Exam 3 - Joints, Muscular System, Muscles

Question 1

joint definition

Answer 1

aka articulation: any points where two bones meet

Question 2

arthrology

Answer 2

study of joint structure, fxn, and dysfxn

Question 3

kinesiology

Answer 3

study of musculoskeletal movement

Question 4

biomechanics

Answer 4

broad range of motion, mechanical process

Question 5

joints named after

Answer 5

bones involved

Question 6

joints classified according to

Answer 6

way adjacent bones are bound to each other, with differences in freedom of movement

Question 7

bony joints

Answer 7

aka synosteses
immovable
two bones ossified together
fusion of fibrous or cartilaginous joints
ex: mandibular bones, cranial sutures, epiphyses with diaphyses, first rib to sternum

Question 8

fibrous joints

Answer 8

aka synarthrosis or synarthrodial joints
collagen fibers bind
little to no movement
3 types

Question 9

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 9

suture
gomphosis
syndesmosis

Question 10

suture joints

Answer 10

immobile joints
short fibers
little/no movement
skull bones
classifications: serrate (interlocked), lap (squamous - overlapped, plane (butt) - straight, non-overlapped

Question 11

serrate suture joints

Answer 11

interlocked

Question 12

lap suture joints

Answer 12

squamous

overlapped

Question 13

plane suture joints

Answer 13

butt

straight, non-overlapped

Question 14

gomphoses joints

Answer 14

short fibers
little/no movement
tooth to socket
held in place by periodontal ligament
some movement due to chewing stress

Question 15

syndesmoses joints

Answer 15

longer collagen fibers bind two bones
limited mobility
ulna-radius and tibia-fibula

Question 16

cartilaginous joints

Answer 16

amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial
longer fibers
more movement
cartilage link
two types: synchondrosis and symphyses

Question 17

synchondrosis carilaginous joints

Answer 17

hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
first rib/sternum

Question 18

symphysis cartilaginous joints

Answer 18

fibrocartilage
pubic symphysis
IVDs

Question 19

synovial joints

Answer 19

diarthrosis or diarthrodial
freely movable to limited mobility
most structurally complex
most likely to develop uncomfortable or crippling dysfxns

Question 20

general anatomy of synovial joints

Answer 20

articular cartilage
joint cavity
joint capsule
synovial fluid
synovial membrane
macrophages
articular disc
meniscus
tendons
ligaments
bursa

Question 21

articular cartilage (synovial joint)

Answer 21

hyaline cartilage

facing surface of bone

Question 22

joint cavity (synovial joint)

Answer 22

narrow space between bones

Question 23

joint capsule (synovial joint)

Answer 23

encloses cavity
retains fluid
fibrous capsule

Question 24

synovial fluid

Answer 24

viscous and slippery
nourishes articular cartilage
removes waste
makes synovial joint movement friction-free

Question 25

synovial membrane

Answer 25

fibroblast cells secrete synovial fluid

Question 26

macrophages (synovial joint)

Answer 26

remove debris from joint cavity

Question 27

articular disc (synovial joint)

Answer 27

fibrocartilage pad | crosses entire capsule

Question 28

meniscus (synovial joint)

Answer 28

``` cartilage absorbs shock guides bones across each other improves fit between bones stabilizes joint reduces chance of dislocation does not cross entire joint capsule ```

Question 29

tendons

Answer 29

attach muscle to bone

Question 30

ligaments

Answer 30

attach bone to bone

Question 31

bursa

Answer 31

sac of synovial fluid between muscle/tendon and bone/skin tendon sheath cushion muscles and help tendons slide more easily over joints

Question 32

tendinitis

Answer 32

form of bursitis when tendon sheath is inflammed

Question 33

bursitis

Answer 33

inflammation of bursa due to overexertion of joint

Question 34

when synovial fluid warmed by exercise...

Answer 34

fluid becomes thinner and more easily absorbed by articular cartilage cartilage swells and improves cushion against compression why warm-ups help protect articular cartilage against wear and tear

Question 35

because cartilage is nonvascular...

Answer 35

repetitive compression during exercise is important for nutrition and waste removal

Question 36

every time cartilage is compressed...

Answer 36

fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out without weight, cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like a sponge fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes

Question 37

lack of exercise affects cartilage because...

Answer 37

articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from lack of nutrition, oxygenation and waste removal

Question 38

classes of synovial joints

Answer 38

``` ball and socket condylar saddle plane (gliding) hinge pivot ```

Question 39

ball and socket joints

Answer 39

hemispherical head into cup-like socket | ex: shoulder and hip

Question 40

condylar joints

Answer 40

oval convex surface fits into similar depression on another bone ex: radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal

Question 41

saddle joints

Answer 41

concave/convex saddle-shaped surface biaxial - move in two planes ex: trapeziometacarpal and sternoclavicular

Question 42

plane (gliding) joints

Answer 42

flat or slightly concave/convex adjacent bones slide over each other limited movement ex: carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae

Question 43

hinge joints

Answer 43

concave on one; convex on another move freely in one plane ex: elbow, knee, interphalangeal

Question 44

pivot joints

Answer 44

bone spins on longitudinal axis | ex: radioulnar and atlantoaxial

Question 45

joint movements

Answer 45

``` flexion and extension abduction and adduction elevation and depression protraction (anterior) and retraction (posterior) circumduction and rotation supination and pronation ```

Question 46

movements of head and trunk

Answer 46

flexion hyperextension lateral flexion rotation

Question 47

movements of mandible

Answer 47

protraction retraction lateral excursion medial exursion

Question 48

movements of hand and digits

Answer 48

``` radial flexion ulnar flexion abduction of fingers palmar abduction of thumb opposition of thumb (thumb to all other fingers) ```

Question 49

circumduction

Answer 49

one bone end stationary, the other rotating

Question 50

movements of foot

Answer 50

ankle flexion (plantar - down; dorsi - up) inversion eversion

Question 51

range of motion (ROM) definition

Answer 51

of degrees through which one bone moves relative to another bone at that joint

Question 52

ROM factors

Answer 52

structure of articular surface of bones strength and atuness of ligaments and joint capsules action of muscles and tendons

Question 53

ROM implications

Answer 53

affects person's fxnal independence and quality of life | important for athletic training, clinical diagnoses, monitoring rehabilitation process

Question 54

jaw joint

Answer 54

temporomandibular joint: articulation of mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa deep yawn or strenuous depression of mandible can dislocate TMJ by making condyle pop out of fossa and slip forward relocation: press down on molars while pushing jaw backward

Question 55

TMJ syndrome

Answer 55

can cause moderate intermittent facial pain, clicking sounds of jaw, limitation of jaw movement, headaches, vertigo, tinnitus, pain radiating from jaw down neck, shoulders, and back caused by psychological tension and malocclusion

Question 56

TMJ treatment

Answer 56

psychological management physical therapy analgesics corrective dental appliances

Question 57

shoulder joint

Answer 57

glenohumeral: head of humerus with glenoid cavity loose joint capsule and shallow glenoid cavity sacrifices stability for movement glenoid labrum: ring of fibrocartilage for added support tendon of biceps brachii most important stabilizer of shoulder along with: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (tendons = rotator cuff)

Question 58

shoulder joint dislocations

Answer 58

painful and can result in permanent damage most common: downward displacement of humerus (arm abducted, blow from above) can also occur in children who are jerked off ground and forced to follow with hard arm tug

Question 59

elbow joint

Answer 59

hinge joint, 2 articulations humeroulnar: trochlea of humerus with trochlear notch of ulna humeroradial: capitulum of humerus with head of radius

Question 60

pulled elbow

Answer 60

immature skeletons of children/adolescents especially vulnerable to dislocation of radius common injury in preschool children, usually when adult lifts or jerks child up by one arm when arm is pronated tears annular ligament from head of radius - radius pulls partially/entirely out of ligament torn ligament pinched between radial head and capitulum treatment: supinate forearm with elbow flexed then put arm in sling for 2 weeks

Question 61

hip joint

Answer 61

coxal joint: head of femur with acetabulum deep sockets - more stable than shoulder joint dislocations rare some infants suffer congential dislocations b/c acetabulum not deep enough to hold femur in place treatment: traction until acetabulum develops strength to support body weight fovea capitis: artery with blood supply to head of femur

Question 62

knee joint

Answer 62

tibiofemoral: largest and most complex joint mosty hinge: capable of lateral gliding and rotation stabilized by quadriceps tendon (front) and semimembranosus tendon (back) - developing strength in these muscles reduces risk of knee injury joint cavity contains 2 c-shaped cartilages called lateral and medial meniscus that absorb shock and prevent knee rocking side-side on tibia 2 intrascapular ligaments deep within joint cavity that cross in an X: anterior cruciate (ACL) and posterior cruciate (PCL) 13 bursae

Question 63

knee injuries

Answer 63

highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress most common: a meniscus or ACL heals slowly because ligaments and tendons have scanty blood supply and cartilage has no blood vessels at all damaged ACL replaced with patellar ligament or hamstring tendon hole drilled through femur and tibia, ligament threaded through and fastened with biodegradable screws grafted ligament more taut than damaged ACL becomes ingrown with blood vessels and serves as substrate for collagen deposition (further strengthens over time)

Question 64

ankle joint

Answer 64

talocrural - 2 articulations (medial - tibia and talus) (lateral - fibula and talus) restricted ROM b/c of malleoli overhanging talus sprains/strains common with sudden and excessive inversion/eversion painful with immediate swelling treated with immobilization and reducing swelling extreme cases - casts or surgery

Question 65

sprain definition

Answer 65

injury to tendon/ligament

Question 66

strain definition

Answer 66

injury to muscle

Question 67

rheumatism

Answer 67

any pain in supportive/locomotory organs, such as: bones ligaments tendons muscles

Question 68

rheumatologist

Answer 68

physician dealing with the study, diagnosis, treatment of joint disorders

Question 69

arthritis

Answer 69

joint inflammation most common crippling disorder in U.S.

Question 70

osteoarthritis (OA)

Answer 70

most common form of arthritis fingers, intervertebral joints, hips, knees "wear and tear" of articular cartilage: exposed bone tissue develops spurs that grow into cavity, restrict movement, cause pain affects 85% over 70 years crepitus

Question 71

ostephytes

Answer 71

bony spurs that grow into joint cavity, causing arthritis

Question 72

creptius

Answer 72

crunching and cracking sounds of joints

Question 73

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 73

more severe form of arthritis autoimmune disease that attacks synovial membrane autoantibody called rheumatoid factor that attacks body's own tissue instead of foreign matter enzymes degrade articular cartilage synovial membrane thickens, fluid accumulates in joint capsule, capsule invaded by fibrous CT RA flares/subsides periodically in women more than men, between 30-40 ossification of degenerated cartilage ankylosis no cure

Question 74

ankylosis

Answer 74

bones solidly fuse immobilization

Question 75

arthroplasty

Answer 75

replacement of diseased joint artificial device

Question 76

total hip replacement

Answer 76

THR first in 1963 most common procedure for elderly

Question 77

porous-coated prostheses

Answer 77

infiltrated with patients' bone creates firmer bond

Question 78

myology

Answer 78

study of skeletal muscles

Question 79

skeletal muscle characteristics

Answer 79

voluntary striated attached to bone muscle cells (muscle cells and myofibers)

Question 80

fxns of muscle

Answer 80

``` movement stability control body openings and passages heat production glycemic control ```

Question 81

stability of muscle

Answer 81

posture | resist gravity

Question 82

heat production of muscle

Answer 82

85% | homeostasis

Question 83

glycemic control of muscle

Answer 83

blood glucose | absorb, store, use glucose

Question 84

properties of muscle

Answer 84

excitability - react to stimuli conductivity - more stimulation through cell contractibility - shorten when stimulated extensibility - stretch without harm elasticity - recoil from stretch

Question 85

connective tissue and fascicles

Answer 85

endomysium perimysium epimysium fascia

Question 86

endomysium

Answer 86

thin sleeve of loose CT around each muscle fiber creates room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach every muscle fiber

Question 87

perimysium

Answer 87

thicker CT tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles carries larger nerves and blood vessels and stretch receptors (muscle spindles)

Question 88

epimysium

Answer 88

fibrous sheath around entire muscle outer surface = fascia

Question 89

fascia

Answer 89

sheet of CT that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and subcutaneous tissue

Question 90

muscle shapes

Answer 90

``` fusiform parallel triangular pennate circular ``` strength and direction of pull determined by fascicle orientation

Question 91

fusiform muscles

Answer 91

thick in middle; tapered at ends strength proportional to muscles' thickest diameter ex: biceps brachii and gastrocnemius

Question 92

parallel muscles

Answer 92

uniform width and parallel fascicles can span long distances can shorten more not very strong ex: rectus abdominus, sartorius, zygomatic major

Question 93

triangular muscles

Answer 93

fan shaped relatively strong because they have large number of fibers in wider part of muscle ex: pectoralis major and temporalis

Question 94

pennate muscles

Answer 94

feather shaped 3 types: unipennate (palmar interosseus), bipennate (rectus femoris), multipennate (deltoid) more force than any other muscles because more fibers/length

Question 95

circular muscles

Answer 95

sphincters constrict body openings ex: orbicularis oculi, external anal sphincter

Question 96

muscle attachments

Answer 96

indirect aponeurosis direct (fleshy)

Question 97

indirect muscle attachment

Answer 97

tendon connect into periosteum then matrix

Question 98

aponeurosis muscle attachment

Answer 98

broad tendon sheet

Question 99

direct (fleshy) muscle attachment

Answer 99

close association with bone gap contains collagen fibers

Question 100

origin

Answer 100

muscle attachment at relatively stationary end of bone

Question 101

insertion

Answer 101

attachment at more mobile end of bone

Question 102

belly

Answer 102

area of muscle between origin and insertion

Question 103

functional groups of muscles

Answer 103

``` action prime mover synergist antagonist fixator ```

Question 104

action funtional group

Answer 104

effect produced by muscle | produce/prevent movement

Question 105

prime mover functional group

Answer 105

produces main force of action

Question 106

synergist functional group

Answer 106

aids prime mover | stabilizes joint

Question 107

antagonist functional group

Answer 107

opposes prime mover | antagonistic pair act on opposite sides of joint

Question 108

fixator functional group

Answer 108

prevents bone movement

Question 109

intrinsic muscle

Answer 109

origin and insertion in same region contained in particular region

Question 110

extrinsic muscle

Answer 110

acts upon designated region origin elsewhere

Question 111

classes of muscle fibers

Answer 111

slow oxidative | fast glycolytic

Question 112

slow oxidative muscle fibers

Answer 112

SO ``` slow-twitch, red, type 1 abundant in: mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries deep red color aerobic resistant to fatigue ```

Question 113

fast glycolytic muscle fibers

Answer 113

FG ``` fast-twitch, white, type 1 (a and b) low quantities of: mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries anaerobic reduced oxygen produces lactic acid responds quickly fatigues quickly ```

Question 114

cardiac muscle

Answer 114

short stumpy cells slightly branched right in glycogen and myoglobin large mitochondria that fill 25% of each cell aerobic fatigue resistant vulnerable to oxygen supply interruptions cardiocytes pulsate rhythmically even without nervous stimulation (autorhythmicity)

Question 115

smooth muscle

Answer 115

fusiform in hollow organs - 2 layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal (lengthwise)) when circular layer contracts, it narrows organ and may lengthen it when longitudinal layer contracts, it shortens and thickens organ contracts/relaxes slowly responding to nerves, chemicals, stretch receptors aerobic low energy requirement (fatigue resistant) can maintain continual, partial contrxn (smooth muscle tone) maintains bp via blood vessel partial constriction peristalsis

Question 116

aging muscular system

Answer 116

``` loss of lean muscle fat accumulation fast glycolytic fibers earliest and most severe atrophy reduction in muscle components reduction in nervous system components ```

Question 117

myopathies

Answer 117

diseases of muscle

Question 118

muscular dystrophy

Answer 118

encompasses several hereditary diseases skeletal muscles degenerate, lose strength, replaced by fat and scar tissue (new tissue impedes blood circulation, accelerating muscle degeneration - fatal spiral)

Question 119

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Answer 119

most common type sex-linked; mostly in males not evident at birth but when child begins to walk - frequent falls, difficulty standing up again affects hip, then lower limbs, then abdominal and spinal muscles - muscles shorten as they atrophy, creating postural abnormalities incurable - treated with braces and exercise patients in wheelchairs by early adolescence and rarely live past 20

Question 120

myasthenia gravis (MG)

Answer 120

most prevalent in women 20-40 years effects first appear in facial muscles (drooping eyelids) later: difficulty swallowing, limb weakness, poor physical endurance some die quickly of respiratory failure, others have normal lifespan

Question 121

how muscles are named

Answer 121

``` size shape location # of heads orientation of fibers action ```

Question 122

muscle innervation

Answer 122

nerve supply to muscle knowing innervation to each muscle allows diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord and brainstem injuries (from effects on muscle fxn - can set realistic rehab goals) spinal nerves and cranial nerves

Question 123

spinal nerves

Answer 123

arise from spinal cord, emerge through intervertebral foramina, innervate muscles below neck identified by adjacent vertebrae they come off by plexus

Question 124

plexus

Answer 124

weblike network of spinal nerves adjacent to vertebral column

Question 125

cranial nerves

Answer 125

arise from base of brain, emerge through skull foramina, innervate muscles of head and neck identified by both roman numerals I-XII and specific names

Question 126

muscles of facial expression

Answer 126

humans have much more expressive faces than other mammals all muscles that insert in dermis and subcutaneous tissue tense skin and produce facial expressions contribute directly to speech, chewing and other oral fxns all but one muscle innervated by facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) especially vulnerable to injury from lacerations and skull fractures which can paralyze muscles and cause parts of face to sag

Question 127

scalp muscles

Answer 127

occipitofrontalis overlies dome of cranium frontalis and occipitalis connected by galea aponeurotica

Question 128

orbital region muscles

Answer 128

orbicularis oculi: sphincter of eyelid that encircles and closes eyelid levator palpebrae superioris: lies deep to orbicularis oculi and opens eye

Question 129

oral region muscles

Answer 129

mouth = most expressive part of face lip movement - necessary for speech orbicularis oris: complex of muscles in lips that encircles mouth other muscles in area approach mouth from all angles and draw lips in all directions - some have origin or insertion in complex mass of tissue called mediolus

Question 130

mediolus

Answer 130

point of convergence for several muscles in lower face

Question 131

mental and buccal region muscles

Answer 131

adjacent to oral orifice mental (chin) buccal (cheek) mental region has pair of small mentalis muscles extending from upper margin of mandible to skin of chin in some people, visible dimple between these muscles called mental cleft buccinator: muscle of cheek multiple fxns including chewing

Question 132

tongue muscles

Answer 132

``` agile organ pushes food between molars for chewing forces food into pharynx for swallowing important for speech intrinsic and extrinsic muscles ```

Question 133

muscles of chewing

Answer 133

4 pairs of muscles produce biting and chewing movements of mandible: temporalis masseter pterygoid muscles actions: depression, elevation, protraction, retraction, lateral and medial excursion of mandible all innervated by mandibular nerve, a branch off cranial nerve V (trigeminal)

Question 134

hyoid muscles

Answer 134

suprahyoid infrahyoid 8 pairs for chewing, swallowing, speaking

Question 135

suprahyoid muscles

Answer 135

digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid innervated by cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and XII (hypoglossal)

Question 136

infrahyoid muscles

Answer 136

inferior to hyoid and fix hyoid from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth innervated by cervical nerves 1-3, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XII (hypoglossal)

Question 137

head muscles

Answer 137

originate on vertebral column, thoracic cage and pectoral girdle insert on cranial bones actions: flexion, lateral flexion, hyperextension, extension, rotation some may cause contralateral movement of head (towards opposite side of muscle) or ipsilateral (towards same side of muscle) innervate by cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve)

Question 138

neck flexors

Answer 138

sternocleidomastoid: prime mover of neck flexion extends from upper chest to mastoid process most easily seen when head is rotated to one side and slightly extended

Question 139

neck extensors

Answer 139

in the nuccal (back of neck) region hold neck erect or draw it back trapezius: most superficial extends from nuccal region over shoulders and halfway down back splenius capitis and splenius cervicis deeper elongated muscle in head and neck semispinalis capitis and cervicis even deeper muscle

Question 140

respiration muscles

Answer 140

we breathe by muscles that enclose thoracic cavity diaphragm external intercostals internal intercostals innermost intercostals

Question 141

diaphragm

Answer 141

muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities bulges upward against bottom of lungs contraction = flattened; enlarges thoracic cavity relaxation = rises; shrinks thoracic cavity

Question 142

3 muscle layers between ribs

Answer 142

11 pairs of external intercostal muscles (most superficial) each slopes downward and anteriorly from one rib to next 11 pairs of internal intercostal muscles (deep to external intercostals) each slopes downward and posteriorly from each rib to one below at right angles to external intercostals innermost intercostals vary in number fibers run in same direction as internal intercostals stiffen thoracic cage during respiration

Question 143

abdominal wall muscles

Answer 143

abdominal cavity has little skeletal support | enclosed by layers of broad, flat muscles whose fibers run in different directions, strengthening abdominal wall

Question 144

3 layers enclose lumbar region and extend halfway across anterior abdomen

Answer 144

external abdominal oblique most superficial fibers pass downward and anteriorly internal abdominal oblique next deeper layer fibers pass upward and anteriorly transverse abdominal deepest layer fibers run horizontal

Question 145

rectus abdominis

Answer 145

anterior and vertical sternum to pubis divided in 3 segments by transverse tendinous intersections (6-pack)

Question 146

back muscles

Answer 146

extend, rotate, laterally flex vertebral column

Question 147

latissimus dorsi and trapezius

Answer 147

most prominent back muscles | superficial

Question 148

serratus posterior (superior and inferior)

Answer 148

deeper superficial back muscles | vertebrae to ribs

Question 149

erector spinae

Answer 149

deepest superficial back muscles vertical from cranium to sacrum thick divides in upper lumbar region into 3 parallel columns (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

Question 150

semispinalis thoracis + quadratus lumborum

Answer 150

major deep back muscles | enclosed in fibrous sheath (thoracolumbar fascia)

Question 151

multifidus

Answer 151

collective name for tiny muscles that connect adjacent vertebrae to each other from the cervical to lumbar region

Question 152

back injuries

Answer 152

standing too suddenly or improperly lifting heavy weight can cause strain on erector spinae, painful muscle spasms, torn tendons/ligaments of lower back, rupture intervertebral discs lumbar muscles adapted to maintain posture, not lifting

Question 153

pelvic floor muslces

Answer 153

3 layers of muscle and fasciae (support viscera) penetrated by anal canal, urethra, vagina (open into diamond region between thighs (perineum) divided into layers or compartments: superficial perineal space pelvic diaphragm

Question 154

perineum

Answer 154

bordered by 4 bony landmarks: pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities anterior half = urogenital triangle posterior half = anal triangle

Question 155

superficial perineal space

Answer 155

pelvic floor cavity deep to skin 3 muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal

Question 156

pelvic diaphragm

Answer 156

pelvic floor layer deepest layer 2 muscle pairs: levator ani and coccygeus levator ani forms most of pelvic floor

Question 157

hernias

Answer 157

any condition in which viscera protrude through weak point in muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity most common = inguinal hernia in male fetus: each testis descends from pelvic cavity into scrotum via passage called inguinal canal through muscles of groin (canal = weak point in pelvic floor) when pressure rises in abdominal cavity, it can force part of intestine or bladder into this canal or even scrotum

Question 158

other hernia sites

Answer 158

diaphragm and naval

Question 159

hiatal hernia

Answer 159

part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thoracic cavity common in overweight people 40 yrs +

Question 160

umbilical hernia

Answer 160

abdominal viscera protrude through naval

Question 161

compartments

Answer 161

enclosed spaces each compartment contains one or more functionally related muscles, nerves, blood vessels

Question 162

upper limb compartments

Answer 162

anterior and posterior

Question 163

lower limb compartments

Answer 163

anterior and posterior medial and lateral

Question 164

intermuscular septa

Answer 164

thick fasciae separating compartments

Question 165

compartment syndrome definition

Answer 165

damaged blood vessel in compartment leads to fluid accumulation in that compartment

Question 166

compartment syndrome process

Answer 166

fascia prevents expansion of compartment to relieve pressure increased pressure leads to degenerative events blood flow obstructed 2-4 hrs nerves begin to die 6 hrs muscle tissue dies nerves can regenerate when pressure is relieved, but muscle death remains muscle breakdown releases myoglobin in blood

Question 167

myoglobinuria

Answer 167

myoglobin in urine key sign of compartment syndrome

Question 168

compartment syndrome treatment

Answer 168

immobilization and rest if necessary, pressure relief via incision

Question 169

shoulder muscles

Answer 169

muscles that act on pectoral girdle originate on axial skeleton and insert on clavicle and scapula scapula can rotate, elevate, depress, protract, retract clavicle braces shoulder and moderates scapula movements

Question 170

anterior shoulder muscles

Answer 170

major muscles: pectoralis minor and serratus anterior serratus anterior: arises from almost all rib heads; wraps around chest and passes across back between rib cage and scapula; inserts on medial border of scapula scapula: when it contracts, it glides laterally and slightly forward around ribs

Question 171

posterior shoulder muscles

Answer 171

trapezius and rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae - act on scapula trapezius and levator scapulae: elevate scapula and shoulder

Question 172

axial muscles

Answer 172

pectoralis major: thick fleshy muscle of mammary region latissimus dorsi: broad back muscle that extends from waist to axilla prime movers of shoulder joint

Question 173

rotator cuff

Answer 173

tendons of: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis merge with joint capsule of shoulder insert on proximal head of humerus and form partial sleeve around it supraspinatus most prone to injury

Question 174

muscles in arm

Answer 174

main elbow flexors: brachialis and biceps brachii brachialis: prime mover of elbow flexion biceps brachii: also helps supinate forearm triceps brachii: prime mover of elbow extension Pectoralis major: prime mover of arm flexing

Question 175

muscles in forearm

Answer 175

brachioradialis: large fleshy muscle on lateral forearm anconeus: weak synergist of elbow extension pronator quadratus and teres: pronation supinator: supination

Question 176

wrist and hand muscles

Answer 176

hand acted on by extrinsic muscles in forearm and intrinsic muscles in hand bellies of extrinsic muscles give round appearance to forearm tendons extend to hand and wrist actions: extension/flexion of hand and wrist many act on metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints most tendons of extrinsic muscles pass under flexor and extensor retinaculum

Question 177

flexor retinaculum

Answer 177

fibrous sheet on anterior wrist

Question 178

extensor retinaculum

Answer 178

fibrous sheet on posterior wrist

Question 179

carpal tunnel

Answer 179

tight space between flexor retinaculum and carpals area subject to painful inflammation from repetitive motion

Question 180

compartments of forearm muscles

Answer 180

anterior/posterior compartments with deep and superficial layers most muscles of anterior compartment are wrist and finger flexors most muscles of posterior compartment are wrist and finger extensors

Question 181

carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 181

prolonged repetitive movement of wrist/fingers can cause carpal tunnel tissues to become inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic carpal tunnel cannot expand and swelling puts pressure on median nerve pressure leads to tingling and muscle weakness in palm and lateral hand; pain may radiate to arm and shoulder can also be caused by tumors, infections, fractures

Question 182

intrinsic hand muscles

Answer 182

assist flexors and extensors in forearm make finger movements more precise

Question 183

hip and lower limb

Answer 183

largest muscles in lower limb adapted for less precision, more strength several cross and act on 2+ joints

Question 184

anterior hip muscles

Answer 184

most muscles acting on femur originate on hip bone main: iliacus and psoas major aka iliopsoas; share common tendon to femur

Question 185

posterior/lateral hip muscles

Answer 185

tensor fasciae latae: fibrous sheath that encircles thigh an binds to muscles; laterally, combines with gluteus maximus tendons to form iliotibial band 3 gluteal muscles

Question 186

thigh muscles

Answer 186

3 compartments: anterior, posterior, medial anterior and posterior: knee flexors and extensors medial: 5 muscles; thigh adductors

Question 187

intramuscular injections

Answer 187

common in thick bellies of muscles drugs gradually absorbed, so safer to administer large doses that could be fatal if injected directly into bloodstream 2mL injected into gluteus medius at safe distance from sciatic nerve and major blood vessels

Question 188

anterior thigh muscles

Answer 188

quadriceps femoris: prime mover of knee extension; most powerful muscle 4 heads: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius (all converge on one quadriceps tendon)

Question 189

posterior thigh muscles

Answer 189

3 muscles (collectively hamstring): biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus pit at back of knee = popliteal fossa tendons can be felt on back of knee hamstrings flex knee and extend hip during walking/running

Question 190

hamstring injuries

Answer 190

common among athletes who depend on quick extension of knee to kick/jump forcefully rapid knee extension stretches hamstring and often tears proximal tendons at ischial tuberosity

Question 191

anterior leg muscles

Answer 191

dorsiflex ankle and prevent toes from scuffing ground during walking ``` fibularis tertius (lateral) extensor digitorum extensor hallucis longus tibialis anterior (medial) ```

Question 192

posterior leg muscles

Answer 192

superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris (plantar flex foot) gastrocnemius + soleus = calf (insert on calcaneus by calcaneal (Achilles) tendon - strongest tendon)

Question 193

intrinsic foot muscles

Answer 193

support arches and aid toes in locomotion most on inferior aspect of foot

Question 194

muscle injuries

Answer 194

vulnerable to sudden intense stress overzealous exertion w/o proper preparation/warm-up most prevented via proper conditioning stretching keeps ligaments and joint capsules supple moderation important treatment via RICE

Question 195

RICE

Answer 195

Rest: prevent more injury, allow repair Ice: reduce swelling Compression: prevent fluid accumulation and swelling Elevation: drain blood and prevent further swelling

Question 196

CN 1

Answer 196

Olfactory

Question 197

CN II

Answer 197

Optic

Question 198

CN III

Answer 198

Oculomotor

Question 199

CN IV

Answer 199

Trochlear

Question 200

CN V

Answer 200

Trigeminal

Question 201

CN VI

Answer 201

Abducens

Question 202

CN VII

Answer 202

Facial

Question 203

CN VIII

Answer 203

Vestibulocochlear

Question 204

CN IX

Answer 204

Glossopharyngeal

Question 205

CN X

Answer 205

Vagus

Question 206

CN XI

Answer 206

Accessory

Question 207

CN XII

Answer 207

Hypoglossal