EXAM 5: Head and Neck Flashcards
What forms the skull
Cranial and facial bones
What are paired vs. unpairs bones?
Paired: Have 2 of them
Unpaired: Have 1 of them
What are the skull functions of the cranial bones
- Protect the brain
- Attachment point for myos
What are the skull functions of the facial bones
- Attachment point for myos
- Form the face
- Openings for special senses (eye and mouth)
- Provide openings for air/food (nose, mouth)
- Secures teeth
Frontal Bone:
- Unpaired
- Location: Anterior
- Special: helps to form orbit
what is the orbit
Eyesocket
Temporal Bone:
- Paired
- Location: lateral
- Special: part of zygomatic arch (cheekbone); part of temporomandibular joint
Occipital Bone:
- Unpaired
- Location: Posterior; base
- Special: has foramen magnum
Parietal bone:
- Paired
- Location: Superior; lateral
- Special: N/A
Ethmoid Bone
- Unpaired
- Location: Deep
- Special: Helps form orbit, nasal conchae, and nasal septum
Sphenoid Bone:
- Unpaired
- Location: Deep
- Special: Helps form orbit; Articulates with all other cranial bones
What are the cranial bones
- Frontal
- Temporal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Ethmoid
- Sphenoid
What are the cranial sutures
- Sagittal
- Lambdoidal
- Coronal
- Squamosal
What does the sagittal suture connect?
2 parietal bones
What does the lambdoidal suture connect?
occipital and parietal bones
What does the coronal suture connect?
frontal and parietals
What does the squamosal suture connect?
connects the temporal and parietals
- have 2 (one on each side)
What type of joint are sutures
- Fibrous joint
- Synarthrotic joints
What are sutures
joint that connects bones in the skull
What are the facial bones
- Manidble
- Maxillary
- Zygomatic
- Palatine
- Nasal
- Lacrimal
- Vomer
Manidble
- Unpaired
- Location: Jawbone
- Special: part of temporomandibular joint
Maxillary
- Paired
- Location: Central
- Special: Articulated with other facial bones but not the mandible; part of hard palate: anterior
Zygomatic
- Paired
- Location: Cheekbone
- Special: Part of zygomatic arch and orbit
Palatine
- Paired
- Location: Oral Cavity
- Special: Hard palate: Posterior
Nasal
- Paired
- Location: Bridge of nose
- Special: N/A
Lacrimal
- Paired
- Location: Medial orbit
- Special: Part of orbit; contains lacrimal fossa
Vomer
- Unpaired
- Location: Nasal cavity
- Special: helps form nasal septum
What bones make up the Hard palate?
Maxillary: Anterior portion
Palatine: Posterior portion
What are the bones of the orbit
- Lacrimal: Medial
- Zygomatic: Lateral and Inferior
- Sphenoid: Posterior
- Ethmoid: Posterior and medial
- Frontal: Superior
- Maxillary: Medial
What bones make up the zygomatic arch
Temporal and Zygomatic
What bones form the oral cavity
- Palatine: Posterior and Superior
- Maxillary: Anterior and Superior
- Mandible: Inferior
What are the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep
Skull
Epidural space
Dura mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Brain
How is Cerebrospinal fluid produced?
Produced by cells in ventricles of brain
Where is Cerebrospinal fluid located?
- Subarachnoid space
- In ventricles
What are Cerebrospinal fluid functions?
- Buoyancy
- Provide nutrients
- Shock absorber
What are the four main regions of the brain?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon
- Brainstem
What are gyn/gyrus?
Folds of the brain
What are sulci/sulcus?
Spaces between the brain
Cerebrum
- 2 large hemispheres (Left and right)
- Origins of complex thought, intellectual factors
Temporal Lobe
- Interpretation of sound and smell
- Memory of sound and smell
- Memory
- Understanding speech
What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Insular Lobe
Frontal Lobe
- Planning
- Personality
- Talking: Speech
- Concentration
- Decision making
- Control of skeletal myo
Parietal Lobe
- Interpretation of textures and shapes
- Understanding speech
- Formulating words (knowing what words to use)
Occipital Lobe
- Interpretation of sight
- Vision
Insula
- Interpretation of taste
- Memory
Diencephalon
- In b/w brain
- Relay center for sensory and motor pathway
- Controls visceral activities
- body temp
- sleep/wake cycles
- Autonomic nervous system
What are the parts of the brain stem
- Mesencephalon (midbrain)
- Pons
- Medulla
Brainstem
- Passageway for sensory and motor nerves (b/w spinal cord and cerebrum)
- Controls breathing rate (heart rate)
- Cranial nerves attach nerve (brainstem)
Cerebellum
- Fine tune skeletal myo
- Smooth coordinated movements
- Balanced: stand not fall over
- Sensory information about body location (Proprioception)
Cranial Nerves Info
- Attached inferior surface of brain
- Control somatic sensory to brain; somatic motor away from brain
-Visceral motor: Parasympathetic - 12 pairs of cranial nerves: 1 for each side of body
Circle of willis
- Posterior cerebral–> Anterior cerebral
- Anastomosis in the brain
What are the movements of the eye?
- Superior
- Superio-medially
- Medially
- Infero-medially
- Inferior
- Infero-laterally
- Laterally
- Superio-laterally
What are the muscles of the eye
Superior Rectus
Inferior oblique
lateral rectus
superior oblique
inferior rectus
medial rectus
What is the innervation of facial expression muscle group
VII: Facial Nerve
What is the innervation of myos of mastication muscle group
V: Trigeminal
What is the innervation of tongue movement muscle group
XII: Hypoglossal
How is the tongue split
Split into thirds
Posterior 1/3
Anterior 2/3
What is sensation of tongue
knowing something is touching it
What does it take for you to see?
- Cranial Nerves
- Eyeball
- Accessory structures
- Muscles
- Iris and cillary myos
What nerve innervates the cilliary myos
III: Oculomotor
Accessory Structures of the eye
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal Apparatus
What are the functions of the accessory structures?
- Provide superficial covering
- Prevent foreign objects from entering
- Keeps surface clean, moist, lubricated
Conjunctiva
- Continuous lining from anterior eye to internal eyelid
- Not on cornea
- Superficial to sclera
Lacrimal apparatus
- Produce, collect, drain lacrimal fluid (tears)
- Lubricate anterior eye
- Reduce friction during blinking
- Clean, moisten and prevent infection
What is the pathway through the lacrimal apparatus
Lateral
- Lacrimal gland–> lacrimal caruncle–> lacrimal puncta–> nasolacrimal duct
What is the function of the lacrimal gland
Continuously produces tears
What is the lacrimal puncta
hole in caruncle
What is the caruncle
The corner of your eye the pink thing
What are the structures of the eye
- Cornea
- Sclera
- Ciliary Muscles
- Iris
- Pupil
- Retina
Cornea
- Anterior surface of eye
- Job: bend light rays entering eye
Sclera
- White of eye
- Deep to conjunctive
Ciliary muscles
- Job: ulters shape of lens (for near vision)
- Weakens with age
Lens
- Focus light on retina, bending light rays
- Is transparent
Iris
- Colored part
- Muscles: Dilate pupil (sympathetic) and Constrict pupils (Parasympathetic)
Pupils
- Black hole
- Controlled by iris
Retina
- Contains photoreceptors
- Cells convert light rays to nerve impulses
Pathway of light through the eye
Cornea–>pupil–>lens–>Retina-> neve impulses–> optic nerve-> occipital lobe
What are the functions of the ear
Hearing, balance, equlibrium
What are the regions of the ear
- External Ear
- Middle Ear
- Inner Ear
External Ear
- Runs from auricle-tympanic membrane
- Auricle–> external auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane
Auricle
Directs sound waves to ear canal
External Auditory Meatus
Recieves soundwaves
Tympanic membrane
Physical seperation between middle and external ear
- Vibrations from sound waves transfer to middle ear
Middle Ear
Intermediate to external and inner ears
What are the assicles in the middle ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Malleus
- Most lateral
- Physically attached to tympanic membrane
Incus
- Touches both malleus and stapes
- Intermediate to stapes and malleus
Stapes
- Connected to inner ear
- Transfer sound waves to inner ear
- Most Medial
Inner ear
- Most medial
- Business end of ear
- Consists of the bony and membranous labyrinths
- Houses the cochlea (hearing), vestibule (balance), and semi-circular canals (equilabrium)
Bony labyrinth
- Superficial
- Contains perilymph fluid
- Keeps ML buoyant and
not hitting BL
Membranous labyrinth
- Deep
- Contains endolymph
- Hair cells
What are hair cells
receptors that convert sound waves or movement into nerve impulses
Equilibrium
Movement of the head
- Causes movement of endolymph
- Endolymph rushes over the hair cells and activates the nerve impulses, then travel to the brain
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
