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Anatomy Lecture > EXAM 4: Thorax and Abdomen > Flashcards

EXAM 4: Thorax and Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anterior boarder of the sternum?

A

Sternum

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2
Q

What is the posterior boarder of the sternum?

A

Thoracic vertbrae

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3
Q

What is the lateral boarder of the sternum?

A

Ribs (12 pairs)

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4
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

A
  • Protects vital organs (heart and lungs)
  • Attachment point for myos
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5
Q

Manubrium

A
  • Most superior portion of sternum
  • Articules with clavicle, 1st rib (#1), body of sternum
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6
Q

Body of Sternum

A
  • Middle portion
  • Articulates with ribes 2-7, manubrium, ziphoid process, sternal angle
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7
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Tip of sternum

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8
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7
- 1: Superior
- 7: Inferior
- Connects directly to sternum via their own costal cartilage

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9
Q

Where/What is the sternal angle

A

Where the body and manubrium meet

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10
Q

What are false Ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10
- Dont directly connect to sternum, connects via costal cartilage of rib 7

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11
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11-12
- No anterior connection

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12
Q

What are the rib articulations?

A
  1. Head of rib to costal facet body of thoracic vertebrae
  2. Tubercle of rib to vostal facet transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
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13
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Capillaries (capillary bed)

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14
Q

What is the arterial system

A
  • carries blood away from heart
  • typically carries oxygenated blood
  • myos in walls to pump blood against gravity
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15
Q

What are the largest vessels in the arterial system?

A

Arteries

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16
Q

What are the smallest vessels in the arterial system?

A

arterioles

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17
Q

Are capillaries apart of the venous or arterial systems?

A

Nope!

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18
Q

What is the smallest diameter of the capillaries

A

1 red blood cell thick

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19
Q

What is the venous system

A
  • Blood is carries to heart, no exceptions
  • Typically carries deoxygenated blood
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20
Q

What are the smallest vessels in the venous system?

A

venules

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21
Q

What are the largest vessels in the venous system?

A

veins

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22
Q

What has valves to pump against gravity?

A

Veins

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23
Q

What are the types of circulation?

A

Systemic and Pulmonary

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24
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Body systems
  • Delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues in body
  • removes Co2 and waste
  • Blood starts at heart and goes to body then back to heart
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25
Q

In Systemic Circulation veins and arteries carry what kind of blood ?

A

Veins: dO2
Arteries: O2

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26
Q

Pulmonary Circuation

A
  • Brings blood to lungs for gas exchange
  • Heart to lungs to heart
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27
Q

In Pulmonary Circulation veins and arteries carry what kind of blood ?

A

Veins: O2
Arteries: dO2

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28
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A
  • Certain myos contract
  • Certain myos relax
  • Air moves into lungs
  • Lungs expand
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29
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A
  • Certain myos relaxed
  • Certain myos contract
  • Air moves out of lungs
  • Lungs deflate
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30
Q

What is the thoracic cavity

A
  • Spaces that house organs
  • Dimensions increase –> inhale
  • Dimensions decrease –> exhale
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31
Q

What lines the thoracic cavity

A

membranes

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32
Q

What surrounds the thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic cage

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33
Q

What are the muscles of respiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Internal intercostals
  3. External intercostals
  4. Scalenes
  5. Transverse Thoracis
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34
Q

What are the primary myos of respiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Internal intercostals
  3. External intercostals
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35
Q

What are the secondary myos of respiration?

A
  1. Scalenes
  2. Transverse Thoracis
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36
Q

When do you use secondary respiration muscles

A

when your in distress, all of the muscles are used

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37
Q

What does the diaphragm seperate?

A

Thorax and abdomen

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38
Q

Can you live without a diaphragm?

A

No, it is vital. If it stops you die.
Its the most important myo for respiration

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39
Q

What does the diaphragm look like when contracted and relaxed

A

Contracts: Flattens
Relaxed: Dome shape

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40
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

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41
Q

Internal Intercostals

A
  • relax during exhalation
  • Contract during inhalation
  • Scalenes
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42
Q

External Intercostals

A
  • relax during inhalation
  • Contract during exhalation
  • Transverse Thoracis
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43
Q

What happens to the vertical lung size during inhalation/exhalation?

A

Inhale: increase
Exhale: Decrease

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44
Q

What happens to the lateral lung size during inhalation/exhalation?

A

Inhale: Widening
Exhale: Narrows

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45
Q

What happens to the anterior/posterior surfaces during inhalation/exhalation?

A

Inhale: Sternum moves anteriorly
Exhale: Sternum moves posteriorly

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46
Q

What is the pathway of the respiratory tract when you breathe in?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
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47
Q

What is the job of the respiratory tract?

A

Carry air in or out of lungs

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48
Q

What is the pathway of the respiratory tract when you breathe out?

A
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
  • Nasal cavity
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49
Q

What is the nose/nasal cavity supported by?

A

Nasal bones and cartilage

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50
Q

What divides the nose into left and right

A

nasal septum

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51
Q

What is the nasal conchae?

A

Seperates the cavity into passageways
increases temp and humidity

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52
Q

What does air conditioning in the nose do?

A

makes the air warmer and slows it down

53
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasapharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
53
Q

where/ what is the pharynx

A

posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Common space for air/food

54
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity
  • Passage way for air
  • Eustachian tube connects here (middle ear)
55
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • Passage for air and food
56
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • Most inferior portion of pharynx
  • Continuous with larynx and esophagus
  • Passage for air and food
57
Q

What are the structures of the larynx

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (A)
  2. Cricoid Cartilage (A)
  3. Epiglottis (P)
  4. Arytoynoid Cartilage (P)
58
Q

What is the function of the larynx

A

sound production

59
Q

What are vestibular folds

A
  • Folds; false vocal cords
  • No sound production from them
  • Job is to protect and support the vocal cords
60
Q

Vocal folds

A
  • Involved with sound production
  • True vocal cods
  • Adducted during sound production
61
Q

Trachea

A
  • C shaped rings of cartilage
  • Provide rigidity
  • Remains patent: Open
62
Q

What does Bifurates mean and what does it

A
  • Splits in two at the sternal angle
  • Trachea
    Spits into 2 primary bronchi: L and R
63
Q

How many degree of bronchi are there?

A

3 (primary, secondary, third)

64
Q

Alveoli

A

Wrapped with capillaries

65
Q

Hilum

A

Entry/ exit from an organ

66
Q

What structures are located at the bronchi hilum?

A

1° bronchi
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Vein

66
Q

What are the lungs lined with

A

Pleural Membranes: Visceral and Parietal membranes

67
Q

Parietal pleural membrane

A

Lines/touches the thoracic cavity

68
Q

Visceral pleural membrane

A

touches/lines the lungs

69
Q

What are the components of the pericardium?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
69
Q

What is the function of the Pleural Membranes

A

Produces fluid to reduce friction

70
Q

What terms can be used to describe the hearts position?

A

-Anterior medial Chest
- Deep to thoracic cage, thoracic cavity, pericardium
- Superior to diaphragm
- Intermediate to L/R lung

70
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

A

pleural cavity

71
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A
  • Tough dense connective tissue
  • Attached to diaphragm and great vessels, aorta, vena cava
  • Secures heart
72
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A
  • keeps heart in place; secure
  • Reduce friction when heart is beating
73
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • Deep to fibrous layer
  • Double layered membrane
73
Q

What does the visceral pericardium line

A

lines heart

73
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal pericardiums

A

Pericardial Cavity

74
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A
  • Superficial to visceral pericardium
  • Touches fibrous pericardium
75
Q

Right Atrium

A
  • dO2
  • Recieves blood from inferior and superior vena cava
76
Q

Blood that goes into the right atrium from the IVC comes from where?

A

Inferior to the diaphragm dumps into the IVC

77
Q

Blood that goes into the right atrium from the SVC comes from where?

A

Superior to the diaphragm dumps into the SVC

78
Q

Tricuspid valve

A
  • 3 cusps
  • Anchored by papillary myo
  • Chorde tendone
  • Opens inferiorly
79
Q

What is the job of the tricuspid valve

A

Prevent blood from going back to atrium

80
Q

How does blood get from the R Ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary Semilunar valve

81
Q

Right ventricle

A

Papillary myos in the walls
- Blood is pumped to pulmonary trunk (R/L Pulmonary Artery) then to lungs

82
Q

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

A
  • Forced open wen ventricles contract
  • Prevent blood from staying in ventricle
  • Opens superiorly
83
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract

A
  • One giant tube of smooth myo
  • Involuntary motor nerves
  • Parasympathetic
83
Q

Biscuspid Valve

A
  • 2 cusps
  • Anchored by papillary myo
  • Chorde tendone
  • Opens inferiorly
  • AKA Mitral Valve
83
Q

Does the left ventricle contain papillary myo?

A

Yes!

84
Q

Left atrium

A

Recieves blood from the pulmonary vein

85
Q

Stomach

A
  • Has Rugae
  • Cardiac Sphincter:
    Opens to allow passage; closes to prevent passage
86
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Passageway for bolus
  • Flat when empty
87
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds seen in an empty stomach wall

88
Q

What are the regions of the stomach from superior to inferior

A
  1. Cardiac Sphincter- entry
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pyloris/Pyloric Region- exit
    Pyloric sphincter
89
Q

What does the blous exit the stomach as

A

Chyme

90
Q

What are the regions of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
90
Q

What types of digestion are in the stomach?

A
  • Mechanical Digestion
  • Chemical Digestion: acid, enzymes break down bolus)
91
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Initial portion of small intestines
  • Originates at pyloric sphincter
92
Q

Duodenal Papilla

A
  • C shaped portion
  • Opening for bile (liver and gallbladder) and pancreatic (enzymes from panc juice)
93
Q

Jejunum

A
  • Primary site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs (moves from SI to blood)
94
Q

Illeum

A
  • Final Portion of small intestine
  • Iliocecal Valve
95
Q

What are the internal structures of the small intestine

A

Pilica circulares

96
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Chyme enters LI via ileocecal valve
  • Job: Absorb water and ions (Chyme turns to feces)
97
Q

Pilica circulares

A

Job: to slow chyme done
- Allows for more nutrient absorption to occur
- Highest in jejunum

98
Q

What happens if chyme moves too fast/slow through large intestine?

A

Slow: Too much water is taken out (Constipation)
Fast: Not enough water is taken out (Diherra)

99
Q

Regions of Large Intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Ascending Colon
  4. Transverse colon
  5. Descending colon
  6. Sigmoid Colon
  7. Rectum
  8. Anus
100
Q

Ascending colon

A

hepatic flexure/right colic flexure

101
Q

Transverse colon

A

splenic flexure/left colic flexure

102
Q

Rectum

A
  • Chyme becomes fully feces
  • Storage area for feces
102
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
  • They aid digestine but food doesn’t travel through
103
Q

Anus

A
  • Passage way out of body
103
Q

What are the sphincters of the anus

A

Internal Anal Sphincter: involuntary myo
External Anal Sphincter: voluntary myo

104
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A
  • Produces bile to digest fat
  • Detoxify blood
  • Store excess nutrients
105
Q

What are the basic structures of the liver

A
  • Right lobe:
    Caudate and Quadrate
  • Left Lobe
106
Q

What does the Quadrate liver interact with

A

Gallbladder

107
Q

Porta Hepatis

A
  • Door to liver
  • Bile ducts
    • Arteries and veins
107
Q

What does the Caudate liver interact with

A

Inferior vena cava

108
Q

Hilum

A

Entry/exit

109
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Stores bile
110
Q

Pancreas Structure

A
  • Head (tucked into duodenum)
  • Body
  • Tail (tickles spleen)
110
Q

Pancreas Function

A
  • Need to live
  • Function: produces enzymes
111
Q

Abdomen

A

Superior:
Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm
Absominal cavity
——ASIS——–
Pelvic

112
Q

What are the two membranes of the peritoneum and what do they touch

A
  • Visceral peritoneum: touches organs
  • Parietal peritoneum: touches body cavity wall
113
Q

Omentum

A
  • Greater momentum: Stomach
  • Mesentery proper: small intestine
  • Mesocolon: Large Intestines
    Transverse and sigmoid mesocolon
113
Q

Function of peritoneum

A

Produces fluid to reduce friction

114
Q

Mesenteries

A
  • Special Folds
  • Blood supply and immunity

Anatomy Lecture (13 decks)

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