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Anatomy > Exam 4 - Nervous Tissue, The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Nervous Tissue, The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

two organ systems for maintaining internal coordination

A

endocrine - chemical

nervous - chemical and electrical

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2
Q

neurobiology

A

study of nervous system

neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

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3
Q

two major subdivisions of the nervous system

A

CNS - brain and spinal cord

PNS - rest of nervous system

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

ganglion

A

knotlike swelling where cell bodies of neurons are concentrated

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6
Q

sensory division

A

afferent

carries signals from receptors to CNS

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7
Q

somatic sensory division

A

carries signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bone, and joints

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8
Q

visceral sensory division

A

carries signals from viscera

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9
Q

motor division

A

efferent

carries signals from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles)

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10
Q

somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

visceral motor divison (ANS)

A

carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

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12
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous division

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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13
Q

sympathetic division of ANS

A

tends to arouse body for action

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14
Q

parasympathetic division of ANS

A

adapts body for energy intake and conservation

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15
Q

subdivisions of nervous system

A 
CNS
     brain
     spinal cord
PNS
     sensory
          visceral
          somatic
     motor
          visceral (ANS)
               sympathetic
               parasympathetic
          somatic
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16
Q

nerve cell

A

neuron

carry out systems communication role

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17
Q

fundamental physiological properties of neurons

A

excitability (irritability)
conductivity
secretion

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18
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to environmental changes called stimuli

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19
Q

conductivity

A

when neurons respond to stimuli by producing traveling electrical signals that can reach other cells at distant locations

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20
Q

secretion

A

when electrical signal reaches end of a nerve fiber, neuron secretes neurotransmitter that crosses gap and stimulates next cell

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21
Q

functional classes of neurons

A

sensory (afferent)
interneurons
motor (efferent)

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22
Q

sensory neuron definition

A

detect stimuli

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23
Q

interneuron definition

A

association neuron

receive signals from other neurons

integration: process, store, retrieve, make decisions

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24
Q

motor neuron definition

A

respond to stimuli

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25
Q

structure of a neuron

A 
neurosoma
nissl bodies
dendrites
axon
terminal arborization
synaptic knob
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26
Q

neurosoma

A

soma or cell body

control center

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27
Q

nissl bodies

A

compartmentalized rough ER

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28
Q

dendrites

A

receive signals (antennae)

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29
Q

axon

A

sends signals

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30
Q

terminal arborization

A

fine branches

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31
Q

synaptic knob

A

terminal button

swelling that forms a junction (synapse) with a muscle cell, gland cell, or other neuron

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32
Q

some neurons have only one dendrite, some have thousands

A

more dendrites means the neuron can receive and incorporate more information from other cells and into its decision-making processes

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33
Q

multipolar neuron

A

one axon, 2+ dendrites

most common
most neurons of brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one axon, one dendrite

ex: nasal cavity, retina, inner ear (usually the special senses)

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35
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process leading away from body

carry sensory signals to spinal cord

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36
Q

anaxonic

A

many dendrites, no axon

communicate over short distances
brain, retina, adrena medulla

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37
Q

neuroglia

A 
glial cells
outnumber neurons 50:1
protect neurons and aid in fxn
6 kinds
4 only occur in CNS
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38
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

Myelin sheath spiral

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39
Q

ependymal cells

A

CNS

cube shaped

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord

produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

some have cilia patches on surface to help circulate CSF

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40
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

clear liquid that bathes CNS and fills its internal cavities

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41
Q

microglia

A

CNS

small macrophages that develop from stem cells

wander through CNS putting out fingerlike extensions to constantly probe tissue for cellular debris or other problems

perform complete checkup on brain tissue several times/day (phagocytize dead tissue, microorganisms, and foreign matter)

concentrated in areas damaged by infection, trauma, stroke

immunity

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42
Q

astrocytes

A

CNS

most abundant glial cells in CNS (90% of tissue in some areas in brain)

form supportive network for nervous tissue

form blood-brain barrier

convert blood glucose to lactate for neuron nourishment

secrete nerve growth factor proteins that promote neuron growth and synapse formation

communicate electrically with neurons and may influence synaptic signaling between neurons

regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid

when neurons are damaged or destroyed they form hardened scar tissue to fill spaces (sclerosis)

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43
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

isoles blood from brain tissue and limits what substances are able to get to brain cells

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44
Q

sclerosis

A

forming hardened scar tissue

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45
Q

Schwann cells

A

PNS
neurilemmocytes

envelop nerve fibers of PNS forming a sleeve called neurilemma that wind repeatedly around a nerve fiber forming a myelin sheath

assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

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46
Q

satellite cells

A

PNS

surround neurosomas in PNS ganglia

provide electrical insulation around soma and regulate chemical environment of neurons

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47
Q

brain tumors

A

mass of rapidly dividing cells

some arise from meninges or metastasis of tumors elsewhere in body

most adult brain tumors composed of glial cells

b/c of blood-brain barrier, brain tumors don’t usually respond to chemo (need radiation or surgery)

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48
Q

gliomas

A

glial cell brain tumors

grow rapidly and are highly malignant

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49
Q

myelin

A

insulating layer around nerve fiber

formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS

glistening white color in certain tissue (white matter of brain and spinal cord)

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50
Q

myelination

A

production of myelin sheath

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51
Q

neurilemma

A

PNS

Schwann cells spiral (up to 100 layers)

Outer myelin layer

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52
Q

endoneurium

A

PNS

external to neurilemma
thin sleeve of fibrous CT

bulbing body of Schwann cell contains nucleus and cytoplasm

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53
Q

segmented myelin sheath

A

many oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells required to cover one fiber - leads to segmentation

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54
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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55
Q

internodes

A

covered segments of myelin sheath

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56
Q

signal conduction

A

diameter of fiber

presence or absence of myelin

fastest fibers: large and myelinated

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57
Q

nerve regeneration

A

if cell body is intact, axon can regenerate (only in PNS)

Schwann cells secrete nerve growth factor to stimulate axon regrowth

Schwann cells and endoneurium form regeneration tube to guide growing axon to destination

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58
Q

synapse

A

meeting point of neuron and other cell

presynaptic neuron –> postsynpatic neuron

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59
Q

axodendritic

A

axon –> dendrite

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60
Q

axosomatic

A

axon –> soma

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61
Q

axoaxonic

A

axon –> axon

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62
Q

chemical synapse

A

presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter to postynaptic neuron

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63
Q

neurotransmitters

A

excitatory
inhibitory
> 100 types

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64
Q

chemical synapse structures

A

synaptic knob
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter receptors

signal always travels in one direction
depending on neurotransmitter, postsynaptic cell either stimulated or inhibited

65
Q

glutamate and aspartate

A

widely used excitatory neurotransmitters in CNS

Glutamate: brain

Aspartate: spinal cord

66
Q

GABA

A

widely used inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

67
Q

glycine

A

widely used inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord

68
Q

presynaptic nerve fiber (chemical synapse)

A

ends in synaptic knob

knob separated from next cell by a tiny space called synaptic cleft

knob contains membrane bound secretory vesicles (synaptic vesicles) with neurotransmitters

69
Q

postsynaptic nerve fiber (chemical synapse)

A

contains proteins that fxn as neurotransmitter receptors

70
Q

electrical synapse

A

adjacent cells joined by gap jxn

ions diffuse from cell to cell

quick transmission

no integration or decision-making

71
Q

neural pools

A

neurons function in groups

one pool can contain millions of neurons concerned with a particular body fxn

depends on organization

72
Q

neural circuits

A

interconnections between neurons

73
Q

diverging circuit

A

one nerve fiber synapses with several postsynaptic cells

each of those may synapse with several more

input from one neuron may produce output through dozen more

74
Q

converging circuit

A

input from many different sources funneled t one neuron or neuronal pool

75
Q

reverberating circuit

A

neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence

circle around and restimulate process to produce repetitive output

76
Q

parallel after-discharge circuit

A

an input neuron diverges to stimulate chains of neurons

each chain has different number of synapses which eventually all converge on same output neuron

77
Q

development of nervous system

A

3rd week: 1st embryonic traces of CNS

4th week: neural tube

5th week: 5 secondary vesicles

14th: myelination

78
Q

neural plate

A

3rd week

from neuroectoderm (dorsal streak)

sinks and edges thicken

79
Q

neural groove with neural folds

A

3rd week

fluid
central canal of spinal cord
ventricles of brain
some cells form neural crest

80
Q

neural crest

A

4th week

gives rise to most of PNS

81
Q

anterior dilations

A

forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

neural tube bends at jxn of hindbrain and spinal cord to form cephalic fixture

82
Q

forebrain development (5th week)

A

telencephalon –> cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon –> retinas of eyes

83
Q

midbrain development (5th week)

A

mesencephalon

84
Q

hindbrain development (5th week)

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

85
Q

myelination development

A

begins at 14th week

rapid in infancy (most postnatal brain growth)

completes in late adolescence

myelin has high lipid content so dietary fat important for child’s nervous system development

86
Q

spina bifida

A

1+ vertebrae fail to form complete neural arch to enclose spinal cord

87
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

one vertebra
no fxnal problems
dimple or patch of hairy pigmented skin on low back

88
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

more serious

sac protrudes from spine that may contain parts of spinal cord and nerve roots, meninges, CSF

89
Q

microcephaly

A

small brain

90
Q

anencephaly

A

no brain

91
Q

spinal cord functions

A

conduction
locomotion
reflexes

92
Q

conduction

A

information up and down body

93
Q

locomation

A

central pattern generators

alternating movements of lower limbs

94
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary sterotyped responses

95
Q

surface anatomy of spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from brainstem at foramen magnun

passes down vertebral canal to L1 (occupies only upper 2/3 of vertebral canal)

longitudinal grooves

gives rise to 31 spinal nerves

medullary cone
cauda equina

96
Q

longitudinal grooves of spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure

posterior median sulcus

97
Q

regions of spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

98
Q

enlargements of spinal cord

A

cervical

lumbar

99
Q

meninges

A

enclose spinal cord and brain in 3 connective tissue layers

separate CNS soft tissue from vertebrae and skull bones

dura mater (superficial)
arachnoid mater
pia mater (deep)
100
Q

dura mater

A

dural sheath

epidural space

101
Q

arachnoid mater

A

simple squamous
subarachnoid space
(CSF - spinal cord)
lumbar cistern - cauda equina)

102
Q

pia mater

A

terminal filum
coccygeal ligament
denticulate ligaments

103
Q

spinal tap

A

several neurological diseaes diagnosed by examining CSF for bacteria, blood, WBCs, or abnormal chemical composition

CSF obtained via spinal tap or lumbar puncture where needle is inserted between spinous processes of L3-L4 or L4-L5 (safest place because spinal cord does not extend this far)

at depth of 4-6 cm, needle punctures dura mater and CSF drips out 1 drop/sec

104
Q

when to not perform lumbar puncture

A

if a patient has signs of high intracranial pressure because CSF would jet out causing a fatal herniation of brainstem and cerebellum into vertebral canal

105
Q

types of nervous tissue

A

gray matter:
little myelin
somas, dendrites, proximal axon
synaptic integration

white matter:
myelinated axons
bundles of axons (tracts)

106
Q

gray matter structures

A 
central core of spinal cord
posterior (dorsal) horn
anterior (ventral) horn
gray commissure
central canal
lateral horn
posterior root
anterior root
107
Q

central core of spinal cord

A

butterfly or H-shaped cross-section
2 posterior (dorsal) horns
2 anterior (ventral) horns
right and left sides connected by gray commissure

108
Q

gray commissure

A

central canal in middle of spinal cord

109
Q

posterior root

A

spinal nerve branch off of spinal cord

sensory nerve fibers

enter posterior horn of cord and sometimes synapse with interneurons there

110
Q

anterior root

A

spinal nerve branch off of spinal cord

Motor nerve fiber

contains neuron cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

axons exit anterior root of spinal nerve towards skeletal muscles

111
Q

lateral horn

A

contained within thoracic and lumbar regions of cord

have neurons of sympathetic nervous system

112
Q

white matter structures

A

surrounds gray matter

columns (fasciculi/funiculi):
posterior (dorsal)
lateral
anterior (ventral)

113
Q

spinal tracts

A

all nerve fibers in a given tract have similar origin, destination, function

114
Q

fasciculi/funiculi

A

column of white matter

115
Q

decussation

A

when tracts cross over from left to right or vice versa while passing up/down brainstem/spinal cord (true for most tracts)

left side of brain receives sensory input from right side of body

116
Q

contralateral tract

A

origin and destination of tract on opposite sides

117
Q

ipsilateral tract

A

origin and destination of tract on same side

118
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory signals to and up spinal cord

sensory signals usually travel across 3 neurons to reach destination in brain

119
Q

1st order ascending neuron

A

detects stimulus and conducts signal to spinal cord or brainstem

120
Q

2nd order ascending neuron

A

continues as far as “gateway” (thalamus) at upper end of brainstem

121
Q

3rd order ascending neuron

A

carries signal rest of way to sensory region of cortex

122
Q

descending tracts

A

carry motor signals down brainstem and spinal cord

involves 2 neurons:
upper motor neuron
lower motor neuron

123
Q

upper motor neuron of descending tract

A

begins with neuron cell body in cerebral cortex or brainstem

has axon that ends on a lower motor neuron in brainstem or spinal cord

124
Q

lower motor neuron of descending tract

A

axon leads rest of the way to muscle or other target region

125
Q

ascending tract structures

A 
1st-3rd order nerve fibers
gracile fasciculus
cuneate fasciculus
spinothalamic tract
spinoreticular tract
dorsal/ventral spinocerebral tract
126
Q

descending tract structres

A 
two neurons
corticospinal tracts
tectospinal tracts
lateral/medial reticulospinal tracts
lateral/medial vestibulospinal tracts
127
Q

poliomyelitis

A

polio virus destroys motor neurons in brainstem and anterior horn of spinal cord

128
Q

poliomyelitis symptoms

A

muscle pain, weakness, loss of some reflexes

followed by: paralysis, muscular atrophy, respiratory arrest

129
Q

amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

aka Lou Gehrig’s disease

degenerates motor neurons, atrophies muscle, sclerosis (scars) lateral regions of spinal cord

most cases occur when astrocytes fail to reabsorb glutamate and it accumulates to neurotoxic levels

130
Q

ALS symptoms

A

muscle weakness, difficulty speaking, swallowing, using hands

sensory and intellectual fxns unaffected

131
Q

fascicles

A

nerve fiber bundles

132
Q

perineurium

A

sheath surrounding nerve fiber bundles

133
Q

epineurium

A

sheath surrounding several bundled fascicles to form nerve as a whole

134
Q

general fibers

A

innervate widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, blood vessels

135
Q

special fibers

A

innervate localized organs in head including eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, muscles of chewing, swallowing, facial expression

136
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

proximal branches
distal branches

137
Q

proximal branches of spinal nerves

A

dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion

ventral root

138
Q

distal branches of spinal nerves

A

divides after emerging from intervertebral foramen into:
posterior ramus
anterior ramus
meningeal branch

139
Q

posterior ramus of distal branch of spinal nerve

A

innervates muscles and joint in that region of spine and skin on back

140
Q

anterior ramus of distal branch of spinal nerve

A

innervates anterior and lateral skin and muscles of trunk

gives rise to nerves of limbs

141
Q

shingles

A

chickenpox varicella-zoster virus remains in posterior root ganglion for life - normally kept in check by immunse system

compromised immune system can allow virus to travel down sensory axons and cause shingles (more common in 50+)

painful trail of skin discoloration and fluid-filled vesicles along nerve path

usually in chest/waist on one side of body

no cure - heals 1-3 weeks

aspirin and steroidal ointment can relieve pain and inflammation

antiviral drugs may shorten illness duration

even after lesions disappear, some people may suffer intense pain along nerve path (postherpetic neuralgia)

142
Q

nerve plexuses

A

ventral rami branch and anastomose merge

cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
cocygeal
143
Q

somatosensory and motor plexus

A

carry sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, skin

touch, heat, cold, stretch, pressure, pain, and other sensations

144
Q

proprioception

A

info about body position

important sensory role

brain uses info to adjust muscle actions and maintain equilibrium and coordination

145
Q

motor fxn of nerve plexus

A

stimulate skeletal muscle contraction

146
Q

dermatomes

A

each spinal nerve except C1 receives sensory input from specific area of skin

spinal nerve damage assessed by testing dermatomes w/ pinpricks and noting areas w/o sensation

147
Q

somatic reflexes

A

stimulation required
quick
involuntary
sterotypes

148
Q

visceral vs. somatic reflexes

A

visceral:
glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
controlled by ANS

somatic:
skeletal muscle
controlled by somatic nervous system

149
Q

reflex arc

A

somatic receptors in skin, muscle, tendon stimulated

afferent fibers carry information from receptors into posterior horn of spinal cord

enters integrating center in spinal cord/brainstem (react or not)

efferent fibers of anterior horn carry motor impulses to skeletal muscles

skeletal muscles are the somatic effectors that carry out response

150
Q

ipsilateral reflex

A

CNS input and output on same side

151
Q

contralateral reflex

A

input on opposite side of output

152
Q

intersegmented reflex

A

sensory signal in one level

motor output at different level

153
Q

spinal cord injury

A

complete transection (severance) cuses immediate loss of motor control at and below level of injury

154
Q

spinal shock

A

affects body systems

155
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of both lower limbs

156
Q

quadraplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

157
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis one one side of body

158
Q

Epidural space

A

Btwn dura mater and vertebrae

Anatomy (14 decks)

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