Exam 2 - Integumentary, Bone, Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the skin
A
resistance to infection
sensory reception
thermoregulation
water retention
vitamin D synthesis
2
Q
skin provides resistance to trauma and infections because:
A
it has a tough keratin exterior
3
Q
dermatology
A
study and treatment of the integumentary system
4
Q
keratinocyte
A
produces protein that increases durability of the skin
5
Q
keratinocytes continually undergo mitosis because:
A
they are constantly flaking off the outer surface of the skin
6
Q
dermis composed of:
A
connective tissue
7
Q
epidermal ridges
A
downward extensions of the epidermis at the dermis and epidermal boundary
8
Q
another name for hypodermis
A
subcutaneous layer
9
Q
melanin
A
primary determinant of skin color
10
Q
brown pigmentation
A
results from deposition of melanin by melanocytes
11
Q
exposure to sunlight leads to
A
increased melanin production and darkening of the skin
12
Q
cyanosis
A
condition in which the skin turns blue because of oxygen deficiency in the circulating blood
13
Q
pallor
A
pale coloration in the skin
14
Q
soft keratin vs. hard keratin
A
hard keratin is compact and crosslinked
15
Q
hematoma
A
bruse
16
Q
flexion lines
A
lines on palms, wrists, and elbows
17
Q
mole
A
elevated patch of melanized skin
18
Q
hair
A
thin filament of keratinized cells growing from a follicle
19
Q
pilus
A
another name for individual hair
20
Q
composition of hair and nails
A
dead, keratinized epidermal cells
21
Q
examples of skin markings
A
flexion creases
friction ridges
pigmentation patches
22
Q
thick skin
A
epidermis is .5 mm thick
thick stratum corneum
resists pressure and friction
found in palms and soles of feet
sweat glands but no hair
follicles or sebaceous glands
23
Q
thin skin
A
epidermis is .1 mm thick
thin stratum corneum
hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
covers rest of the body
24
Q
epidermis
A
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
lacks blood vessels
depends on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue
sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
25
cells of epidermis
stem cells
keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile (Merkel) cells
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
26
stem cells
undifferentiated
divide and produce keratinocytes
found in stratum basale
27
keratinocytes
majority of epidermal cells
synthesize keratin
28
melanocytes
stratum basale
synthesize melanin
long branching processes that spread among keratinocytes and continually shed melanin from tips
29
tactile (Merkel) cells
few in number
receptors for touch
basal layer of epidermis
associated with underlying dermal nerve fiber
30
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum
immune cells that originate in bone marrow
migrate to epidermis and epithelia of oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina
carry fragments of foreign matter to lymph nodes to alert immune system
31
stratum basale
single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane
32
stratum spinosum
several layers of keratinocytes and is the thickest stratum everywhere but the palms and soles
deepest cells are capable of mitosis, but as they are pushed upward they cease dividing, produce more keratin filmanets
33
stratum granulosum
three to five layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
34
stratum lucidum
thin translucent zone only in thick skin
keratinocytes densely packed with clear protein named eleiden
35
stratum corneum
30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form durable surface layer
36
epidermal water barrier
a layer of dead keratinocytes between stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum
37
dermis
beneath epidermis
connective tissue layer
.2mm - 4mm thick
mostly collagen
blood vessels, cutaneous glands, nerve endings
38
dermal papillae
upward waves of dermis
39
epidermal ridges
downward waves of epidermis
40
papillary layer
layer of dermis
thin zone of areolar tissue in/near dermal papillae
loose tissue allows for leukocyte mobility
41
reticular layer
layer of dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
thick collagen bundles
stretching of the collagen fibers produce striae (stretch marks)
42
hypodermis
beneath the skin
more areolar and adipose tissue
pads body and binds skin to underlying tissue
highly vascular
43
subcutaneous fat
hypodermis composed mostly of adipose tissue
energy reservoir and thermal insulation
8% thicker in women
less in infants and elderly people (more sensitive to cold)
44
melanin
produced by melanocytes and accumulates in keratinocytes of stratum basale and stratum spinosum
45
eumelanin
brownish black
46
pheomelanin
reddish yellow
contains sulfur
47
erythema
abnormal redness of skin due to increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels or dermal pooling of red blood cells that have escaped from abnormally permeable capillaries (sunburn)
48
albinism
genetic lack of melanin due to inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase gene
49
jaundice
yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood
50
friction ridges
markings on fingertips
51
freckles
flat, melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to sun
52
mole
elevated patch of melanized skin
53
hemangiomas (birthmarks)
patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
54
accessory organs of skin
hair
nails
cutaneous glands
55
function of keratinocytes in stratum granulosum
production of filaggrin, a binding protein
production of a protective waterproof lipid
production of a protein sac around the keratin bundles
56
striae
stretching of collagen fibers of dermis, common during pregnancy or after weight gian
57
function of hair
UV protection
signals the presence of parasites
warms and insulates individual
58
types of hair
lanugo
vellus
terminal
59
lanugo hair
fine, downy, unpigmented hair of fetus
60
vellus hair
fine, pale hair
2/3 of women's hair
1/10 of men's hair
all hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp
61
terminal hair
longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented
eyebrows and eyelashes; scalp
after puberty: axillary and pubic hair; male facial hair; some hair on trunk and limbs
62
bulb of hair
swelling at the base where hair originates in the dermis of hypodermis
63
root of hair
remainder of hair within follicle
64
shaft of hair
portion above the skin surface
65
hair matrix
region of mitotically active cells above the papilla
hair's growth center
66
layers of hair (cross section)
medulla
cortex
cuticle
67
medulla of hair
core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
68
cortex of hair
most of the bulk of the hair with several layers of elongated keratinized cells that appear cuboidal to flattened in cross sections
69
cuticle of hair
composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly, surface cells that overlap like roof shingle
70
follicle of hair
diagonal tube that dips deeply into dermis and sometimes as far as hypodermis
71
hair receptors
nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements
72
piloerector muscle/pilomotor muscle/arrector pili
bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle
73
texture of hair
related to differences in cross-sectional shape
straight: round
wavy: oval
tightly curled: flat
74
hair color
due to pigment granules in cortex
brown/black: rich in eumelanin
red: less eumelanin, rich in pheomelanin
blond: intermediate pheomelanin, little eumelanin
gray/white: absence of melanin, presence of air
75
function of torso/limb hair
vestigial but with sensory purpose
76
function of scalp hair
heat retention, sun protection
77
function of beard, pubic, axillary hair
indicate sexual maturity
associated with apocrine sweat glands
modulates dispersal of pheromones
78
function of guard hairs
protect nostrils and auditory canals
eyelashes protect eyes
79
function of eyebrows
enhances facial expression
reduce sun glare
keep perspiration from eyes
80
nails
derivatives of stratum corneum
very thin, dead, scaly cells with parallel keratin rows
81
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
apocrine and merocrine
82
apocrine sudoriferous glands
groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beards of mature males
ducts open to hair follicle
sweat is thicker (more fatty acids)
develop with puberty
associated with sex pheromones
produce secretions via exocytosis
enlarge/shrink with menstrual cycle
83
merocrine sudoriferous glands
most numerous
perspiration
secrete to surface of skin via sweat pore
abundant on palms, soles, forehead, but all over
simple tubular gland located in dermis
3-4 million in skin
84
myoepithelial cells
properties similar to smooth muscle
contract in response to sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
85
sebaceous glands
produce oily secretion called sebum
usually open into hair follicle
holocrine secretion
keep hair/skin from becoming brittle
everywhere except thick skin (abundant on face/scalp)
secretions = broken down cells replaced around gland perimeter
86
ceruminous glands
auditory canal
cerumen (earwax - combo of sebum + dead epidermal cells)
keeps eardrums pliable
waterproofs canal
kills bacteria
coats guard hairs
87
mammary glands
produce milk during lactation
small traces in males and females
modified apocrine gland
88
senescence
age-related degeneration
hair grays, thins
melanocyte stem cells die out
mitosis slows
dead hairs not replaced
atrophy of sebaceous glands
skin becomes thinner, more translucent
89
skin and blood supply in aging
fewer, more fragile vessels
rosacea
increased bruising
90
rosacea
dilated blood vessels that causes reddened areas
91
thermoregulation in agin
vulnerability to hypothermia and heat stroke
92
skin cancer
induced by UV rays
elderly and fair-skinned most at risk
93
basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer
least dangerous (rarely metastasizes)
stratum basale (invades dermis)
appears as small, shiny bump and enlarges; develops central depression and beaded pearly edge
94
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
can metastasize to lymph nodes
can be lethal
raised, reddened, scaly and later forms into concave ulcer with raised edges
chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal
95
malignant melanoma
5% deadly
arises from melanocyte of existing mole
metastasizes quickly, fatal w/o treatment
average life expectancy is 6 months from diagnosis
greatest risk is UV exposure and family history
high incidence in men, redheads, people with severe childhood sunburns
ABCD rule
96
ABCD rule
asymmetry
border irregularity
color
diameter
97
burns
leading cause of accidental death
hyperthermal change to skin
death primarily from fluid loss, infection, toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue)
98
1st degree burn
partial thickness
only epidermis
localized
redness, slight edema, pain
sunburn
99
2nd degree burn
partial thickness
epidermis and part of dermis
red, tan, white
blistered, painful
may cause damage to hair follicles, nerve endings, cutaneous glands
sunburns and scalds
100
3rd degree burn
full thickness
epidermis and dermis completely destroyed
contracture and disfigurement
101
skin grafts
3rd degree burns have no dermis to regenerate
ideally comes from patient, but not always possible
102
allograft
skin graft from another person
103
xenograft
skin graft from another speices
104
compounds excreted in sweat
salts
urrea
ammonia
105
Cartilage
Embryonic forerunner of most bones
Covers many joint surfaces
106
Ligaments
Hold bone to bone at joint
107
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone
108
Skeletal system functions
Support
Movement
Protection
Blood formation
Electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Detoxification
109
Osteology
Study of bone
110
Mineralization/calcification
Hardening process of bone
111
Other tissue present in bone
Blood
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Nervous tissue
Fibrous CT
112
Long bones
Longer than wide
Ex: femur, humerus, phalanges
113
Short bones
Equal length and width
| Ex: carpals and tarsals
Glide across one another, enabling wrist and ankle to flex in multiple directions
114
Flat bones
Not truly flat (curved)
Enclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment
Ex: scapula, ribs, sternum
115
Irregular bones
Elaborate shapes; not in any other category
Ex: vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid
116
Compact (dense) bone
Dense
White tissue that acts as outer shell
3/4 of skeleton
117
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Loosely organized
Spaces between bone tissue - filled with marrow
1/4 of skeleton
No central canals because blood supply near every osteocyte
Gives strength with little weight
118
Diaphysis
Shaft of long bone
119
Epiphysis
Expanded head at each end of long bones
Filled with spongy bone
120
Marrow (medullary) cavity
Empty space within cylinder of compact bone in diaphysis
Filled with bone marrow
121
Epiphyseal plate
Plate of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphysis and diaphysis
Zone where bone grows in length
Depleted in adults and replaced by epiphyseal line
122
Periosteum
Tough, outer fibrous layer of cartilage and inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells that surrounds bone like a sheath
Fxn in bone growth and healing fractures
123
Nutrient foramina
Hole where blood vessels penetrate bone
124
Endosteum
Internal surface of bone with cells that deposit and dissolve bone
125
Diploe
Spongy bone in skull
126
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that secretes lubricating fluid between bones
127
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
Stimulated by stress/fractures to increase number of osteoblasts
Stem cells (endosteum, inner periosteum, central canal)
128
Osteoblasts
Reinforce/rebuild bone
129
Osteocytes
Former osteoblasts that become trapped in matrix they deposited
Mature bone cells that live in lacunae
Communicate via canaliculi
Resorb bone and deposit it
130
Osteoclasts
Bone-dissolving macrophages
131
Bone matrix
1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic
132
Organic bone matrix
Collagen and large protein-carb complexes
133
Inorganic bone matrix
85% hydroxy apatite (crystallized calcium phosphate)
10% calcium carbonate
5% other inorganic materials
134
Minerals and collagen of bone matrix
Form composite that give bones strength and flexibility
Minerals resist compression
135
Calcium deficiency
Bones become soft and bend easily
136
Rickets
Childhood vitamin A deficiency - can't adequately absorb calcium
Weakens bones and legs blow out because can't support body weight
Collagen fibers allow tension resistance - bones bend slightly without snapping
Without collages, bones become brittle
137
Concentric lamellae
Compact bone
Layers of matrix arranged in a circle around a central (Haversian/osteonic) canal
138
Osteon
Compact bone
Basic structural component
Lamellae and central canal
Haversian system
139
Perforating (Volkmann) canals
Compact bone
Transverse passages that connect osteons
140
Spicules
Spongy bone
Rods/spines
141
Trabeculae
Spongy bone
Lattice of thin plates that develops along stress lines
142
Bone marrow: soft tissue
Medullary cavity
Spaces in trabeculae
Large central canals
143
Red marrow (myeloid tissue)
Hemopoletic (blood-forming)
Skull, vertebrae, sternum, pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur
144
Yellow marrow
Replaces red as we age
Turns mainly to fat
Doesn't produce blood
Rest of skeleton
145
Ossification (osteogenesis)
Bone formation
146
Intramembranous
Produces flat bones of skull; most of clavicle
Dermal bones develop in fibrous sheath
147
Endochondrial
Bone develops from hyaline cartilage models
Six weeks fetal development to early 20s
148
Child growth
Chondrocyte multiplication
Hypertrophy constantly pushes cartilage toward end of bone
Bone elongates
149
Interstitial growth
Cartilage growth; bone elongation
150
Common cause of dwarfism
Failure of cartilage growth in long bones
151
Epiphyseal plate transformation
Late teens to early 20s
Cartilage of epiphyseal plate depleted
Primary and secondary marrow cavities unite and fill with spongy bone
Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line
152
Appositional growth
Bone grows throughout life in diameter and thickness
Osteoblasts in inner periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped as osteocytes
Lay down bony matrix in layers
153
Bone remodeling
Collaboration btwn osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Osteoblasts: deposit new osseous tissue and thicken bond when bone heavily used
Osteoclasts: remove matrix and get rid of unnecessary mass when bone not used
154
Achondroplasia
Dwarfism in which long bones stop growing but others unaffected due to cartilage growth failure
Short stature, normal head and trunk
Spontaneous mutation
Can occur with no dwarfism history
Dominant mutation (50% chance with one dwarf parent)
155
Pituitary dwarfism
Growth hormone deficiency
Completely proportional
156
Calcium and phosphate as bone factors
Raw materials for calcified ground substance
157
Vitamin A as bone factor
Promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans (protein-carb fibers)
158
Vitamin C as bone factor
Promotes collagen cross linking
159
Vitamin D (calcitriol) as bone factor
Necessary for absorption of calcium by small intestine
Reduces urinary calcium loss
160
Calcitonin
Secreted by thyroid gland
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Fxns mainly in children and pregnant women
161
Growth hormone
Promotes intestinal absorption
Proliferation of cartilage in epiphyseal plates
Bone elongation
162
Sex steroids
Estrogen and testosterone
163
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Stimulates bone resorption
164
Osteopenia
Imbalance of calcium deposition and resorption
Bone loss after 30
After 40: 8% loss in females, 3% in males
165
Stress fracture
Abnormal trauma to bone
166
Pathological fracture
Weakening of bone due to disease or osteoporosis
167
Fracture classification
Fracture line direction or if skin is broken
168
Closed reduction fracture
Bone fragments in place
No surgery
169
Open reduction fracture
Surgery
Plates, screws, pins
170
Traction
Aligns bone fragments
Children not adults
171
Fracture healing time
8-12 weeks typically
Complex fracture longer
Longer in elderly
Can leave thickening of bone sometimes
172
Spinach and fracture
Rich in oxolate which binds to calcium and magnesium and interferes with absorption
Deprives fractured bone of necessary calcium to heal
173
Osteoporosis
Loss of matrix and minerals especially from spongy bone
Remaining bone histologically normal but cannot support body weight
174
Common osteoporosis fractures
Hip, wrist, vertebrae
Hip fracture in elderly can lead to immobility and complications such as pneumonia
175
Osteoporosis spinal deformities
Vertebral bodies lose spongy bone and become compressed by body weight
176
Osteoporosis risk factors
Dietary deficiency of calcium, vitamin D, protein
Inadequate exercise
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus
177
Osteoporosis treatment
Slows bone resorption
178
Orthopedics
Branch of medicine to prevent/correct injuries/disorders of skeletal system
179
Wolff's law of bone
Bone shape determined by mechanical stress
Bone adapts to withstand stress
Form follows fxn
180
number of bones
270 at birth
206 as adult
181
sesamoid bone
forms within tendons due to stress
182
sutural (wormian) bones
extra skull bones
not in everyone
183
number of bones in skull
22
184
cavities in skull
cranial
orbits
nasal
oral
middle/inner ear
paranasal sinuses
185
fxn of cranial bones
enclose brain
brain tissue never in contact with cranial bones
separated by 3 meninge membranes
186
dura mater
thickest, toughest meninge
lies against cranium
187
calvaria
skull cap
dome of top of head
multiple bones
188
base of cranium
floor of cranial cavity
3 cranial fossae
189
3 cranial fossae
shallow anterior fossa (accommodates frontal lobes)
middle fossa (temporal lobes)
posterior fossa (cerebellum)
190
number of cranial bones
8
191
frontal bone
anterior wall and 1/3 of roof of cranial cavity
all anterior fossa
orbit roof
glabella - smooth fossa
frontal sinus
192
parietal bones
most of cranial roof; part of walls
few features
pair of slight thickenings (superior and inferior temporal lines)
193
superior and inferior temporal lines
mark attachment of large temporal muscle (chewing)
194
temporal bones
lower wall and part of floor of cranial cavity
4 parts
squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous
195
squamous part of temporal bone
flat and vertical
zygomatic process/arch
mandibular fossa
196
tympanic part of temporal bone
plate of bone around external acoustic meatus
styloid process
197
mastoid part of temporal bone
poster to tympanic part
mastoid process
filled with small air sinuses
mastoid notch
198
petrous part of temporal bone
houses middle/inner ear
internal acoustic meatus
carotid canal and jugular foramen
199
occipital bone
foramen magnum
external occipital protuberance
200
styloid process
attachment for muscles of tongue, pharynx, hyoid bone
201
sinuses
communicate with middle ear
subject to inflammation and infection that can erode bone and travel to brain
202
mastoid notch
origin of digastric muscle, which opens mouth
203
internal acoustic meatus
opening with vestbulocochlear nerve
204
vestbulocochlear nerve
carries sensations of hearing balance from inner ear to brain
205
sphenoid bone
complex shape
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
sphenoid sinus
sella turcica
foramen rotundum and ovale
foramen spinosum
206
complex shape of sphenoid bone
thick median body with outstretched greater/lesser wings
207
greater wing of sphenoid
lateral surface of cranium
208
optic foramen
passage for optic nerve and opthalmic artery
209
superior orbital fissure
passage for nerves that move eye
210
hypophyseal fossa
holds pituitary glands
211
foramen rotundum and ovale
passages for trigeminal nerve branches
212
foramen spinosum
passsage for artery of meninges
213
ethmoid bone
anterior cranial bone between eyes
3 portions (perpendicular plate, cribriform plate, labyrinth
214
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
superior 2/3 of nasal septum
215
nasal septum
divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae
216
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
roof of nasal cavity
crista galli
olfactory bulbs rest in cribriform foramina
217
crista galli
attachment for dura mater
218
labyrinth of ethmoid bone
large mass on each side of perpendicular plate
2 curled plates (superior and middle nasal conchae)
219
superior and middle nasal conchae
occupy most of nasal cavity
create turbulence of incoming air so it contacts mucous membrane
turbulence cleans, humidifies, warms inhaled air before lungs
220
injury to ethmoid bone
sharp upward blow to nose can drive fragment through cribriform plate into meninges or brain
causes leakage of CSF into nasal cavity and causes infection
shears olfactory nerves - loss of smell and taste (anosmia)
221
facial bones
maxillae
palatine
zygomatic
lacrimal
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
mandible
222
maxillae bone
only facial bone with sinuses
intermaxillary suture
alveolar processes
223
palatine bone
hard plate
224
zygomatic bone
angles of cheeks
225
lacrimal bone
medial wall of each orbit
smallest bone in skull
lacrimal fossa
226
nasal bone
bridge of nose
227
inferior nasal conchae
nasal cavity
228
vomer
"plowshare"
no muscle attachment
229
mandible
only movable skull bone
strongest skull bone
230
bones associated with skull
auditory ossicles
hyoid
231
auditory isscles
bones of middle ear
malleus, incus, stapes
232
hyoid bone
no articulation with other bone
between chin and larynx
fractures can indicate strangulation
233
adaptation of skull for bipedalism
locomotion (feet, legs, vertebral column)
skull (foramen magnum more inferior, face less anterior)
234
vertebral column structure
chain of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal
235
vertebral column fxns
supports skull and trunk
allows movement
protects spinal cord
absorbs stress from walking, running, lifting
attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, postural muscles
236
curvature of vertebral column
C shaped at birth
S shaped with 4 bends by age 3
237
thoracic and pelvic bends of vertebral column
primary curvatures
present at birth
238
cervical and lumbar bends of vertebral column
secondary curvatures
after crawling/walking
239
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature
240
kyphosis
hunchback
abnormal posterior thoracic curvature
241
lordosis
swayback
abnormal anterior lumbar curvature
242
superior and inferior articular processes fxn
restrict vertebral column twisting
243
intervertebral foramen
opening between pedicles of 2 vertebrae
spinal nerves exit
244
intervertebral discs
IVD
pad between vertebrae
23 (between C2-C3 and L5-sacrum)
245
nucleus pulposus
central portion of IVD
gelatinous
246
anulus fibrosus
outer ring of IVD
fibrocartilage
247
intervertebral disc fxn
bind adjacent vertebrae
spinal flexibility
support weight
absorb shock
248
cervical vertebrae
7 total
smallest and lightest
249
transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
passage for vertebral arteries
250
bifid spinous process of cervical vertebrae
attachment for nuchal ligament
251
C1 (atlas)
lateral masses with concave superior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyle
"yes" motion
252
C2 (axis)
dens (rotational movement)
"no" motion
held in place with transverse ligament
heavy blow drives dense through foramen magnum into brainstem
253
C7 spinous process
not bifid
prominent bump on lower neck
aka vertebra prominens
254
thoracic vertebrae
12 total
attachment for ribs
support thoracic cage
255
T1-10
cuplike transverse costal facet
2nd articulation point for ribs 1-10
11-12 only attach to vertebrae
256
lumbar vertebrae
5 total
articular processes face laterally and medially
257
sacrum
"seat of soul"
in children: 5 separate vertebrae
age 16: fused
age 26: completely fused
articulates with pelvic bones
posterior wall of pelvic cavity (protects organs)
258
auricular surface of sacrum
articulates with hip bone
creates sacroiliac joint
259
sacroiliac joint
nearly immovable pelvic joint
260
coccyx
4-5 small vertebrae
fused by 20-30 years
attachment for muscles of pelvic floor
fractured by difficult childbirth or hard fall
261
1st coccyx
horns for ligament attachment to bind coccyx to sacrum
262
thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs
conical enclosure of heart and lungs
attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs
inferior border - lower ribs, costal margin
protects spleen, liver, kidneys
263
sternum
3 regions:
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
264
manubrium
broad superior portion
articulates with clavicle
265
body (gladiolus)
longest part
266
xiphoid process
inferior portion
attachment for some abdominal muscles
267
ribs
12 pairs
attached to thoracic vertebrae
attached anteriorly by hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage
268
true ribs
1-7
direct attachment
269
false ribs
8-10
indirect attachment
270
floating ribs
11-12
no attachment to sternum
271
rib 1
short, flat, c-shaped plate
272
skull fracture
linear, radiate away from point of impact
depressed fracture (compresses brain tissue)
damage cranial nerves and meningeal blood vessels
273
cervical vertebral fractures
violent blows to head
crush body or arches
one vertebrae slips forward and causes irreparable damage to spinal cord
274
whiplash
neck hyperextension
stretches/tears anterior longitudinal ligament and fractures vertebral body
275
herniated discs
anulus fibrosis cracks under strain (violent flexion of vertebral column or lifting heavy weights)
gelatinous nucleus pulposus oozes putting pressure on spinal nerve or cord
pain from pressure and inflammation
95% on L4/5 or L5/S1
276
cleft palate
palatine processes do not fuse during fetal development
fissure between oral and nasal cavities
277
craniosynostosis
premature closure of sutures (skull asymmetry, deformity, mental retardation)
unknown cause
brain damage limited by surgery
278
spinal stenosis
abnormal narrowing of vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen because of increase in vertebrae size
middle age and elderly
compress spinal nerves (low back pain and muscle weakness)
279
spondylosis
laminae defect (moves anteriorly)
most common in L5-S1
stress causes microfractures
non surgical manipulation or surgery
280
pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle
clavicle and scapula
loose attachments, flexible, easily dislocated
supports arm and links it to axial skeleton
281
sternoclavicular joint
medial end of clavicle with sternum
282
acromioclavicular joint
lateral end of clavicle with scapula
283
glenohumeral joint
scapula with humerus
284
clavicle
braces shoulder
most commonly fractured bone
superior surface: smooth and rounded
interior surface: flattened with grooves and ridges (muscle attachment)
thickened with heavy manual labor
on dominant side: shorter and stronger
285
clavicular fractures
breaking a fall
weak point 1/3 way from lateral end
can fracture during birth in wide-shouldered infants
in children, usually greenstick (partial) fracture
286
scapula
super, medial, lateral borders and angles
287
acromion
platelike extension of scapular spine that forms apex w/ shoulder and articulates with clavicle
288
coracoid process
attachment for tendons of biceps brachii and other arm muscles
289
glenoid cavity
shallow socket that articulates with head of humeru
290
upper limbs
4 regions w/ 30 bones/limb
brachium
antebrachium
carpus
manus
291
humerus
intertubercular sulcus accommodates tendon of biceps muscle
surgical neck = common fracture site
medial epicondyle of humerus protects ulnar nerve (funny bone
292
carpal bones
allow side-side and forward-back wrist movement
pisiform = sesamoid bone
hamulus = attachment for flexor retinaculum which is a fibrous sheet that covers carpal tunnel
293
metacarpals + phalanges
head of carpals = knuckles
pollex = thumb
294
pelvic girdle
two hip (coxal bones) - os coxae and innominate bone
sacrum
pubic symphysis
295
hip bone
jointed to vertebral column at sacroiliac joint
fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis
296
ASIS
anterior superior iliac spine
297
PSIS
posterior superior iliac spine
298
AIIS
anterior inferior iliac spine
299
SIIS
superior inferior iliac spine
300
ischium
inferoposterior portion of hip bone
heavy body with prominent spine
thick ischial tuberosity that supports body when sitting
301
pubic bone
most anterior of hip bones with pubic symphysis
302
pelvic sexual dimorphism
Female: adapted to childbirth, wider, shallower, larger pelvic inlet and outlet
Male: more robust, narrower, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet and outlet
303
lower limbs
4 regions with 30 bones/limb
femoral
crural
tarsal
pedal
weightbearing and locomotion
304
femur and patella
constricted neck of femur: commonly fractured
trochanters: insertion points for powerful hip muscles
angled medially from hip to knee - knees closer together, beneath center of gravity (knee injuries in women)
knees locked when standing - little effort to maintain posture
305
femoral fractures
broken hip = broken femoral neck
femoral neck fractures heal poorly because it's in an anatomically unstable site with thin periosteum and limited ossification potential
306
post traumatic avascular necrosis
broken blood vessels, blood flow cut off
307
tibia
only weight bearing bone of leg
308
tibial tuberosity
where patellar ligament inserts
where quad muscle exerts pull when it extends leg
309
fibula
slender lateral struct that stabilizes ankle
not weight bearing
310
ankle and foot
calcaneus: Achilles attachment
strong, springy foot arches to absorb shock
311
pes planus
flat feet
312
endochondral ossification development
not complete until 20s
313
upper limb bud development
day 26-27
314
lower limb bud development
day 27-29
315
digital rays on hand/foot plates development
day 38-44
316
digits separate via apoptosis development
end of week 8
317
cartilaginous limb skeleton development
week 7-8
318
carpal bone calcification
cartilaginous at birth
2 months through 9 years
319
tarsal bones development
ossify at 3 months in womb through 3 years old
320
patella development
ossifies at 3-6 years old
321
ilium, ischium, pubis development
fused at 25
322
amelia
absence of one or more limbs
323
meromelia
partial absence of limb
absence of long bones
rudimentary hands and feet attached to trunk
324
polydactyly
extra fingers/toes
325
syndactyly
webbed digits
326
clubfoot
talipes
feed adducted and plantar flexed with soles turned medially
1 in 1000 live births
sometimes hereditary or malposition in uterus
children walk on ankles
