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Anatomy > Exam 5 - Brain and Cranial Nerves; Circulatory System: Blood; The Heart > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Brain and Cranial Nerves; Circulatory System: Blood; The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A

towards the forehead (brain)

higher (spinal cord, brainstem)

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2
Q

caudal

A

towards the spinal cord (brain)

lower (spinal cord, brainstem)

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3
Q

landmarks

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

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4
Q

cerebrum

A

cerebellar hemispheres
gyri (thick)
sulci (shallow)
longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates right and left hemispheres from each other

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6
Q

brainstem

A

ends at foramen magnum of skull and CNS continues below as spinal cord

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7
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the hemispheres at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure

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8
Q

gray matter

A 
superficial
neuron cell bodies
dendrites
synapses
cortex and nuclei
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9
Q

white matter

A

deep
tracts: bundles of axons
myelinated

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10
Q

meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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11
Q

dura mater

A 
periosteal layer (superficial)
meningeal layer (deep)

dural sinus

in certain places the dura folds inward to separate major parts of the brain:
falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli

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12
Q

dural sinus

A

spaces that collect blood that has circulated through the brain

separates periosteal and meningeal layer

superior sagittal sinus
transverse sinus

empties into jugular veins of neck

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13
Q

falx cerebri

A

extends into longitudinal fissure separating right/left cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebellum from overlying cerebrum (like a tent)

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15
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates right and left halves of cerebellum

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16
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges caused by bacteria and viruses that invade CNS

most serious diseases of infancy and childhood

pia and arachnoid mater most often affected; from here, infection can spread to adjacent nervous tissue

can cause swelling of brain, cerebral hemorrhaging, death within hours

death can occur so suddenly that people who think they might be infected need to seek help immediately

freshman college students show slightly elevated incidence of meningitis, especially those living in the dorms

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17
Q

signs and symptoms of meningitis

A

high fever, stiff neck, drowsiness, intense headache, vomiting

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18
Q

diagnosis of meningitis

A

examining CSF for bacteria and WBCs via spinal tap in subarachnoid space

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19
Q

ventricles

A

circulate CSF

lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

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20
Q

lateral ventricles

A

hold CSF which passes through interventricular foramen to 3rd ventricle

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21
Q

3rd ventricle

A

CSF passes through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle

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22
Q

4th ventricle

A

central canal

choroid plexus:
blood capillary mass
ependymal cells

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23
Q

CSF

A

clear, colorless liquid
ventricles and canals of CNS
filtrate of blood plasma
flow through and around CNS

median aperture and lateral apertures lead to subarachnoid spaces (empties from 4th ventricle) and absorbed by arachnoid villi

not stationary:
continually flowing
driven partly by own pressure and partly by rhythmic pulsations of brain produced by heart beats

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24
Q

purposes of CSF

A

buoyancy: brain hangs from fibroblast
weighs 1500g; only 50g in CSF

protection: keep brain from striking cranium
shaken baby syndrome/concussions

chemical stability: rinses metabolic waste
homeostatic regulation

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25
Q

blood supply

A

brain = 2% of body weight
receives 15% of blood
consumes 20% of oxygen and glucose

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26
Q

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

seals blood capillaries in brain tissue

tight jxns and endothelial cells

selective substance passing to brain

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27
Q

blood-CSF barrier

A

ependymal cells with tight jxns

no brain-CSF barrier

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28
Q

circumventricular organs (CVO)

A

monitor blood chemistry

no BBB in these areas of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

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29
Q

medulla oblongata

A

begins at foramen magnum and ends at pons

contains all nerve fibers that travel between brain and spinal cord

contains cardiac center that regulates force and rate of heartbeat

vasomotor center that regulates BP

2 respiratory centers that regulate rate and depth of breathing

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30
Q

pons

A

several nuclei involved in basic physiological fxns:
sleep
respiration
bladder control

peduncles: attach to cerebellum

continuation of previous structures

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31
Q

midbrain

A

connects hindbrain to forebrain

made of several structures:
central gray matter
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
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32
Q

central gray matter of midbrain

A

controls awareness of pain

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33
Q

superior colliculi

A

fxns to visually track moving objects by reflexively turning eyes and head

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34
Q

inferior colliculi

A

receive/process auditory input from lower levels of brainstem and relay it to other parts of brain (particularly thalamus)

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35
Q

susbstantia nigra

A

improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted muscle contractions

degeneration leads to uncontrollable muscle tremors of Parkinson’s disease

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36
Q

reticular formation definition

A

loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of brainstem

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37
Q

functions of reticular formation

A 
somatic motor control
cardiovascular control
pain moderation
sleep and consciousness
habituation
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38
Q

cerebellum

A 
cerebellar hemispheres
vermis
cerebellar peduncles
folia (gyri)
arbor vitae
deep nuclei
purkinje cells
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39
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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40
Q

thalamus

A

ovoid mass at superior end of brainstem

composed of several nuclei

“gateway to cerebral cortex”

passage for sensory input

motor control

memory and emotion

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41
Q

epithalamus

A

pineal gland (endocrine gland)

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42
Q

hypothalamus

A

major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

functions:
hormone secretion
autonomic effects
thermoregulation
food and water intake
sleep and circadian rhythms
emotional responses
memory
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43
Q

lobes

A 
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insula
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44
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognition
higher mental processes
speech
motor control

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45
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and interprets signals of general senses and taste

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46
Q

occipital lobe

A

visiaul perception

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47
Q

temporal lobe

A 
hearing
smell
learning
memory
some vision and emotion
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48
Q

insula

A

taste
hearing
visceral sensation

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49
Q

cerebral white matter

A

projection tracts
commissural tracts
association tracts

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50
Q

projection tracts

A

information from one cerebrum to rest of body

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51
Q

commissural tracts

A

between hemispheres

commissures

corpus callosum

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52
Q

association tracts

A

regions of same hemisphere

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53
Q

cerebral cortex

A

covering surface of hemispheres
40% mass of brain

stellate cells
pyramidal cells
neocortex

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54
Q

stellate cells

A

receive sensory input

processes local info

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55
Q

pyramidal cells

A

output neurons of cerebrum

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56
Q

neocortex

A

makes up 90% of cerebral cortex
6-layers: vary in thickness, composition, synaptic connections, size of neurons, destination of axons

layer IV thickest in sensory regions
layer V thickest in motor regions

all axons that leave cortex and enter white matter arise from layers III, V, VI

developed 60 million years ago when there was a sharp increase in diversity of mammals

attained highest development in primates

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57
Q

basal nuclei

A

masses of cerebral gray matter

buried deep and lateral to thalamus, deep w/in white matter

brain centers:
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus

motor control

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58
Q

limbic system

A

important center of emotion and learning

gratification and aversion centers

prominent components:
cingulate gyrus
hippocampus
amygdala

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59
Q

integrative brain fxns

A

primary cortex

association cortex

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60
Q

primary cortex

A

regions that receive input directly from sense organs or brainstem, or issue motor fibers directly to brainstem

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61
Q

association cortex

A

all regions other than primary cortex

involved in interpretation of sensory input, planning, motor output, thought, memory

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62
Q

sense organs

A

signals from sensory organs routed to areas of primary sensory cortex in cerberum

from there, signals relayed to nearby association area where sensory experences integrated with memory

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63
Q

special senses

A 
vision
hearing
equilibrium
taste
smell
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64
Q

vision

A

occipital lobe

primary visual cortex

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65
Q

hearing

A

temporal lobe and insula

primary auditory cortex

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66
Q

equilibrium

A

cerebellum

several brainstem nuclei

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67
Q

taste

A

parietal lobe

primary gustatory cortex

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68
Q

smell

A

temporal and frontal lobes

orbitofrontal cortex

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69
Q

general senses

A

widely distributed through body with simple receptors

touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, pain

thalamus routes somatosensory signals to postcentral gyrus

gyrus forms anterior border of parietal lobe:
rises from lateral sulcus to crown of head
descends into longitudinal fissure

cortex of gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex

diagrammed a sensory homunculus

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70
Q

motor control

A

intention to contract skeletal muscle begins in motor association (premotor) area: plan behavior

plan transmitted to neurons of precentral gyrus (primary motor area) which is most posterior gyrus of frontal lobe

neurons here send signals to brainstem/spinal cord that result in muscle contraction

diagrammed as motor homunculus

71
Q

other areas important for muscle control

A

basal nuclei and cerebellum

nearly all areas of cerebral cortex send signals to basal nuclei

72
Q

language

A

Wernicke area: recognition of written/spoken language
-formulates phrases

Broca area: speech

lesions in language area produce variety of language deficits called aphasias

73
Q

emotion

A

different areas: hypothalamus and amygdala

many important aspects of personality depend on intact and fxnal amygdala and hypothalamus

74
Q

cognition

A

acquire and use knowledge
association areas of cortex

parietal lobe
prefrontal cortex
cerebellum

75
Q

basal nuclei in muscle control

A

basal nuclei process signals from cerebral cortex, issue output to thalamus which sends signal back to cerebral cortex

 - also controls highly practiced behaviors that require little though (writing, tying shoes)
 - control onset/cessation of planned/repetitive movements at shoulder/hip during walking
 - lesions cause movement disorders called dyskinesias
76
Q

cerebellum in muscle control

A

cerebellum aids in: learning motor skills, maintains muscle tone and posture, smooths muscle contractions, coordinates eye and body movements, coordinates motions of different joints

77
Q

amygdala in emotion

A

important center of human emotion

 - receives processed info of vision, hearing, taste, smell and general somatosensory and visceral senses
 - allows us to mediate emotional response to stimuli such as foul taste or pleasant music
 - especially important for fear
78
Q

output of emotion

A

output goes in 2 directions:

 - hypothalamus and lower brainstem: somatic and visceral motor systems (heart race, hair stand up)
 - prefrontal cortex: mediates conscious control and expression of emotions
79
Q

parietal lobe in cognition

A

attention to objects in environment

 - lesions produce contralateral neglect syndrome in which patient seems unaware of objects on one side of body
 - fail to recognize, dress, and take care of one side of body or ignore all words on 1 side of page
80
Q

prefrontal cortex in cognition

A

distinct human abilities

 - abstract thought, foresight, judgment, responsibility, sense of purpose, sense of socially appropriate behavior
 - lesions render a person easily distracted from a taste, irresponsible, exceedingly stubborn, unable to anticipate future events, incapable of any ambition or planning for future
81
Q

cerebellum in cognition

A

many cognitive fxns

 - short term predictions about movement
 - lesions cause emotional overreaction and problems with impulse control
 - many children with ADHD have abnormally small cerebellums
82
Q

procedural memory

A

retention of motor skills

83
Q

declarative memory

A

retention of events and facts that one can put into words (names, dates, facts)

84
Q

amygdala in memory

A

creates emotional memories

85
Q

hippocampus in memory

A

creates long term declarative memories

 - learns from sensory input during experience
 - later, probably when sleeping, plays memory repeatedly to cerebral cortex which forms longer lasting memories (memory consolidation)
 - lesions can abolish ability to form new declarative memories
86
Q

cerebral cortex in memory

A

stores long term memories

87
Q

Wernicke area in memory

A

memory of language

88
Q

superior temporal lobe in memory

A

memory of faces

89
Q

prefrontal cortex in memory

A

stores memories of one’s social role, appropriate behavior, goals, plans

90
Q

procedural memories stored in:

A

motor association area, basal nuclei, cerebellum

91
Q

cerebral lateralization

A

unique hemispherical fxns

92
Q

left hemisphere lateralization

A

categorical hemisphere

spoken and written analytical reasoning employed in fields such as science, math

breaks information into fragments and analyzes it

93
Q

right hemisphere lateralization

A

representational hemisphere

perceives information in more integrated, holistic way

imagination and insight
musical and artistic skill
perception of patterns and spatial relationships
comparison of sights, sounds, smells, tastes

94
Q

cranial nerves

A 
I olfactory
II optic
III oculomotor
IV trochlear
V trigeminal
VI abducens
VII facial
VIII vestibulocochlear
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus
XI accessory
XII hypoglossal
95
Q

trigeminal neuralgia

A

syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of intense stabbing pain in trigeminal nerve

usually occurs in women over 50

pain lasts a few seconds to a couple minutes but can happen 100+ times a day

pain usually in specific zone of face

can be triggered by touch, drinking, tooth brushing, washing face

96
Q

trigeminal neuralgia treatment

A

pain relievers give limited relief

severe cases treated by cutting nerve, which deadens most other sensations in that side of face

97
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

degenerative disorder of facial nerve, probably due to virus

paralysis of facial muscles on one side of face resulting in distortion of facial features

may interfere with speech prevent closure of eye, sometimes inhibit tear secretion

may appear abruptly and often disappears spontaneously w/in 3-5 weeks

98
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

recent event memory loss
reduced attention span
disorientation
atrophy of gyri of cerebral cortex and hippocampus

99
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

paralysis agitans or parkinsonism

loss of motor fxn
degeneration of substantia nigra (dopamine-releasing cell)

100
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

adults have 4-6 L of blood

101
Q

hematology

A

study of blood

102
Q

fxns of circulatory system

A

transport
protection
regulation

103
Q

blood components

A

blood
matrix
blood plasma

104
Q

blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of cells and extracellular matrix

105
Q

matrix

A

blood plasma

light yellow fluid that makes up over half blood vol.

contains formed elements: cells and cell fragments (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)

106
Q

blood plasma

A 
52% of blood
92% water
nutrients
electrolytes
nitrogenous wastes
hormones
gases
proteins
   -albumin
   -globulins
   -fibrinogen
   -others
107
Q

erythrocytes

A 
RBCs
discoid
anucleated
lack many organelles
4.6-6.2 million/uL in men
4.2-6.2 million/uL in women
most abundant formed element in blood
108
Q

fxns of erythrocytes

A

pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver to tissues

pick up CO2 from tissues and unload onto lungs

109
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron-containing gas-transport protein
found in RBC
four globins with heme group
ferrous iron in center bind oxygen

110
Q

erythrocyte life cycle

A

originate from pluripotent stem cells
last ~120 days

as RBC ages, membrane proteins deteriorate and membrane grows fragile: ruptures eventually while flexing through narrow capillaries

spleen = erythrocyte graveyard

  • RBCs have hard time passing thru small channels
  • old cells become trapped, broken up, destroyed
111
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production

112
Q

hemopoiesis

A

formed element production

113
Q

blood types

A

several genetically determined blood groups

ABO and Rh most common

blood cell contains antigens

plasma contains antibodies

RBC antigen and plasma antibody determine compatibility of donor and recipient blood in transfusions

person w/ type A has ant9-B antibodies in plasma and A antigens on cell

  • B blood: anti-B antibodies would attack donor blood
  • RBC’s would agglutinate (clump) obstructing circulation w/ deadly consequences
114
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

can treat leukemia, sickle cell anemia

replace cancerous/defective marrow w/ donor stem cells in hopes they will rebuild normal marrow and blood cells

chemo or radiation first destroys defective marrow and eliminates immune cells (T cells) that would normally attack donated marrow

marrow drawn from sternum or hip bone and injected into patients’ circulatory system

donor stem cells colonize marrow cavities, build healthy marrow

115
Q

drawbacks of bone marrow transplant

A

finding compatible donors

surviving T cells may attack marrow, donor T cells may attack patients tissues

immunosuppressant drugs for life (vulnerable to infection)

infections from donated marrow

1/3 patients die from treatment complications

116
Q

cord blood transplants

A

placental blood = alternative

  • contains more stem cells than adult bone marrow
  • less likely to carry infectious microbes

can be harvested from umbilical cord, stored, frozen at cord bank

immature immune cells less tendency to attack recipient’s tissue

  • lower rejection rate
  • not as close a match required btwn donor and recipient

have successfully treated leukemia and other blood diseases

117
Q

leukocytes

A 
WBCs
least abundant formed element
types
-granulocytes
   -neutrophils
   -eosinophils
   -basophils
-agranulocytes
   -monocytes
   -lymphocytes
118
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant WBCs (60-70%)

nucleus clearly visible w/ 3-5 lobes

young neutrophils have undivided nucleus shaped like band (band cells)

also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes (polys) because of varied nuclear shapes

main task: destroy bacteria

119
Q

neutrophila

A

rise in neutrophil count in response to bacterial infection

120
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4% of WBCs

secrete chemicals that weaken/destroy large parasites like hookworms or tapeworms

phagocytize and dispose of inflammatory chemicals and allergens

121
Q

eosinophilia

A

eosinophil increase in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagen diseases, diseases of spleen and CNS

122
Q

basophils

A

rarest WBC (.5%)

secrete histamine and heparin to aid body’s defenses

release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to a site of infection

123
Q

monocytes

A

largest WBC but only 3-8%

monocyte count rises in inflammation and viral infections

leave bloodstream (diapedesis) and transform into large tissue cells called macrophages

highly phagocytic cells

124
Q

lymphocytes

A

smallest WBC
2nd most abundant - 25-33%

defend against viruses and cancer

most involved in specific immunity

125
Q

specific immunity

A

defense in which body recognizes an antigen it has encountered before and mounts such a quick response the person might not even know they were ill

126
Q

leukopoiesis

A

WBC production

begins w/ pluripotent stem cells which eventually produces 3 cell lines:
myeloblasts
monoblasts
lymphoblasts

127
Q

myeloblasts

A

differentiate into granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

128
Q

monoblasts

A

turn into monocytes

129
Q

lymphoblasts

A

Turn into 3 types of lymphocytes:
B cells
T cells
natural killer cells - kill pathogen directly

130
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

common clinical procedure

gives information such as:

  • # RBCs, WBCs, platelets
  • % each WBC type (differential WBC count)
  • hematocrit
  • RBC size (mean corpuscular volume MCV)
  • hemoglobin concentration (mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH)
131
Q

platelets

A

small fragments of megakaryocyte

aide in blood clotting

produced through thrombopoiesis

live for about 10 days

hemostasis: cessation of bleeding

132
Q

RBC disorders

A

dietary deficiency of iron or certain vitamins can cause nutritional anemia (iron, B12, folate)

radiation, viruses, poisons can cause anemia by destroying bone marrow

133
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

rapid RBC destruction

exceeds rate of erythropoiesis

can result from variety of poisons, drug rxns, sickle-cell disease, malaria

134
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

RBC deficiency from bleeding

135
Q

thalassemia

A

hereditary blood disease among people of mediterranean descent

deficient hemoglobin synthesis
-RBC count reduced and existing RBCs are microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale)

136
Q

polycythemia

A

excess RBC count

from bone marrow cancer

or abnormally high oxygen demand (excessive exercise) or low oxygen supply

thick blood sludges in vessels, increasing BP, putting strain on heart

137
Q

leukopenia

A

WBC deficiency

from heavy metal poisoning, radiation, exposure, infectious diseases

leaves a person susceptible to opportunistic infections

138
Q

leukocytosis

A

abnormally high WBC count

from infection or allergy

also from emotional stress and dehydration

139
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of hemopoietic tissues that results in high WBC

WBC’s immature and incapable of performing normal defensive roles

140
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

decreased platelets from leukemia, radiation

results in impaired clotting when vessel is injured

also in increased bleeding b/c of loss of normal blood vessel maintenance fxn of platelets

141
Q

sickle cell disease

A

hereditary defect of hemoglobin occurring mostly among people of African descent

  • defective gene
  • RBCs become elongated, stiffened, pointed

deformed, inflexible cells can’t pass thru blood capillaries

  • tend to adhere to each other and to capillary wall
  • congregate and block circulation

obstruction of circulation produces severe pain and can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke, paralysis
-spleen removes defective RBCs faster than they can be replaced, leading to anemia and poor physical and mental development

w/o treatment, death by age 2

advances in treatment have raised life expectancy to over 50

originated in Africa where millions suffer from malaria

  • malarial parasites cannot survive in RBcs w/ hemoglobin defect
  • confers resistance to malaria
142
Q

circuits

A

pulmonary and systemic circuits

right half of heart supplies pulmonary circuit

left half of heart supplies systemic circuit

143
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns to heart

144
Q

systemic circuit

A

supplies blood to every organ of body

145
Q

heart

A

in thoracic cavity btwn lungs and deep to sternum

from superior to inferior points, tilted left

146
Q

pericardium

A

double-walled sac enclosing heart

contains pericardial fluid secreted by serous layer of pericardial sac
-fluid lubricates membranes and allows heart to beat with minimal friction

147
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium

membranes become rough, produce painful friction rub with each heartbeat

148
Q

heart wall

A

3 layers:

thin epicardium covering external surface
thick muscular myocardium in middle
thin endocardium lining interior of chambers

consists primarily of cardiac muscle arranged in spirals called the myocardial vortex
-causes heart to contract with a twisting or wringing motion that enhances ejection of blood

also has CT framework of collagen and elastic fibers called fibrous skeleton

149
Q

epicardium

A

serious membrane on heart surface

150
Q

endocardium

A

lines interior of heart chambers

151
Q

myocardium

A

in the middle

thickest and performs work of heart

152
Q

heart chambers

A

4 (R/L atria and ventricles)

also:
auricles
coronary sulcus
anterior/posterior interventricular sulcus
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
153
Q

atria

A

superior

thin walled receiving chambers for blood returning to heart

each has small earlike extension called an auricle that slightly increases volume

separated by interatrial septum

154
Q

ventricles

A

pumps that eject blood into arteries and keep it flowing around body

separated by more muscular interventricular septum

R ventricle pumps blood only to lungs (moderately muscular)

L ventricle pumps blood through entire body (2-4 times thicker)

155
Q

valves

A

AV valves

  • right/tricuspid
  • left/bicuspid/mitral

tendinous chords
papillary muscles

semilunar valves

  • pulmonary
  • aortic

valves opened and closed by BP changes

156
Q

arterial supply

A

R/L coronary artery off aorta

L coronary artery gives off two branches:

  • anterior interventricular branch
  • cirumflex branch
157
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

fatty deposit or blood clot in coronary artery

protection from MI’s come from arterial anastomoses

158
Q

coronary artery disease

A

narrowing of coronary arteries resulting in insufficient blood flow to maintain myocardium (atherosclerosis)

MI’s can occur when artery becomes so occluded that cardiac muscle begins to die from lack of oxygen

partial obstruction of an artery can cause temporary sense of heaviness and chest pain called angina pectoris when artery constricts

159
Q

venous drainage

A

veins empty into coronary sinus

160
Q

conduction system

A

cardiac mycotyes are autorhythmic: electrically discharge at regular time intervals

some mycotyes lose ability to contract and become specialized for generating and conducting electrical signals
-make up cardiac conduction system which allows heart chambers to coordinate with each other

161
Q

SA node (R atrium pacemaker) leads to…

A

atrium

162
Q

atrium leads to…

A 
AV node (lower end of interatrial septum)
-electrical gateway to ventricles
163
Q

AV node leads to…

A 
AV bundle (bundle of His)
-L/R branches to interventricular septum and apex)
164
Q

AV bundle leads to…

A

Purkinje fibers

-from lower end of bundle branch and turn upward to spread through ventricular myocardium)

165
Q

prental heart

A

one of earliest organs to begin fxning in embryo

  • 1st traces appear in week B
  • by 22-23 days:already beating
  • by day 24, circulating blood

1st audible heartbeat: 20 weeks

interatrial septum begins to form at end of week 4 and well-established by 33 days
(except for foramen ovale btwn atria, which persists through birth)

interventricular septum appears at end of week 45 and is complete by end of week 7

166
Q

heart changes at birth

A

no pumping in fetal heart b/c lungs not fxnal

  • most blood bypasses pulmonary circuit by way of two shunts:
    • foramen ovale
    • ductus arteriosus

at birth lungs inflate
-sudden pressure change causes flap of tissue to seal foramen ovale and blood can no longer bypass lungs

in most people, tissues grow together and permanently seal foramen
-fossa ovalis

167
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening through interatrial septum in fetal heart

some blood entering R atrium passes through opening directly into L atrium, then to L ventricle and sytemic circuit

168
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

short vessel from base of L pulmonary artery to aorta in fetal heart

most blood from R ventricle pumped into pulmonary trunk takes bypass directly into aorta instead of usual path to lungs

169
Q

aging heart

A

stiffening of arteries

normally when ventricles eject blood, arteries expand to accommodate surge in pressure

  • arteries stiffened by age can’t expand
  • resist blood flow more than younger arteries
  • heart has to work harder
  • heart grows (ventricles enlarge, especially L)

ventricular hypertrophy

170
Q

ventricular hypertrophy

A

heart wall and interventricular septum can become so thick that space within ventricles is severely diminished

CO declines to point of heart failure

171
Q

Leukocyte pneumonic

A 
60 - never - neutrophil
30 - let - lymphocyte
8 - my - monocyte
3 - engine - eosinophil
0 - blow - basophil
172
Q

Bradycardia

A

Heart beats too slow

173
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart beats too fast

Anatomy (14 decks)

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