Exam 5 DM overview Flashcards
What are s/s of type 1 DM?
- Hyperglycemia (fasting
blood glucose > 126
mg/dL) - Glycosuria
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- Dehydration
- Polyphagia
What are complications of type 1 DM?
- Atherosclerosis
- MI
- Stroke
- PVD
- Retinopathy
- Nephropathy
What is the pathology of type 1 DM?
- Autoimmune disorder
that destroys pancreatic
beta cells - Destruction of all beta
cells results in NO
insulin production
What age range is dx with type 1 DM
- Usual dx 4-20 years old
How do we treat DKA?
- Tx: IV insulin, IV
fluids, Potassium
replacement,
Sodium
Bicarbonate for
acidosis
What are the s/s of DM type 2?
- Gradual onset
- Usually less severe
- Higher prevalence
of: - MI
- CVA
What is the pathology of DM type 2?
Increased
production of
glucose by the liver
and decreased
uptake of glucose
by liver, muscle,
and fat cells
* Insulin resistance
occurs, which
makes it work less
effectively
* Pancreatic beta
cells “fatigue
What are causes of DM type 2?
Obesity!
* Metabolic syndrome
What drug therapy is used for DM type 2?
- Sulfonylureas
- Alpha-glucosidase
inhibitors - Biguanides
- Thiazolidinediones
(TZDs) - Meglitinides
- May require exogenous
insulin
What drug therapy is used for DM type 1?
insulins
What insulin do we use during pregnancy?
Regular
Humulin R
Novolin R
What happens if we use beta blockers and insulin?
Beta blockers can mask SNS response to hypoglycemia (tachycardia,
tremors), making it difficult for clients to identify hypoglycemia.
Beta-
blockers also impair the body’s ability to break down glycogen stores to raise
blood glucose levels.
What causes hypoglycemia?
Defined as BS less than 60-70; critical 40 or below
What is the tx for hypoglycemia?
glucagon
What are sulfonylureas used for? (glyburide)
DM type II
What are Incretin Mimetics (GLP-1 analog) used for? (exenatide)
DM type II
What are Meglitinides used for? (repaglenide)
Meglitinides
What are biquanides like metformin used for?
Used for DM Type II,
weight management,
PCOS
What are Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
“Glitazones” used for?
DM type II
What are Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (DPP-4) used for?
Used for lowering fasting and postprandial
glucose
What are GLP1 Agonist used for? (ozempic)
Used for DM Type II/ Weight loss
What are Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors used for?
Used for DM Type II
What is the black box warning for GLP1 agonists? (ozempic)
Black Box Warning: Thyroid
Cancer
What is the black box warnign for TZDs?
BLACK BOX WARNING: risk of heart failure
