up of may plants and IS NOT digestible by the human digestive tract so it serves only as a bulking agent (such as fiber) in our diets
Cellulose
Highly specialized types of proteins are ____
Enzymes
Enzymes function primarily as a ____
Catalyst
Agents which may altar chemical reactions without itself being permanently changed is the definition of ____.
Catalyts
Enzymes are said to be ____ specific.
Substrate
When you name a(n) _____ you do so by adding the suffix “-ase”
Enzyme
____ is an enzyme which breakdown proteins
Protesses
____ is an enzyme which breakdown lipids
Liposes
Those enzymes catalyzing the decomposition of human remains are generally ____ (dissolved proteins) and ____ (mediates hydrolysis reactions) in nature
Proteolytic
Hydrolytic
The two distinct sources of putrefactive catalysts are ____ and ____
Saprophytic Bacteria
Lysosomes (bactericidal cells)
A unique characteristics of lysosomes are their ability to digest surrounding cellular substances. This self-cell digestion is referred to ____.
Autolysis
____ is the branch of chemistry that deals with compounds of living systems
Biochemistry
Proteins are biochemical compounds of major importance; defined as _____ (long chains) of many amino acids
Polymers
_____ is a sugar derived from an aldehyde
Aldose
____ is a sugar derived from a ketone
Ketose
____ are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino Acids
The simplest amino acid is _____
Glycene
All amino acids have both the ____ group and the ____ group; therefore they, too, may act as both acids and bases
Carboxyl
Amino
____ is the ability of a substance to act as either an acid or base
Amphoteric
Chemicals that ensure that regardless what the pH was at the time of embalming, the pH will NOT affect the embalming operation is te definition of ____ such as borax.
Buffers
By definition a protein is a chain of amino acids joined by the ____ or _____.
Peptide Linkage
Peptide Bond
Glycene and alaine can be joined to each other by the elimination of one molecule of water to form a _____.
Di Peptide
Amino acids are linked together by peptide linkages, a ____ is formed by joining two amino acids together
Dipeptide
____ of a peptide linkage can never exist by itself in nature
Imino
____ of carbohydrates is the anaerobic breakdown of organic compounds by microorganisms into simpler products releasing carbon dioxide
Fermentation
____ may also be defined as the oxidative decomposition of complex substances through the action of enzymes, produced by microorganisms
Fermentation
____ are defined substances able to yield fatty acids when hydrolyzed
Lipids
____ are made when alcohol combines with fatty acids, and are insoluble in water
Lipids
Simple lipids are an ____ of fatty acids which when hydrolyzed will yield fatty acids and glycerol.
Ester
____ are fatty acids that are all the same.
Simple Glycerides
____ contain more than one type of fatty acid
Mixed Glycerides
____ only contain ONE molecule of fatty acids
Monoglycerides
____ contain TWO molecules of fatty acids
Diglycerides
____ contain THREE molecules of fatty acids
Triglycerides
____ is a fat… plain and simple
Glyceride
____ is defined as the alkaline hydrolysis of a fat or an oil to produce “SOAP” and glycerol (glycerine)
Saponification
____ is the result of the saponification of fatty acids in the dead human body by alkaline substances in the water or earth surrounding the grave; refered to as “grave wax”
Adipocere
_____ is defined as the substance besides glycerol produced when saponification of a fat/oil occurs
Soap
____ is a mixture of two liquids which do not ordinarily mix (like oil and water) to which you add soap to cause them to mix
Emulsion
____ refers to the process of creating an emulsion by adding soap
Emulsification
____ are lipids that are esters of fatty acids and HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT alcohols, other than glycerol
Waxes
The monosaccharides studied in the textbook are ____, ____, and ____.
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
The disaccharides studied in the textbook are ____, ____, and ____.
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
The polysaccharides studied in the textbook are ____, ____, and ____.
Starches
Cellulose
Glycogen
