Exam 1 - Intro, Cytology, Histology Flashcards
1
Q
regional anatomy
A
multiple organ systems
2
Q
inspection
A
looking at body in careful detail
2
Q
dissection
A
careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationship
2
Q
sternal/pectoral
A
chest
2
Q
adipocytes
A
small clusters of fat cells in connectiv tissue
2
Q
central canals
A
empty space inside cylinder of compact bone tissue
2
Q
endocardium
A
lining of heart
2
Q
synovial membrane
A
connective tissue that surrounds some joints of skeletal system
3
Q
S
A
DNA and centriole replication
4
Q
functional MRI (fMRI)
A
tracks moment-to-moment changes
4
Q
components of axial region
A
head
neck (cervical)
trunk (thoracic and abdominal)
4
Q
acromial
A
shoulder
5
Q
columnar
A
rectangular
inner lining of small intestine
6
Q
lacunae
A
spaces between lamellae
7
Q
cell
A
smallest living unit
7
Q
components of appendicular region
A
upper limb
lower limb
8
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells
mostly in connective tissue
9
Q
spheroidal/ovoid
A
round/oval
egg cells, WBCs
9
Q
pedal
A
foot
10
Q
organ system
A
system of organs working together for specific functions
11 organ systems
10
Q
goblet cells
A
wineglass-shaped cells within simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium that produce protective mucus
11
Q
auscultation
A
listening for normal sounds
11
Q
infarction
A
sudden death of tissue that occurs when blood supply is cut off
11
Q
ground substance
A
gelatinous substance that fills extracellular space
made of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins
12
carpal
wrist
13
polyganol
irregular
4+ sides
13
intergral proteins
partly through membrane
13
mucous membrane
line passageways that open to exterior
14
tubular duct
uniform diameter
15
percussion
tapping and listening
15
parenchyma
gland cells that synthesize and secrete
15
Hypochondriac Region
16
neoplasia
development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue
16
pleura
2 layer serous membrane around each lung
17
hypertrophy
tissue growth through enlargement of preexisting cells
17
Intertubercular Line
18
gluteal
buttock
18
elastic cartilage
conspicuous elastic fibers
19
radiological anatomy
internal structures
19
neurosoma
neuron cell body
19
cell-identity markers
what belongs and what doesn't
20
femoral
thigh
21
anterior mesentery
continuation of mesentery to anterior body wall
21
collagenous fibers
made of collagen
resist stretching
22
simple epithelium
every cell on basement membrane
cuboidal, squamous, columnar
pseudostratified columnar
22
connective tissue
support and protect organs
bind organs together
less space than extracellular material
22
functional morphology
study of the functional reasons behind the structure of an organ
22
brown fat
in infants
heat-generating
23
fibrocartilage
coarse, visible collagen bundles
25
serous gland
produces thin, watery fluids
26
peripheral proteins
adhere to membrane face (usually ICF)
27
anatomical position
standing erect, feet flat
arms at side, supinated
palms, face, eyes forward
28
ribosomes
read genetic messages
makes proteins from amino acids
28
muscular tissue
muscles, heart, digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels
contract when stimulated
29
macrophages
large phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue phagocytize and destroy bacteria, foreign matter, dead/dying cells
activate immune system when they sense antigens
arise from monocyte or monocyte stem cells
30
muscularis mucosae
layer of smooth muscle in mucous membrane
31
nervous tissue
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia
communication by electrical and chemical signals
32
lamellae
concentric layers around central canals
33
scanning electron microscope
specimen coated in vaporized metal (gold)
electron beam creates secondary electrons that strike a fluorescent screen and produce an image
33
associated viscera in pelvic cavity
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
34
elastic tissue
type of dense regular connective tissue with elastic fibers
35
cardiac muscle
one nucleus
striated (intercalated discs)
involuntary
gap junctions
36
Umbilical Region
37
transverse plane
superior/inferior sections
39
transmission electron microscope
specimens sliced ultrathin
41
pericardium
2 layer serous membrane around heart
43
mitochondira
synthesize ATP (aerobic respiration)
44
cutaneous membrane
skin
46
cytology
study of the structure and function of cells
ultrastructure/fine detail of cells
48
acinar duct
dilated sacs called acini
50
centrosome
small, clear patch of cytoplasm that contains centrioles
50
cytogenic glands
secrete whole cells
51
Lumbar Region
53
gross anatomy
what you can see with the naked eye
54
CT scan
computed tomography creates a "slice" of an image, which are then stacked to create a 3-D image
sends low-intensity x-rays from one side of the machine to another
to view tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones
54
exocytosis
vesicular transport out of the cell
55
associated viscera in pleural (thoracic) cavities
lungs
56
filtration
physical pressure forces fluid through membrane
water, salts, organic nutrients
57
systemic anatomy
one organ system
58
osteon
central canal and surrounding lamellae
59
serosa
outer layer of organ produced when visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organ
60
stratified epithelium
2+ layers
squamous, cuboidal
transitional
named by top layer
61
dorsum
top of foot
62
G2
growth and preparation for mitosis
checks accuracy; fixes errors
63
situs solitus
normal organ arrangement
63
lymphocytes
WBCs that react against bacteria, toxins, etc.
64
fibrosis
replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue
64
cholesterol in membrane
impacts membrane fluidity
20% of membrane
65
periosteum
tough, fibrous outer layer of bone
66
light microscope
visible light creates images
67
gangrene
tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply
68
active transport
requires energy
movement up the concentration gradient
68
electron microscope
beams of electrons
69
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
a magnetic field is created inside an electromagnetic chamber
switch on: hydrogen atoms align with magnetic field
switch off: hydrogen atoms realign and their position is interpreted by a computer
70
reticular tissue
A fibrous connective tissue with loosely organized, widely spaced fibers and cells and an abundance of fluid-filled space; found under nearly every epithelium, among other places
71
prophase
chromosomes condense into chromatid
nuclear envelope disintegrates
centrioles produce spindle fibers and migrate to poles
spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
chromosomes line up in middle
71
associated viscera in pericardial (thoracic) cavity
heart
73
fibroblasts
large, fusiform cells that produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix
74
sonography
ultrasound waves reflected back to create image
used in obstetrics and to create an echocardiography of the heart
75
Subcostal Line
77
enzymes
facilitate chemical reactions at cell surface
78
PET scan
positron emission tomography
measures the metabolic state of tissues
an injection of radioactively labeled glucose emits positrons
positron (+) hits electron (-) = annihilation, which gives off gamma rays
dark image = no glucose being used = bad
used to see metastasized cancer
79
associated viscera in cranial cavity
brain
81
loose connective tissue
much of the space is occupied by the ground substance
82
axillary
armpit
82
plantar
sole
82
holocrine glands
cells accumulate product and then disintegrate
83
cubital
elbow
84
parasagittal plane
unequal left/right sections
84
hyaline cartilage
clear, glassy matrix
85
canaliculi
delicate canals that radiate from lacuna to lacuna to allow contact between osteocytes
86
frontal/coronal plane
anterior/posterior sections
88
microtubule
25 nm thick
hollow cylinder of 13 protofilaments strands
tubulin
hold organelles in place
maintain cell shape
transport organelles and molecules
not permanent
90
situs inversus
complete left/right reversal of organ position
90
antebrachial
forearm
92
anaphase
chromatids cleaved at centromere
chromatids move toward poles
92
hyperplasia
tissue growth through cell multiplication
94
endocrine glands
no contact with surface; no ducts secrete products directly into blood
hormones function as chemical messengers to stimulate cells elsewhere in body
95
Hypogastric Region
96
phagocytosis
pseudopod extension surrounds particle
97
radiography
photographing internal structures with x-rays, which are absorbed by dense tissues
swallow radiopaque substance to view hollow organs
97
intercalated discs
junctions between myocytes
99
popliteal
back of knee
100
telophase
chromatids cluster at poles
nuclear envelope produces
chromatids uncoil
overlaps cytokinesis
101
gap junction
6 transmembrane proteins in ring
communication
103
elastic fibers
thinner than collagenous fibers
made of elastin
104
situs perversus
one organ flipped
105
nucleus
genetic control center of cellular activity
produces ribosomes
107
visceral membrane
inner membrane of double membrane
108
Left Lower Quadrant
109
aprocine glands
secretion of fat cell by mammary gland
110
Midclavicular Line
111
dense connective tissue
A connective tissue with a high density of fiber, relatively little ground substance, and scanty cells; seen in tendons and the dermis, for example.
Classified as regular if the extracellular fibers are more or less parallel and irregular if the fibers travel in highly varied directions
112
mast cells
secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessles
114
channel proteins
allow water and hydrophilic solutes in/out
some always open
some require ATP
116
mesocolon
posterior mesentery of large intestine
117
Left Upper Quadrant
119
stroma
connective tissue frameowork of exocrine glands
120
discoid
disc shaped
RBCs
122
unicellular glands
secretory cells found in epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory
123
metaplasia
change from one type of mature tissue to another
125
skeletal muslce
multinucleated
striated
voluntary
126
smooth muscle
one nucleus
no striations
involuntary
128
calcaneal
heel
129
serous membrane
lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
secretes lubracting film of moisture
131
sagittal plane
left/right sections
132
mediastinum
thick partition that divides thoracic cavity
134
facilitated diffusion
no energy
carrier protein
136
dextrocardia
heart flipped
137
rough endoplasmic reticulum
produces phospholipids and plasma membrane proteins
synthesizes proteins for secretion or other organelles
138
Right Upper Quadrant
139
transmembrane proteins
all the way through membrane
140
epithelium
lines organs and body cavities
protection, secretion, excretion, absorption
142
atrophy
shrinkage of tissue through loss in cell size or number
143
plasma cells
come from certain lymphocytes when they detect foreign agents
synthesize antibodies
144
mesothelium
lining of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
146
peroxisomes
neutralize free radicals
detoxify alcohol, drugs, toxins
produce hydrogen peroxide
147
mucous gland
secrete mucin to create mucus
148
merocine glands
release product via exocytosis
150
tarsal
ankle
151
coelom
space that develops into trunk during embryonic development
151
cell-adhesion molecules
adherence to neighboring cells
152
white fat
in adults
thermal insulation
organ cushioning
sex-specific body contours
153
lesser omentum
extends from superomedial margin of stomach to liver
154
Right Lower Quadrant
155
compound gland
branched duct
156
simple diffusion
no energy
oxygen and steroid hormones
158
transport proteins
bring substance from one side to another
change shape
159
tissue
mass of similar cells that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
160
receptor proteins
binds to signals and trigger physiological changes inside the cell
161
peritoneum
2 layer serous membrane in abdominopelvic cavity
163
surface anatomy
external structures
physical exams
164
microsopic anatomy
microscopic analysis of cells
165
chondroblasts
stem cells that produce cartilage
166
histopathology
study of dead tissue
167
palmar
palm
169
desmosomes
non-continuous patch
resist mechanical stress
170
inclusions
stored cellular products (pigment, fat droplets, glycogen granules)
foreign bodies (dust, viruses, intracellular bacteria)
171
facial
face
172
tight junction
encircles cell and binds tight to neighbors
cell adhesion proteins
173
crural
leg
175
histology
study of tissue
176
endothelium
lining of circulatory system
177
coxal
hip
178
fibrous
long, slender, threadlike
skeletal muscle
179
glycolipids in membrane
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chain
5% of lipids
only on extracellular side
contribute to glycocalyx
180
golgi complex
synthesizes carbs, certain lipids
alters proteins from transport vesicles and packages them in golgi vesiclse
181
Epigastric Region
183
smooth endoplasmis reticulum
synthesizes steroids, lipids
detoxifies alcohol and drugs
manufactures membranes
184
midsagittal plane
equal left/right halves
185
capsule
fibrous covering of exocrine glands
186
organ
structure within anatomical boundaries
2+ tissue types
has a particular function
187
associated viscera in vertebral canal
spinal cord
189
meninges
3 layer membrane that lines cranial cavity and vertebral canal
191
centrioles
cell division
192
regeneration
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before
192
chondrocytes
chondroblasts enclosed in lacunae
193
mixed glands
serous and mucous cells
194
cartilage
stiff connective tissue with rubbery matrix
196
G1
growth, normal metabolic roles
protein synthesis
197
posterior mesentery
translucent membrane that suspends intestines from posterior abdominal wall (infolding of peritoneum)
198
brush border
very dense collection of microvilli
199
palpation
feeling a structure with hands
200
parietal membrane
outer membrane of double membrane
201
endocytosis
vesicular transport into the cell
202
exocrine
contact surface by duct
203
intermediate filaments
8-10 nm thick
keratin
give cell shape
reist stress
participate in junctions
204
intraperitoneal
organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to body wall by peritoneal sheets
205
glycocalyx
fuzzy, sugary coating of plasma membrane
cushions and protects cell identity
distinguish types of tissue
206
cephalic
head
207
cervical
neck
209
Inguinal Region
211
lamina propria
areolar connective tissue in mucous membrane
212
pinocytosis
plasma membrane caves to create vesicle with ECF
213
necrosis
premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc.
214
glycoproteins
proteins with a carbohydrate chain
215
differentiation
development of a more specialized form and function
216
tubuloacinar gland
both acini and tubules secrete products
217
squamous
flat, thin, scaly with nucleus bulge
esophagus, epidermis
218
associated viscera in abdominal cavity
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, ureters
219
reticular fibers
thing collagen coated with glycoprotein
form sponge-like framework for some organs
220
stellate
starlike nerve cells
221
septa/trabeculae
extensions of capsule that divide exocrine gland into lobes
222
simple gland
single unbranched duct
223
fusiform
spindle-shaped, elongated
thick middle, tapered ends
smooth muslce
224
metaphase
chromosomes align in middle
microtubules extend to each centriole
225
brachial
arm
226
retroperitoneal
organs that lie against posterior body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on side facing periotenal cavity
227
myocyte
cardiac muscle cell
228
lysosomes
break down proteins, nucleic acid, carbs, phospholipids, etc.
autophagy and apoptosis
229
greater omentum
fatty membrane that is attached at inferolateral margin of stomach, unattached at its inferior border, and hangs over intestines like an apron
230
angiography
injection of radiopaque substance to view circulatory system with x-rays
231
cytokinesis
cytoplasm division
cleave furrow
232
cell theory
every living organism is made of cells
cells only arise through division of preexisting cells
cells have the same basic chemical components
simplest entities considered to be alive
233
osmosis
movement of water down its concentration gradient
234
neutrophils
WBCs that wander in search of bacteria
235
potential spaces
under normal conditions the membranes are pressed firmly together, but may separate and fill with fluid or other matter
237
adipose tissue
loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes
238
areolar tissue
A fibrous connective tissue with loosely organized, widely spaced fibers and cells and an abundance of fluid-filled space; found under nearly every epithelium, among other places
240
osteocytes
mature bone cells that reside in lacunae
241
M
replicates nucleus
divides DNA
pinches in two
242
microfilaments
6nm thick
actin
form terminal web of cytoskeleton
physical support
243
comparative anatomy
multiple organisms
244
cuboidal
square liver
245
