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Anatomy > Exam 3 - Joints, Muscular System, Muscles > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Joints, Muscular System, Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

joint definition

A

aka articulation: any points where two bones meet

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2
Q

arthrology

A

study of joint structure, fxn, and dysfxn

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3
Q

kinesiology

A

study of musculoskeletal movement

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4
Q

biomechanics

A

broad range of motion, mechanical process

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5
Q

joints named after

A

bones involved

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6
Q

joints classified according to

A

way adjacent bones are bound to each other, with differences in freedom of movement

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7
Q

bony joints

A

aka synosteses
immovable
two bones ossified together
fusion of fibrous or cartilaginous joints
ex: mandibular bones, cranial sutures, epiphyses with diaphyses, first rib to sternum

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8
Q

fibrous joints

A

aka synarthrosis or synarthrodial joints
collagen fibers bind
little to no movement
3 types

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9
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

suture
gomphosis
syndesmosis

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10
Q

suture joints

A 
immobile joints
short fibers
little/no movement
skull bones
classifications: serrate (interlocked), lap (squamous - overlapped, plane (butt) - straight, non-overlapped
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11
Q

serrate suture joints

A

interlocked

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12
Q

lap suture joints

A

squamous

overlapped

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13
Q

plane suture joints

A

butt

straight, non-overlapped

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14
Q

gomphoses joints

A 
short fibers
little/no movement
tooth to socket
held in place by periodontal ligament
some movement due to chewing stress
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15
Q

syndesmoses joints

A

longer collagen fibers bind two bones
limited mobility
ulna-radius and tibia-fibula

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16
Q

cartilaginous joints

A 
amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial
longer fibers
more movement
cartilage link
two types: synchondrosis and symphyses
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17
Q

synchondrosis carilaginous joints

A

hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
first rib/sternum

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18
Q

symphysis cartilaginous joints

A

fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis
IVDs

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19
Q

synovial joints

A

diarthrosis or diarthrodial
freely movable to limited mobility
most structurally complex
most likely to develop uncomfortable or crippling dysfxns

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20
Q

general anatomy of synovial joints

A 
articular cartilage
joint cavity
joint capsule
synovial fluid
synovial membrane
macrophages
articular disc
meniscus
tendons
ligaments
bursa
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21
Q

articular cartilage (synovial joint)

A

hyaline cartilage

facing surface of bone

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22
Q

joint cavity (synovial joint)

A

narrow space between bones

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23
Q

joint capsule (synovial joint)

A

encloses cavity
retains fluid
fibrous capsule

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24
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous and slippery
nourishes articular cartilage
removes waste
makes synovial joint movement friction-free

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25
Q

synovial membrane

A

fibroblast cells secrete synovial fluid

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26
Q

macrophages (synovial joint)

A

remove debris from joint cavity

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27
Q

articular disc (synovial joint)

A

fibrocartilage pad

crosses entire capsule

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28
Q

meniscus (synovial joint)

A 
cartilage
absorbs shock
guides bones across each other
improves fit between bones
stabilizes joint
reduces chance of dislocation
does not cross entire joint capsule
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29
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

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30
Q

ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

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31
Q

bursa

A

sac of synovial fluid
between muscle/tendon and bone/skin
tendon sheath
cushion muscles and help tendons slide more easily over joints

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32
Q

tendinitis

A

form of bursitis when tendon sheath is inflammed

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33
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa due to overexertion of joint

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34
Q

when synovial fluid warmed by exercise…

A

fluid becomes thinner and more easily absorbed by articular cartilage

cartilage swells and improves cushion against compression

why warm-ups help protect articular cartilage against wear and tear

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35
Q

because cartilage is nonvascular…

A

repetitive compression during exercise is important for nutrition and waste removal

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36
Q

every time cartilage is compressed…

A

fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out

without weight, cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge

fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes

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37
Q

lack of exercise affects cartilage because…

A

articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from lack of nutrition, oxygenation and waste removal

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38
Q

classes of synovial joints

A 
ball and socket
condylar
saddle
plane (gliding)
hinge
pivot
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39
Q

ball and socket joints

A

hemispherical head into cup-like socket

ex: shoulder and hip

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40
Q

condylar joints

A

oval convex surface fits into similar depression on another bone
ex: radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal

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41
Q

saddle joints

A

concave/convex saddle-shaped surface
biaxial - move in two planes
ex: trapeziometacarpal and sternoclavicular

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42
Q

plane (gliding) joints

A

flat or slightly concave/convex
adjacent bones slide over each other
limited movement
ex: carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae

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43
Q

hinge joints

A

concave on one; convex on another
move freely in one plane
ex: elbow, knee, interphalangeal

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44
Q

pivot joints

A

bone spins on longitudinal axis

ex: radioulnar and atlantoaxial

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45
Q

joint movements

A 
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
elevation and depression
protraction (anterior) and retraction (posterior)
circumduction and rotation
supination and pronation
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46
Q

movements of head and trunk

A

flexion
hyperextension
lateral flexion
rotation

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47
Q

movements of mandible

A

protraction
retraction
lateral excursion
medial exursion

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48
Q

movements of hand and digits

A 
radial flexion
ulnar flexion
abduction of fingers
palmar abduction of thumb
opposition of thumb (thumb to all other fingers)
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49
Q

circumduction

A

one bone end stationary, the other rotating

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50
Q

movements of foot

A

ankle flexion (plantar - down; dorsi - up)
inversion
eversion

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51
Q

range of motion (ROM) definition

A

of degrees through which one bone moves relative to another bone at that joint

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52
Q

ROM factors

A

structure of articular surface of bones
strength and atuness of ligaments and joint capsules
action of muscles and tendons

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53
Q

ROM implications

A

affects person’s fxnal independence and quality of life

important for athletic training, clinical diagnoses, monitoring rehabilitation process

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54
Q

jaw joint

A

temporomandibular joint: articulation of mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa

deep yawn or strenuous depression of mandible can dislocate TMJ by making condyle pop out of fossa and slip forward

relocation: press down on molars while pushing jaw backward

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55
Q

TMJ syndrome

A

can cause moderate intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds of jaw, limitation of jaw movement, headaches, vertigo, tinnitus, pain radiating from jaw down neck, shoulders, and back

caused by psychological tension and malocclusion

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56
Q

TMJ treatment

A

psychological management
physical therapy
analgesics
corrective dental appliances

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57
Q

shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral: head of humerus with glenoid cavity

loose joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifices stability for movement

glenoid labrum: ring of fibrocartilage for added support

tendon of biceps brachii most important stabilizer of shoulder along with: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (tendons = rotator cuff)

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58
Q

shoulder joint dislocations

A

painful and can result in permanent damage

most common: downward displacement of humerus (arm abducted, blow from above)

can also occur in children who are jerked off ground and forced to follow with hard arm tug

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59
Q

elbow joint

A

hinge joint, 2 articulations

humeroulnar: trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna
humeroradial: capitulum of humerus with head of radius

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60
Q

pulled elbow

A

immature skeletons of children/adolescents especially vulnerable to dislocation of radius

common injury in preschool children, usually when adult lifts or jerks child up by one arm when arm is pronated

tears annular ligament from head of radius - radius pulls partially/entirely out of ligament

torn ligament pinched between radial head and capitulum

treatment: supinate forearm with elbow flexed then put arm in sling for 2 weeks

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61
Q

hip joint

A

coxal joint: head of femur with acetabulum

deep sockets - more stable than shoulder joint

dislocations rare

some infants suffer congential dislocations b/c acetabulum not deep enough to hold femur in place
treatment: traction until acetabulum develops strength to support body weight

fovea capitis: artery with blood supply to head of femur

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62
Q

knee joint

A

tibiofemoral: largest and most complex joint

mosty hinge: capable of lateral gliding and rotation

stabilized by quadriceps tendon (front) and semimembranosus tendon (back) - developing strength in these muscles reduces risk of knee injury

joint cavity contains 2 c-shaped cartilages called lateral and medial meniscus that absorb shock and prevent knee rocking side-side on tibia

2 intrascapular ligaments deep within joint cavity that cross in an X: anterior cruciate (ACL) and posterior cruciate (PCL)

13 bursae

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63
Q

knee injuries

A

highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress

most common: a meniscus or ACL

heals slowly because ligaments and tendons have scanty blood supply and cartilage has no blood vessels at all

damaged ACL replaced with patellar ligament or hamstring tendon
hole drilled through femur and tibia, ligament threaded through and fastened with biodegradable screws
grafted ligament more taut than damaged ACL
becomes ingrown with blood vessels and serves as substrate for collagen deposition (further strengthens over time)

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64
Q

ankle joint

A

talocrural - 2 articulations (medial - tibia and talus) (lateral - fibula and talus)

restricted ROM b/c of malleoli overhanging talus

sprains/strains common with sudden and excessive inversion/eversion
painful with immediate swelling
treated with immobilization and reducing swelling
extreme cases - casts or surgery

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65
Q

sprain definition

A

injury to tendon/ligament

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66
Q

strain definition

A

injury to muscle

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67
Q

rheumatism

A

any pain in supportive/locomotory organs, such as:

bones
ligaments
tendons
muscles

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68
Q

rheumatologist

A

physician dealing with the study, diagnosis, treatment of joint disorders

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69
Q

arthritis

A

joint inflammation

most common crippling disorder in U.S.

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70
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

most common form of arthritis

fingers, intervertebral joints, hips, knees

“wear and tear” of articular cartilage: exposed bone tissue develops spurs that grow into cavity, restrict movement, cause pain

affects 85% over 70 years

crepitus

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71
Q

ostephytes

A

bony spurs that grow into joint cavity, causing arthritis

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72
Q

creptius

A

crunching and cracking sounds of joints

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73
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

more severe form of arthritis

autoimmune disease that attacks synovial membrane

autoantibody called rheumatoid factor that attacks body’s own tissue instead of foreign matter

enzymes degrade articular cartilage

synovial membrane thickens, fluid accumulates in joint capsule, capsule invaded by fibrous CT

RA flares/subsides periodically

in women more than men, between 30-40

ossification of degenerated cartilage

ankylosis

no cure

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74
Q

ankylosis

A

bones solidly fuse

immobilization

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75
Q

arthroplasty

A

replacement of diseased joint

artificial device

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76
Q

total hip replacement

A

THR

first in 1963

most common procedure for elderly

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77
Q

porous-coated prostheses

A

infiltrated with patients’ bone

creates firmer bond

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78
Q

myology

A

study of skeletal muscles

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79
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

voluntary
striated
attached to bone
muscle cells (muscle cells and myofibers)

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80
Q

fxns of muscle

A 
movement
stability
control body openings and passages
heat production
glycemic control
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81
Q

stability of muscle

A

posture

resist gravity

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82
Q

heat production of muscle

A

85%

homeostasis

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83
Q

glycemic control of muscle

A

blood glucose

absorb, store, use glucose

84
Q

properties of muscle

A

excitability - react to stimuli
conductivity - more stimulation through cell
contractibility - shorten when stimulated
extensibility - stretch without harm
elasticity - recoil from stretch

85
Q

connective tissue and fascicles

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
fascia

86
Q

endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose CT around each muscle fiber

creates room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber

87
Q

perimysium

A

thicker CT tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

carries larger nerves and blood vessels and stretch receptors (muscle spindles)

88
Q

epimysium

A

fibrous sheath around entire muscle

outer surface = fascia

89
Q

fascia

A

sheet of CT that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and subcutaneous tissue

90
Q

muscle shapes

A 
fusiform
parallel
triangular
pennate
circular

strength and direction of pull determined by fascicle orientation

91
Q

fusiform muscles

A

thick in middle; tapered at ends

strength proportional to muscles’ thickest diameter

ex: biceps brachii and gastrocnemius

92
Q

parallel muscles

A

uniform width and parallel fascicles

can span long distances

can shorten more

not very strong

ex: rectus abdominus, sartorius, zygomatic major

93
Q

triangular muscles

A

fan shaped

relatively strong because they have large number of fibers in wider part of muscle

ex: pectoralis major and temporalis

94
Q

pennate muscles

A

feather shaped

3 types: unipennate (palmar interosseus), bipennate (rectus femoris), multipennate (deltoid)

more force than any other muscles because more fibers/length

95
Q

circular muscles

A

sphincters
constrict body openings

ex: orbicularis oculi, external anal sphincter

96
Q

muscle attachments

A

indirect
aponeurosis
direct (fleshy)

97
Q

indirect muscle attachment

A

tendon

connect into periosteum then matrix

98
Q

aponeurosis muscle attachment

A

broad tendon sheet

99
Q

direct (fleshy) muscle attachment

A

close association with bone

gap contains collagen fibers

100
Q

origin

A

muscle attachment at relatively stationary end of bone

101
Q

insertion

A

attachment at more mobile end of bone

102
Q

belly

A

area of muscle between origin and insertion

103
Q

functional groups of muscles

A 
action
prime mover
synergist
antagonist
fixator
104
Q

action funtional group

A

effect produced by muscle

produce/prevent movement

105
Q

prime mover functional group

A

produces main force of action

106
Q

synergist functional group

A

aids prime mover

stabilizes joint

107
Q

antagonist functional group

A

opposes prime mover

antagonistic pair act on opposite sides of joint

108
Q

fixator functional group

A

prevents bone movement

109
Q

intrinsic muscle

A

origin and insertion in same region

contained in particular region

110
Q

extrinsic muscle

A

acts upon designated region

origin elsewhere

111
Q

classes of muscle fibers

A

slow oxidative

fast glycolytic

112
Q

slow oxidative muscle fibers

A

SO

slow-twitch, red, type 1
abundant in: mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries
deep red color
aerobic
resistant to fatigue
113
Q

fast glycolytic muscle fibers

A

FG

fast-twitch, white, type 1 (a and b)
low quantities of: mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries
anaerobic
reduced oxygen
produces lactic acid
responds quickly
fatigues quickly
114
Q

cardiac muscle

A

short stumpy cells
slightly branched

right in glycogen and myoglobin
large mitochondria that fill 25% of each cell

aerobic
fatigue resistant
vulnerable to oxygen supply interruptions

cardiocytes pulsate rhythmically even without nervous stimulation (autorhythmicity)

115
Q

smooth muscle

A

fusiform

in hollow organs - 2 layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal (lengthwise))
when circular layer contracts, it narrows organ and may lengthen it
when longitudinal layer contracts, it shortens and thickens organ

contracts/relaxes slowly
responding to nerves, chemicals, stretch receptors

aerobic
low energy requirement (fatigue resistant)
can maintain continual, partial contrxn (smooth muscle tone)
maintains bp via blood vessel partial constriction

peristalsis

116
Q

aging muscular system

A 
loss of lean muscle
fat accumulation
fast glycolytic fibers earliest and most severe atrophy
reduction in muscle components
reduction in nervous system components
117
Q

myopathies

A

diseases of muscle

118
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

encompasses several hereditary diseases

skeletal muscles degenerate, lose strength, replaced by fat and scar tissue (new tissue impedes blood circulation, accelerating muscle degeneration - fatal spiral)

119
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

most common type
sex-linked; mostly in males

not evident at birth but when child begins to walk - frequent falls, difficulty standing up again

affects hip, then lower limbs, then abdominal and spinal muscles - muscles shorten as they atrophy, creating postural abnormalities

incurable - treated with braces and exercise

patients in wheelchairs by early adolescence and rarely live past 20

120
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

most prevalent in women 20-40 years

effects first appear in facial muscles (drooping eyelids)
later: difficulty swallowing, limb weakness, poor physical endurance

some die quickly of respiratory failure, others have normal lifespan

121
Q

how muscles are named

A 
size
shape
location
# of heads
orientation of fibers
action
122
Q

muscle innervation

A

nerve supply to muscle

knowing innervation to each muscle allows diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord and brainstem injuries (from effects on muscle fxn - can set realistic rehab goals)

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

123
Q

spinal nerves

A

arise from spinal cord, emerge through intervertebral foramina, innervate muscles below neck

identified by adjacent vertebrae they come off by

plexus

124
Q

plexus

A

weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to vertebral column

125
Q

cranial nerves

A

arise from base of brain, emerge through skull foramina, innervate muscles of head and neck

identified by both roman numerals I-XII and specific names

126
Q

muscles of facial expression

A

humans have much more expressive faces than other mammals

all muscles that insert in dermis and subcutaneous tissue

tense skin and produce facial expressions
contribute directly to speech, chewing and other oral fxns

all but one muscle innervated by facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
especially vulnerable to injury from lacerations and skull fractures which can paralyze muscles and cause parts of face to sag

127
Q

scalp muscles

A

occipitofrontalis overlies dome of cranium

frontalis and occipitalis

connected by galea aponeurotica

128
Q

orbital region muscles

A

orbicularis oculi: sphincter of eyelid that encircles and closes eyelid

levator palpebrae superioris: lies deep to orbicularis oculi and opens eye

129
Q

oral region muscles

A

mouth = most expressive part of face
lip movement - necessary for speech

orbicularis oris: complex of muscles in lips that encircles mouth

other muscles in area approach mouth from all angles and draw lips in all directions - some have origin or insertion in complex mass of tissue called mediolus

130
Q

mediolus

A

point of convergence for several muscles in lower face

131
Q

mental and buccal region muscles

A

adjacent to oral orifice
mental (chin)
buccal (cheek)

mental region has pair of small mentalis muscles extending from upper margin of mandible to skin of chin
in some people, visible dimple between these muscles called mental cleft

buccinator: muscle of cheek
multiple fxns including chewing

132
Q

tongue muscles

A 
agile organ
pushes food between molars for chewing
forces food into pharynx for swallowing
important for speech
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
133
Q

muscles of chewing

A

4 pairs of muscles produce biting and chewing movements of mandible:

temporalis
masseter
pterygoid muscles

actions: depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral and medial excursion of mandible

all innervated by mandibular nerve, a branch off cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

134
Q

hyoid muscles

A

suprahyoid
infrahyoid

8 pairs for chewing, swallowing, speaking

135
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A

digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid

innervated by cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and XII (hypoglossal)

136
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

inferior to hyoid and fix hyoid from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth

innervated by cervical nerves 1-3, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal)

137
Q

head muscles

A

originate on vertebral column, thoracic cage and pectoral girdle

insert on cranial bones

actions: flexion, lateral flexion, hyperextension, extension, rotation

some may cause contralateral movement of head (towards opposite side of muscle) or ipsilateral (towards same side of muscle)

innervate by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)

138
Q

neck flexors

A

sternocleidomastoid: prime mover of neck flexion

extends from upper chest to mastoid process

most easily seen when head is rotated to one side and slightly extended

139
Q

neck extensors

A

in the nuccal (back of neck) region

hold neck erect or draw it back

trapezius: most superficial
extends from nuccal region over shoulders and halfway down back

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
deeper elongated muscle in head and neck

semispinalis capitis and cervicis
even deeper muscle

140
Q

respiration muscles

A

we breathe by muscles that enclose thoracic cavity

diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals
innermost intercostals

141
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities

bulges upward against bottom of lungs

contraction = flattened; enlarges thoracic cavity

relaxation = rises; shrinks thoracic cavity

142
Q

3 muscle layers between ribs

A

11 pairs of external intercostal muscles (most superficial)
each slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to next

11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles (deep to external intercostals)
each slopes downward and posteriorly from each rib to one below
at right angles to external intercostals

innermost intercostals
vary in number
fibers run in same direction as internal intercostals
stiffen thoracic cage during respiration

143
Q

abdominal wall muscles

A

abdominal cavity has little skeletal support

enclosed by layers of broad, flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, strengthening abdominal wall

144
Q

3 layers enclose lumbar region and extend halfway across anterior abdomen

A

external abdominal oblique
most superficial
fibers pass downward and anteriorly

internal abdominal oblique
next deeper layer
fibers pass upward and anteriorly

transverse abdominal
deepest layer
fibers run horizontal

145
Q

rectus abdominis

A

anterior and vertical
sternum to pubis
divided in 3 segments by transverse tendinous intersections (6-pack)

146
Q

back muscles

A

extend, rotate, laterally flex vertebral column

147
Q

latissimus dorsi and trapezius

A

most prominent back muscles

superficial

148
Q

serratus posterior (superior and inferior)

A

deeper superficial back muscles

vertebrae to ribs

149
Q

erector spinae

A

deepest superficial back muscles
vertical from cranium to sacrum
thick
divides in upper lumbar region into 3 parallel columns (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

150
Q

semispinalis thoracis + quadratus lumborum

A

major deep back muscles

enclosed in fibrous sheath (thoracolumbar fascia)

151
Q

multifidus

A

collective name for tiny muscles that connect adjacent vertebrae to each other from the cervical to lumbar region

152
Q

back injuries

A

standing too suddenly or improperly
lifting heavy weight

can cause strain on erector spinae, painful muscle spasms, torn tendons/ligaments of lower back, rupture intervertebral discs

lumbar muscles adapted to maintain posture, not lifting

153
Q

pelvic floor muslces

A

3 layers of muscle and fasciae (support viscera)

penetrated by anal canal, urethra, vagina (open into diamond region between thighs (perineum)

divided into layers or compartments:
superficial perineal space
pelvic diaphragm

154
Q

perineum

A

bordered by 4 bony landmarks: pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities

anterior half = urogenital triangle
posterior half = anal triangle

155
Q

superficial perineal space

A

pelvic floor cavity
deep to skin

3 muscles:
ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal

156
Q

pelvic diaphragm

A

pelvic floor layer
deepest layer

2 muscle pairs: levator ani and coccygeus

levator ani forms most of pelvic floor

157
Q

hernias

A

any condition in which viscera protrude through weak point in muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity

most common = inguinal hernia

in male fetus: each testis descends from pelvic cavity into scrotum via passage called inguinal canal through muscles of groin (canal = weak point in pelvic floor)

when pressure rises in abdominal cavity, it can force part of intestine or bladder into this canal or even scrotum

158
Q

other hernia sites

A

diaphragm and naval

159
Q

hiatal hernia

A

part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thoracic cavity

common in overweight people 40 yrs +

160
Q

umbilical hernia

A

abdominal viscera protrude through naval

161
Q

compartments

A

enclosed spaces

each compartment contains one or more functionally related muscles, nerves, blood vessels

162
Q

upper limb compartments

A

anterior and posterior

163
Q

lower limb compartments

A

anterior and posterior

medial and lateral

164
Q

intermuscular septa

A

thick fasciae separating compartments

165
Q

compartment syndrome definition

A

damaged blood vessel in compartment leads to fluid accumulation in that compartment

166
Q

compartment syndrome process

A

fascia prevents expansion of compartment to relieve pressure

increased pressure leads to degenerative events

blood flow obstructed
2-4 hrs nerves begin to die
6 hrs muscle tissue dies

nerves can regenerate when pressure is relieved, but muscle death remains

muscle breakdown releases myoglobin in blood

167
Q

myoglobinuria

A

myoglobin in urine

key sign of compartment syndrome

168
Q

compartment syndrome treatment

A

immobilization and rest

if necessary, pressure relief via incision

169
Q

shoulder muscles

A

muscles that act on pectoral girdle

originate on axial skeleton and insert on clavicle and scapula

scapula can rotate, elevate, depress, protract, retract

clavicle braces shoulder and moderates scapula movements

170
Q

anterior shoulder muscles

A

major muscles: pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

serratus anterior: arises from almost all rib heads; wraps around chest and passes across back between rib cage and scapula; inserts on medial border of scapula

scapula: when it contracts, it glides laterally and slightly forward around ribs

171
Q

posterior shoulder muscles

A

trapezius and rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae - act on scapula

trapezius and levator scapulae: elevate scapula and shoulder

172
Q

axial muscles

A

pectoralis major: thick fleshy muscle of mammary region

latissimus dorsi: broad back muscle that extends from waist to axilla

prime movers of shoulder joint

173
Q

rotator cuff

A

tendons of: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

merge with joint capsule of shoulder

insert on proximal head of humerus and form partial sleeve around it

supraspinatus most prone to injury

174
Q

muscles in arm

A

main elbow flexors: brachialis and biceps brachii

brachialis: prime mover of elbow flexion

biceps brachii: also helps supinate forearm

triceps brachii: prime mover of elbow extension

Pectoralis major: prime mover of arm flexing

175
Q

muscles in forearm

A

brachioradialis: large fleshy muscle on lateral forearm
anconeus: weak synergist of elbow extension

pronator quadratus and teres: pronation

supinator: supination

176
Q

wrist and hand muscles

A

hand acted on by extrinsic muscles in forearm and intrinsic muscles in hand

bellies of extrinsic muscles give round appearance to forearm

tendons extend to hand and wrist

actions: extension/flexion of hand and wrist

many act on metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

most tendons of extrinsic muscles pass under flexor and extensor retinaculum

177
Q

flexor retinaculum

A

fibrous sheet on anterior wrist

178
Q

extensor retinaculum

A

fibrous sheet on posterior wrist

179
Q

carpal tunnel

A

tight space between flexor retinaculum and carpals

area subject to painful inflammation from repetitive motion

180
Q

compartments of forearm muscles

A

anterior/posterior compartments with deep and superficial layers

most muscles of anterior compartment are wrist and finger flexors

most muscles of posterior compartment are wrist and finger extensors

181
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

prolonged repetitive movement of wrist/fingers can cause carpal tunnel tissues to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic

carpal tunnel cannot expand and swelling puts pressure on median nerve

pressure leads to tingling and muscle weakness in palm and lateral hand; pain may radiate to arm and shoulder

can also be caused by tumors, infections, fractures

182
Q

intrinsic hand muscles

A

assist flexors and extensors in forearm

make finger movements more precise

183
Q

hip and lower limb

A

largest muscles in lower limb

adapted for less precision, more strength

several cross and act on 2+ joints

184
Q

anterior hip muscles

A

most muscles acting on femur originate on hip bone

main: iliacus and psoas major

aka iliopsoas; share common tendon to femur

185
Q

posterior/lateral hip muscles

A

tensor fasciae latae: fibrous sheath that encircles thigh an binds to muscles; laterally, combines with gluteus maximus tendons to form iliotibial band

3 gluteal muscles

186
Q

thigh muscles

A

3 compartments: anterior, posterior, medial

anterior and posterior: knee flexors and extensors

medial: 5 muscles; thigh adductors

187
Q

intramuscular injections

A

common in thick bellies of muscles

drugs gradually absorbed, so safer to administer large doses that could be fatal if injected directly into bloodstream

2mL injected into gluteus medius at safe distance from sciatic nerve and major blood vessels

188
Q

anterior thigh muscles

A

quadriceps femoris: prime mover of knee extension; most powerful muscle

4 heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius (all converge on one quadriceps tendon)

189
Q

posterior thigh muscles

A

3 muscles (collectively hamstring): biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

pit at back of knee = popliteal fossa

tendons can be felt on back of knee

hamstrings flex knee and extend hip during walking/running

190
Q

hamstring injuries

A

common among athletes who depend on quick extension of knee to kick/jump forcefully

rapid knee extension stretches hamstring and often tears proximal tendons at ischial tuberosity

191
Q

anterior leg muscles

A

dorsiflex ankle and prevent toes from scuffing ground during walking

fibularis tertius (lateral)
extensor digitorum
extensor hallucis longus
tibialis anterior (medial)
192
Q

posterior leg muscles

A

superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris (plantar flex foot)

gastrocnemius + soleus = calf (insert on calcaneus by calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - strongest tendon)

193
Q

intrinsic foot muscles

A

support arches and aid toes in locomotion

most on inferior aspect of foot

194
Q

muscle injuries

A

vulnerable to sudden intense stress

overzealous exertion w/o proper preparation/warm-up

most prevented via proper conditioning

stretching keeps ligaments and joint capsules supple

moderation important

treatment via RICE

195
Q

RICE

A

Rest: prevent more injury, allow repair
Ice: reduce swelling
Compression: prevent fluid accumulation and swelling
Elevation: drain blood and prevent further swelling

196
Q

CN 1

A

Olfactory

197
Q

CN II

A

Optic

198
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor

199
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

200
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

201
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

202
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

203
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

204
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

205
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

206
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory

207
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

Anatomy (14 decks)

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