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Anatomy > Exam 1 - Intro, Cytology, Histology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Intro, Cytology, Histology Flashcards

1
Q

regional anatomy

A

multiple organ systems

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2
Q

inspection

A

looking at body in careful detail

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2
Q

dissection

A

careful cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationship

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2
Q

sternal/pectoral

A

chest

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2
Q

adipocytes

A

small clusters of fat cells in connectiv tissue

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2
Q

central canals

A

empty space inside cylinder of compact bone tissue

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2
Q

endocardium

A

lining of heart

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2
Q

synovial membrane

A

connective tissue that surrounds some joints of skeletal system

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3
Q

S

A

DNA and centriole replication

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4
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

tracks moment-to-moment changes

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4
Q

components of axial region

A

head

neck (cervical)

trunk (thoracic and abdominal)

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4
Q

acromial

A

shoulder

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5
Q

columnar

A

rectangular

inner lining of small intestine

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6
Q

lacunae

A

spaces between lamellae

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7
Q

cell

A

smallest living unit

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7
Q

components of appendicular region

A

upper limb

lower limb

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8
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

mostly in connective tissue

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9
Q

spheroidal/ovoid

A

round/oval

egg cells, WBCs

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9
Q

pedal

A

foot

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10
Q

organ system

A

system of organs working together for specific functions

11 organ systems

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10
Q

goblet cells

A

wineglass-shaped cells within simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium that produce protective mucus

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11
Q

auscultation

A

listening for normal sounds

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11
Q

infarction

A

sudden death of tissue that occurs when blood supply is cut off

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11
Q

ground substance

A

gelatinous substance that fills extracellular space

made of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins

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12
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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13
Q

polyganol

A

irregular

4+ sides

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13
Q

intergral proteins

A

partly through membrane

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13
Q

mucous membrane

A

line passageways that open to exterior

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14
Q

tubular duct

A

uniform diameter

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15
Q

percussion

A

tapping and listening

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15
Q

parenchyma

A

gland cells that synthesize and secrete

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15
Q
A

Hypochondriac Region

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16
Q

neoplasia

A

development of a tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue

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16
Q

pleura

A

2 layer serous membrane around each lung

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17
Q

hypertrophy

A

tissue growth through enlargement of preexisting cells

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17
Q
A

Intertubercular Line

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18
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

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18
Q

elastic cartilage

A

conspicuous elastic fibers

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19
Q

radiological anatomy

A

internal structures

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19
Q

neurosoma

A

neuron cell body

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19
Q

cell-identity markers

A

what belongs and what doesn’t

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20
Q

femoral

A

thigh

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21
Q

anterior mesentery

A

continuation of mesentery to anterior body wall

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21
Q

collagenous fibers

A

made of collagen

resist stretching

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22
Q

simple epithelium

A

every cell on basement membrane

cuboidal, squamous, columnar

pseudostratified columnar

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22
Q

connective tissue

A

support and protect organs

bind organs together

less space than extracellular material

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22
Q

functional morphology

A

study of the functional reasons behind the structure of an organ

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22
Q

brown fat

A

in infants

heat-generating

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23
Q

fibrocartilage

A

coarse, visible collagen bundles

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25
Q

serous gland

A

produces thin, watery fluids

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26
Q

peripheral proteins

A

adhere to membrane face (usually ICF)

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27
Q

anatomical position

A

standing erect, feet flat

arms at side, supinated

palms, face, eyes forward

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28
Q

ribosomes

A

read genetic messages

makes proteins from amino acids

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28
Q

muscular tissue

A

muscles, heart, digestive tract, respiratory tract, blood vessels

contract when stimulated

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29
Q

macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue phagocytize and destroy bacteria, foreign matter, dead/dying cells

activate immune system when they sense antigens

arise from monocyte or monocyte stem cells

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30
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

layer of smooth muscle in mucous membrane

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31
Q

nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

communication by electrical and chemical signals

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32
Q

lamellae

A

concentric layers around central canals

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33
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

specimen coated in vaporized metal (gold)

electron beam creates secondary electrons that strike a fluorescent screen and produce an image

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33
Q

associated viscera in pelvic cavity

A

bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

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34
Q

elastic tissue

A

type of dense regular connective tissue with elastic fibers

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35
Q

cardiac muscle

A

one nucleus

striated (intercalated discs)

involuntary

gap junctions

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36
Q
A

Umbilical Region

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37
Q

transverse plane

A

superior/inferior sections

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39
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

specimens sliced ultrathin

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41
Q

pericardium

A

2 layer serous membrane around heart

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43
Q

mitochondira

A

synthesize ATP (aerobic respiration)

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44
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

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46
Q

cytology

A

study of the structure and function of cells

ultrastructure/fine detail of cells

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48
Q

acinar duct

A

dilated sacs called acini

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50
Q

centrosome

A

small, clear patch of cytoplasm that contains centrioles

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50
Q

cytogenic glands

A

secrete whole cells

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51
Q
A

Lumbar Region

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53
Q

gross anatomy

A

what you can see with the naked eye

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54
Q

CT scan

A

computed tomography creates a “slice” of an image, which are then stacked to create a 3-D image

sends low-intensity x-rays from one side of the machine to another

to view tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones

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54
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicular transport out of the cell

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55
Q

associated viscera in pleural (thoracic) cavities

A

lungs

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56
Q

filtration

A

physical pressure forces fluid through membrane

water, salts, organic nutrients

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57
Q

systemic anatomy

A

one organ system

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58
Q

osteon

A

central canal and surrounding lamellae

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59
Q

serosa

A

outer layer of organ produced when visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organ

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60
Q

stratified epithelium

A

2+ layers

squamous, cuboidal

transitional

named by top layer

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61
Q

dorsum

A

top of foot

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62
Q

G2

A

growth and preparation for mitosis

checks accuracy; fixes errors

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63
Q

situs solitus

A

normal organ arrangement

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63
Q

lymphocytes

A

WBCs that react against bacteria, toxins, etc.

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64
Q

fibrosis

A

replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue

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64
Q

cholesterol in membrane

A

impacts membrane fluidity

20% of membrane

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65
Q

periosteum

A

tough, fibrous outer layer of bone

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66
Q

light microscope

A

visible light creates images

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67
Q

gangrene

A

tissue necrosis resulting from an insufficient blood supply

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68
Q

active transport

A

requires energy

movement up the concentration gradient

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68
Q

electron microscope

A

beams of electrons

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69
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

a magnetic field is created inside an electromagnetic chamber

switch on: hydrogen atoms align with magnetic field

switch off: hydrogen atoms realign and their position is interpreted by a computer

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70
Q

reticular tissue

A

A fibrous connective tissue with loosely organized, widely spaced fibers and cells and an abundance of fluid-filled space; found under nearly every epithelium, among other places

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71
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense into chromatid

nuclear envelope disintegrates

centrioles produce spindle fibers and migrate to poles

spindle fibers attach to kinetochore

chromosomes line up in middle

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71
Q

associated viscera in pericardial (thoracic) cavity

A

heart

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73
Q

fibroblasts

A

large, fusiform cells that produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix

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74
Q

sonography

A

ultrasound waves reflected back to create image

used in obstetrics and to create an echocardiography of the heart

75
Q
A

Subcostal Line

77
Q

enzymes

A

facilitate chemical reactions at cell surface

78
Q

PET scan

A

positron emission tomography

measures the metabolic state of tissues

an injection of radioactively labeled glucose emits positrons

positron (+) hits electron (-) = annihilation, which gives off gamma rays

dark image = no glucose being used = bad

used to see metastasized cancer

79
Q

associated viscera in cranial cavity

A

brain

81
Q

loose connective tissue

A

much of the space is occupied by the ground substance

82
Q

axillary

A

armpit

82
Q

plantar

A

sole

82
Q

holocrine glands

A

cells accumulate product and then disintegrate

83
Q

cubital

A

elbow

84
Q

parasagittal plane

A

unequal left/right sections

84
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

clear, glassy matrix

85
Q

canaliculi

A

delicate canals that radiate from lacuna to lacuna to allow contact between osteocytes

86
Q

frontal/coronal plane

A

anterior/posterior sections

88
Q

microtubule

A

25 nm thick

hollow cylinder of 13 protofilaments strands

tubulin

hold organelles in place

maintain cell shape

transport organelles and molecules

not permanent

90
Q

situs inversus

A

complete left/right reversal of organ position

90
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

92
Q

anaphase

A

chromatids cleaved at centromere

chromatids move toward poles

92
Q

hyperplasia

A

tissue growth through cell multiplication

94
Q

endocrine glands

A

no contact with surface; no ducts secrete products directly into blood

hormones function as chemical messengers to stimulate cells elsewhere in body

95
Q
A

Hypogastric Region

96
Q

phagocytosis

A

pseudopod extension surrounds particle

97
Q

radiography

A

photographing internal structures with x-rays, which are absorbed by dense tissues

swallow radiopaque substance to view hollow organs

97
Q

intercalated discs

A

junctions between myocytes

99
Q

popliteal

A

back of knee

100
Q

telophase

A

chromatids cluster at poles

nuclear envelope produces

chromatids uncoil

overlaps cytokinesis

101
Q

gap junction

A

6 transmembrane proteins in ring

communication

103
Q

elastic fibers

A

thinner than collagenous fibers

made of elastin

104
Q

situs perversus

A

one organ flipped

105
Q

nucleus

A

genetic control center of cellular activity

produces ribosomes

107
Q

visceral membrane

A

inner membrane of double membrane

108
Q
A

Left Lower Quadrant

109
Q

aprocine glands

A

secretion of fat cell by mammary gland

110
Q
A

Midclavicular Line

111
Q

dense connective tissue

A

A connective tissue with a high density of fiber, relatively little ground substance, and scanty cells; seen in tendons and the dermis, for example.

Classified as regular if the extracellular fibers are more or less parallel and irregular if the fibers travel in highly varied directions

112
Q

mast cells

A

secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessles

114
Q

channel proteins

A

allow water and hydrophilic solutes in/out

some always open

some require ATP

116
Q

mesocolon

A

posterior mesentery of large intestine

117
Q
A

Left Upper Quadrant

119
Q

stroma

A

connective tissue frameowork of exocrine glands

120
Q

discoid

A

disc shaped

RBCs

122
Q

unicellular glands

A

secretory cells found in epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory

123
Q

metaplasia

A

change from one type of mature tissue to another

125
Q

skeletal muslce

A

multinucleated

striated

voluntary

126
Q

smooth muscle

A

one nucleus

no striations

involuntary

128
Q

calcaneal

A

heel

129
Q

serous membrane

A

lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

secretes lubracting film of moisture

131
Q

sagittal plane

A

left/right sections

132
Q

mediastinum

A

thick partition that divides thoracic cavity

134
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

no energy

carrier protein

136
Q

dextrocardia

A

heart flipped

137
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

produces phospholipids and plasma membrane proteins

synthesizes proteins for secretion or other organelles

138
Q
A

Right Upper Quadrant

139
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

all the way through membrane

140
Q

epithelium

A

lines organs and body cavities

protection, secretion, excretion, absorption

142
Q

atrophy

A

shrinkage of tissue through loss in cell size or number

143
Q

plasma cells

A

come from certain lymphocytes when they detect foreign agents

synthesize antibodies

144
Q

mesothelium

A

lining of pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

146
Q

peroxisomes

A

neutralize free radicals

detoxify alcohol, drugs, toxins

produce hydrogen peroxide

147
Q

mucous gland

A

secrete mucin to create mucus

148
Q

merocine glands

A

release product via exocytosis

150
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

151
Q

coelom

A

space that develops into trunk during embryonic development

151
Q

cell-adhesion molecules

A

adherence to neighboring cells

152
Q

white fat

A

in adults

thermal insulation

organ cushioning

sex-specific body contours

153
Q

lesser omentum

A

extends from superomedial margin of stomach to liver

154
Q
A

Right Lower Quadrant

155
Q

compound gland

A

branched duct

156
Q

simple diffusion

A

no energy

oxygen and steroid hormones

158
Q

transport proteins

A

bring substance from one side to another

change shape

159
Q

tissue

A

mass of similar cells that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

160
Q

receptor proteins

A

binds to signals and trigger physiological changes inside the cell

161
Q

peritoneum

A

2 layer serous membrane in abdominopelvic cavity

163
Q

surface anatomy

A

external structures

physical exams

164
Q

microsopic anatomy

A

microscopic analysis of cells

165
Q

chondroblasts

A

stem cells that produce cartilage

166
Q

histopathology

A

study of dead tissue

167
Q

palmar

A

palm

169
Q

desmosomes

A

non-continuous patch

resist mechanical stress

170
Q

inclusions

A

stored cellular products (pigment, fat droplets, glycogen granules)

foreign bodies (dust, viruses, intracellular bacteria)

171
Q

facial

A

face

172
Q

tight junction

A

encircles cell and binds tight to neighbors

cell adhesion proteins

173
Q

crural

A

leg

175
Q

histology

A

study of tissue

176
Q

endothelium

A

lining of circulatory system

177
Q

coxal

A

hip

178
Q

fibrous

A

long, slender, threadlike

skeletal muscle

179
Q

glycolipids in membrane

A

phospholipids with short carbohydrate chain

5% of lipids

only on extracellular side

contribute to glycocalyx

180
Q

golgi complex

A

synthesizes carbs, certain lipids

alters proteins from transport vesicles and packages them in golgi vesiclse

181
Q
A

Epigastric Region

183
Q

smooth endoplasmis reticulum

A

synthesizes steroids, lipids

detoxifies alcohol and drugs

manufactures membranes

184
Q

midsagittal plane

A

equal left/right halves

185
Q

capsule

A

fibrous covering of exocrine glands

186
Q

organ

A

structure within anatomical boundaries

2+ tissue types

has a particular function

187
Q

associated viscera in vertebral canal

A

spinal cord

189
Q

meninges

A

3 layer membrane that lines cranial cavity and vertebral canal

191
Q

centrioles

A

cell division

192
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before

192
Q

chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts enclosed in lacunae

193
Q

mixed glands

A

serous and mucous cells

194
Q

cartilage

A

stiff connective tissue with rubbery matrix

196
Q

G1

A

growth, normal metabolic roles

protein synthesis

197
Q

posterior mesentery

A

translucent membrane that suspends intestines from posterior abdominal wall (infolding of peritoneum)

198
Q

brush border

A

very dense collection of microvilli

199
Q

palpation

A

feeling a structure with hands

200
Q

parietal membrane

A

outer membrane of double membrane

201
Q

endocytosis

A

vesicular transport into the cell

202
Q

exocrine

A

contact surface by duct

203
Q

intermediate filaments

A

8-10 nm thick

keratin

give cell shape

reist stress

participate in junctions

204
Q

intraperitoneal

A

organs encircled by peritoneum and connected to body wall by peritoneal sheets

205
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy, sugary coating of plasma membrane

cushions and protects cell identity

distinguish types of tissue

206
Q

cephalic

A

head

207
Q

cervical

A

neck

209
Q
A

Inguinal Region

211
Q

lamina propria

A

areolar connective tissue in mucous membrane

212
Q

pinocytosis

A

plasma membrane caves to create vesicle with ECF

213
Q

necrosis

A

premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc.

214
Q

glycoproteins

A

proteins with a carbohydrate chain

215
Q

differentiation

A

development of a more specialized form and function

216
Q

tubuloacinar gland

A

both acini and tubules secrete products

217
Q

squamous

A

flat, thin, scaly with nucleus bulge

esophagus, epidermis

218
Q

associated viscera in abdominal cavity

A

digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, ureters

219
Q

reticular fibers

A

thing collagen coated with glycoprotein

form sponge-like framework for some organs

220
Q

stellate

A

starlike nerve cells

221
Q

septa/trabeculae

A

extensions of capsule that divide exocrine gland into lobes

222
Q

simple gland

A

single unbranched duct

223
Q

fusiform

A

spindle-shaped, elongated

thick middle, tapered ends

smooth muslce

224
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align in middle

microtubules extend to each centriole

225
Q

brachial

A

arm

226
Q

retroperitoneal

A

organs that lie against posterior body wall and are covered by peritoneum only on side facing periotenal cavity

227
Q

myocyte

A

cardiac muscle cell

228
Q

lysosomes

A

break down proteins, nucleic acid, carbs, phospholipids, etc.

autophagy and apoptosis

229
Q

greater omentum

A

fatty membrane that is attached at inferolateral margin of stomach, unattached at its inferior border, and hangs over intestines like an apron

230
Q

angiography

A

injection of radiopaque substance to view circulatory system with x-rays

231
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm division

cleave furrow

232
Q

cell theory

A

every living organism is made of cells

cells only arise through division of preexisting cells

cells have the same basic chemical components

simplest entities considered to be alive

233
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water down its concentration gradient

234
Q

neutrophils

A

WBCs that wander in search of bacteria

235
Q

potential spaces

A

under normal conditions the membranes are pressed firmly together, but may separate and fill with fluid or other matter

237
Q

adipose tissue

A

loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes

238
Q

areolar tissue

A

A fibrous connective tissue with loosely organized, widely spaced fibers and cells and an abundance of fluid-filled space; found under nearly every epithelium, among other places

240
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that reside in lacunae

241
Q

M

A

replicates nucleus

divides DNA

pinches in two

242
Q

microfilaments

A

6nm thick

actin

form terminal web of cytoskeleton

physical support

243
Q

comparative anatomy

A

multiple organisms

244
Q

cuboidal

A

square liver

245
Q
A

Anatomy (14 decks)

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