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Anatomy > Exam 4 - Nervous Tissue, The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Nervous Tissue, The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

two organ systems for maintaining internal coordination

A

endocrine - chemical

nervous - chemical and electrical

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2
Q

neurobiology

A

study of nervous system

neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

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3
Q

two major subdivisions of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - rest of nervous system

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

ganglion

A

knotlike swelling where cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

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6
Q

sensory division

A

afferent

carries signals from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

somatic sensory division

A

carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bone, and joints

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8
Q

visceral sensory division

A

carries signals from viscera

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9
Q

motor division

A

efferent

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles)

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10
Q

somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

visceral motor divison (ANS)

A

carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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12
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous division

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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13
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

A

tends to arouse body for action

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14
Q

parasympathetic division of ANS

A

adapts body for energy intake and conservation

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15
Q

subdivisions of nervous system

A 
CNS
     brain
     spinal cord
PNS
     sensory
          visceral
          somatic
     motor
          visceral (ANS)
               sympathetic
               parasympathetic
          somatic
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16
Q

nerve cell

A

neuron

carry out systems communication role

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17
Q

fundamental physiological properties of neurons

A

excitability (irritability)
conductivity
secretion

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18
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to environmental changes called stimuli

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19
Q

conductivity

A

when neurons respond to stimuli by producing traveling electrical signals that can reach other cells at distant locations

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20
Q

secretion

A

when electrical signal reaches end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes neurotransmitter that crosses gap and stimulates next cell

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21
Q

functional classes of neurons

A

sensory (afferent)
interneurons
motor (efferent)

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22
Q

sensory neuron definition

A

detect stimuli

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23
Q

interneuron definition

A

association neuron

receive signals from other neurons

integration: process, store, retrieve, make decisions

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24
Q

motor neuron definition

A

respond to stimuli

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25
structure of a neuron
``` neurosoma nissl bodies dendrites axon terminal arborization synaptic knob ```
26
neurosoma
soma or cell body | control center
27
nissl bodies
compartmentalized rough ER
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dendrites
receive signals (antennae)
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axon
sends signals
30
terminal arborization
fine branches
31
synaptic knob
terminal button swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with a muscle cell, gland cell, or other neuron
32
some neurons have only one dendrite, some have thousands
more dendrites means the neuron can receive and incorporate more information from other cells and into its decision-making processes
33
multipolar neuron
one axon, 2+ dendrites most common most neurons of brain and spinal cord
34
bipolar neuron
one axon, one dendrite ex: nasal cavity, retina, inner ear (usually the special senses)
35
unipolar neuron
single process leading away from body carry sensory signals to spinal cord
36
anaxonic
many dendrites, no axon communicate over short distances brain, retina, adrena medulla
37
neuroglia
``` glial cells outnumber neurons 50:1 protect neurons and aid in fxn 6 kinds 4 only occur in CNS ```
38
oligodendrocytes
CNS Myelin sheath spiral
39
ependymal cells
CNS cube shaped line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) some have cilia patches on surface to help circulate CSF
40
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid clear liquid that bathes CNS and fills its internal cavities
41
microglia
CNS small macrophages that develop from stem cells wander through CNS putting out fingerlike extensions to constantly probe tissue for cellular debris or other problems perform complete checkup on brain tissue several times/day (phagocytize dead tissue, microorganisms, and foreign matter) concentrated in areas damaged by infection, trauma, stroke immunity
42
astrocytes
CNS most abundant glial cells in CNS (90% of tissue in some areas in brain) form supportive network for nervous tissue form blood-brain barrier convert blood glucose to lactate for neuron nourishment secrete nerve growth factor proteins that promote neuron growth and synapse formation communicate electrically with neurons and may influence synaptic signaling between neurons regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid when neurons are damaged or destroyed they form hardened scar tissue to fill spaces (sclerosis)
43
blood-brain barrier
isoles blood from brain tissue and limits what substances are able to get to brain cells
44
sclerosis
forming hardened scar tissue
45
Schwann cells
PNS neurilemmocytes envelop nerve fibers of PNS forming a sleeve called neurilemma that wind repeatedly around a nerve fiber forming a myelin sheath assist in regeneration of damaged fibers
46
satellite cells
PNS surround neurosomas in PNS ganglia provide electrical insulation around soma and regulate chemical environment of neurons
47
brain tumors
mass of rapidly dividing cells some arise from meninges or metastasis of tumors elsewhere in body most adult brain tumors composed of glial cells b/c of blood-brain barrier, brain tumors don't usually respond to chemo (need radiation or surgery)
48
gliomas
glial cell brain tumors grow rapidly and are highly malignant
49
myelin
insulating layer around nerve fiber formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS glistening white color in certain tissue (white matter of brain and spinal cord)
50
myelination
production of myelin sheath
51
neurilemma
PNS Schwann cells spiral (up to 100 layers) Outer myelin layer
52
endoneurium
PNS external to neurilemma thin sleeve of fibrous CT bulbing body of Schwann cell contains nucleus and cytoplasm
53
segmented myelin sheath
many oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells required to cover one fiber - leads to segmentation
54
nodes of Ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath
55
internodes
covered segments of myelin sheath
56
signal conduction
diameter of fiber presence or absence of myelin fastest fibers: large and myelinated
57
nerve regeneration
if cell body is intact, axon can regenerate (only in PNS) Schwann cells secrete nerve growth factor to stimulate axon regrowth Schwann cells and endoneurium form regeneration tube to guide growing axon to destination
58
synapse
meeting point of neuron and other cell presynaptic neuron --> postsynpatic neuron
59
axodendritic
axon --> dendrite
60
axosomatic
axon --> soma
61
axoaxonic
axon --> axon
62
chemical synapse
presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter to postynaptic neuron
63
neurotransmitters
excitatory inhibitory > 100 types
64
chemical synapse structures
synaptic knob synaptic cleft synaptic vesicles neurotransmitter receptors signal always travels in one direction depending on neurotransmitter, postsynaptic cell either stimulated or inhibited
65
glutamate and aspartate
widely used excitatory neurotransmitters in CNS Glutamate: brain Aspartate: spinal cord
66
GABA
widely used inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
67
glycine
widely used inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord
68
presynaptic nerve fiber (chemical synapse)
ends in synaptic knob knob separated from next cell by a tiny space called synaptic cleft knob contains membrane bound secretory vesicles (synaptic vesicles) with neurotransmitters
69
postsynaptic nerve fiber (chemical synapse)
contains proteins that fxn as neurotransmitter receptors
70
electrical synapse
adjacent cells joined by gap jxn ions diffuse from cell to cell quick transmission no integration or decision-making
71
neural pools
neurons function in groups one pool can contain millions of neurons concerned with a particular body fxn depends on organization
72
neural circuits
interconnections between neurons
73
diverging circuit
one nerve fiber synapses with several postsynaptic cells each of those may synapse with several more input from one neuron may produce output through dozen more
74
converging circuit
input from many different sources funneled t one neuron or neuronal pool
75
reverberating circuit
neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence circle around and restimulate process to produce repetitive output
76
parallel after-discharge circuit
an input neuron diverges to stimulate chains of neurons each chain has different number of synapses which eventually all converge on same output neuron
77
development of nervous system
3rd week: 1st embryonic traces of CNS 4th week: neural tube 5th week: 5 secondary vesicles 14th: myelination
78
neural plate
3rd week from neuroectoderm (dorsal streak) sinks and edges thicken
79
neural groove with neural folds
3rd week fluid central canal of spinal cord ventricles of brain some cells form neural crest
80
neural crest
4th week gives rise to most of PNS
81
anterior dilations
forebrain (prosencephalon) midbrain (mesencephalon) hindbrain (rhombencephalon) neural tube bends at jxn of hindbrain and spinal cord to form cephalic fixture
82
forebrain development (5th week)
telencephalon --> cerebral hemispheres diencephalon --> retinas of eyes
83
midbrain development (5th week)
mesencephalon
84
hindbrain development (5th week)
metencephalon | myelencephalon
85
myelination development
begins at 14th week rapid in infancy (most postnatal brain growth) completes in late adolescence myelin has high lipid content so dietary fat important for child's nervous system development
86
spina bifida
1+ vertebrae fail to form complete neural arch to enclose spinal cord
87
spina bifida occulta
one vertebra no fxnal problems dimple or patch of hairy pigmented skin on low back
88
spina bifida cystica
more serious sac protrudes from spine that may contain parts of spinal cord and nerve roots, meninges, CSF
89
microcephaly
small brain
90
anencephaly
no brain
91
spinal cord functions
conduction locomotion reflexes
92
conduction
information up and down body
93
locomation
central pattern generators alternating movements of lower limbs
94
reflexes
involuntary sterotyped responses
95
surface anatomy of spinal cord
cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from brainstem at foramen magnun passes down vertebral canal to L1 (occupies only upper 2/3 of vertebral canal) longitudinal grooves gives rise to 31 spinal nerves medullary cone cauda equina
96
longitudinal grooves of spinal cord
anterior median fissure | posterior median sulcus
97
regions of spinal cord
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral
98
enlargements of spinal cord
cervical | lumbar
99
meninges
enclose spinal cord and brain in 3 connective tissue layers separate CNS soft tissue from vertebrae and skull bones ``` dura mater (superficial) arachnoid mater pia mater (deep) ```
100
dura mater
dural sheath | epidural space
101
arachnoid mater
simple squamous subarachnoid space (CSF - spinal cord) lumbar cistern - cauda equina)
102
pia mater
terminal filum coccygeal ligament denticulate ligaments
103
spinal tap
several neurological diseaes diagnosed by examining CSF for bacteria, blood, WBCs, or abnormal chemical composition CSF obtained via spinal tap or lumbar puncture where needle is inserted between spinous processes of L3-L4 or L4-L5 (safest place because spinal cord does not extend this far) at depth of 4-6 cm, needle punctures dura mater and CSF drips out 1 drop/sec
104
when to not perform lumbar puncture
if a patient has signs of high intracranial pressure because CSF would jet out causing a fatal herniation of brainstem and cerebellum into vertebral canal
105
types of nervous tissue
gray matter: little myelin somas, dendrites, proximal axon synaptic integration white matter: myelinated axons bundles of axons (tracts)
106
gray matter structures
``` central core of spinal cord posterior (dorsal) horn anterior (ventral) horn gray commissure central canal lateral horn posterior root anterior root ```
107
central core of spinal cord
butterfly or H-shaped cross-section 2 posterior (dorsal) horns 2 anterior (ventral) horns right and left sides connected by gray commissure
108
gray commissure
central canal in middle of spinal cord
109
posterior root
spinal nerve branch off of spinal cord sensory nerve fibers enter posterior horn of cord and sometimes synapse with interneurons there
110
anterior root
spinal nerve branch off of spinal cord Motor nerve fiber contains neuron cell bodies of somatic motor neurons axons exit anterior root of spinal nerve towards skeletal muscles
111
lateral horn
contained within thoracic and lumbar regions of cord have neurons of sympathetic nervous system
112
white matter structures
surrounds gray matter columns (fasciculi/funiculi): posterior (dorsal) lateral anterior (ventral)
113
spinal tracts
all nerve fibers in a given tract have similar origin, destination, function
114
fasciculi/funiculi
column of white matter
115
decussation
when tracts cross over from left to right or vice versa while passing up/down brainstem/spinal cord (true for most tracts) left side of brain receives sensory input from right side of body
116
contralateral tract
origin and destination of tract on opposite sides
117
ipsilateral tract
origin and destination of tract on same side
118
ascending tracts
carry sensory signals to and up spinal cord sensory signals usually travel across 3 neurons to reach destination in brain
119
1st order ascending neuron
detects stimulus and conducts signal to spinal cord or brainstem
120
2nd order ascending neuron
continues as far as "gateway" (thalamus) at upper end of brainstem
121
3rd order ascending neuron
carries signal rest of way to sensory region of cortex
122
descending tracts
carry motor signals down brainstem and spinal cord involves 2 neurons: upper motor neuron lower motor neuron
123
upper motor neuron of descending tract
begins with neuron cell body in cerebral cortex or brainstem has axon that ends on a lower motor neuron in brainstem or spinal cord
124
lower motor neuron of descending tract
axon leads rest of the way to muscle or other target region
125
ascending tract structures
``` 1st-3rd order nerve fibers gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus spinothalamic tract spinoreticular tract dorsal/ventral spinocerebral tract ```
126
descending tract structres
``` two neurons corticospinal tracts tectospinal tracts lateral/medial reticulospinal tracts lateral/medial vestibulospinal tracts ```
127
poliomyelitis
polio virus destroys motor neurons in brainstem and anterior horn of spinal cord
128
poliomyelitis symptoms
muscle pain, weakness, loss of some reflexes followed by: paralysis, muscular atrophy, respiratory arrest
129
amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
aka Lou Gehrig's disease degenerates motor neurons, atrophies muscle, sclerosis (scars) lateral regions of spinal cord most cases occur when astrocytes fail to reabsorb glutamate and it accumulates to neurotoxic levels
130
ALS symptoms
muscle weakness, difficulty speaking, swallowing, using hands sensory and intellectual fxns unaffected
131
fascicles
nerve fiber bundles
132
perineurium
sheath surrounding nerve fiber bundles
133
epineurium
sheath surrounding several bundled fascicles to form nerve as a whole
134
general fibers
innervate widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, blood vessels
135
special fibers
innervate localized organs in head including eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, muscles of chewing, swallowing, facial expression
136
spinal nerves
31 pairs proximal branches distal branches
137
proximal branches of spinal nerves
dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion ventral root
138
distal branches of spinal nerves
divides after emerging from intervertebral foramen into: posterior ramus anterior ramus meningeal branch
139
posterior ramus of distal branch of spinal nerve
innervates muscles and joint in that region of spine and skin on back
140
anterior ramus of distal branch of spinal nerve
innervates anterior and lateral skin and muscles of trunk gives rise to nerves of limbs
141
shingles
chickenpox varicella-zoster virus remains in posterior root ganglion for life - normally kept in check by immunse system compromised immune system can allow virus to travel down sensory axons and cause shingles (more common in 50+) painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along nerve path usually in chest/waist on one side of body no cure - heals 1-3 weeks aspirin and steroidal ointment can relieve pain and inflammation antiviral drugs may shorten illness duration even after lesions disappear, some people may suffer intense pain along nerve path (postherpetic neuralgia)
142
nerve plexuses
ventral rami branch and anastomose merge ``` cervical brachial lumbar sacral cocygeal ```
143
somatosensory and motor plexus
carry sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, skin touch, heat, cold, stretch, pressure, pain, and other sensations
144
proprioception
info about body position important sensory role brain uses info to adjust muscle actions and maintain equilibrium and coordination
145
motor fxn of nerve plexus
stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
146
dermatomes
each spinal nerve except C1 receives sensory input from specific area of skin spinal nerve damage assessed by testing dermatomes w/ pinpricks and noting areas w/o sensation
147
somatic reflexes
stimulation required quick involuntary sterotypes
148
visceral vs. somatic reflexes
visceral: glands, cardiac and smooth muscle controlled by ANS somatic: skeletal muscle controlled by somatic nervous system
149
reflex arc
somatic receptors in skin, muscle, tendon stimulated afferent fibers carry information from receptors into posterior horn of spinal cord enters integrating center in spinal cord/brainstem (react or not) efferent fibers of anterior horn carry motor impulses to skeletal muscles skeletal muscles are the somatic effectors that carry out response
150
ipsilateral reflex
CNS input and output on same side
151
contralateral reflex
input on opposite side of output
152
intersegmented reflex
sensory signal in one level motor output at different level
153
spinal cord injury
complete transection (severance) cuses immediate loss of motor control at and below level of injury
154
spinal shock
affects body systems
155
paraplegia
paralysis of both lower limbs
156
quadraplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
157
hemiplegia
paralysis one one side of body
158
Epidural space
Btwn dura mater and vertebrae

Anatomy (14 decks)

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