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Anatomy > Exam 2 - Integumentary, Bone, Skeleton > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Integumentary, Bone, Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skin

A

resistance to infection

sensory reception

thermoregulation

water retention

vitamin D synthesis

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2
Q

skin provides resistance to trauma and infections because:

A

it has a tough keratin exterior

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3
Q

dermatology

A

study and treatment of the integumentary system

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4
Q

keratinocyte

A

produces protein that increases durability of the skin

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5
Q

keratinocytes continually undergo mitosis because:

A

they are constantly flaking off the outer surface of the skin

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6
Q

dermis composed of:

A

connective tissue

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7
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward extensions of the epidermis at the dermis and epidermal boundary

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8
Q

another name for hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer

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9
Q

melanin

A

primary determinant of skin color

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10
Q

brown pigmentation

A

results from deposition of melanin by melanocytes

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11
Q

exposure to sunlight leads to

A

increased melanin production and darkening of the skin

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12
Q

cyanosis

A

condition in which the skin turns blue because of oxygen deficiency in the circulating blood

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13
Q

pallor

A

pale coloration in the skin

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14
Q

soft keratin vs. hard keratin

A

hard keratin is compact and crosslinked

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15
Q

hematoma

A

bruse

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16
Q

flexion lines

A

lines on palms, wrists, and elbows

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17
Q

mole

A

elevated patch of melanized skin

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18
Q

hair

A

thin filament of keratinized cells growing from a follicle

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19
Q

pilus

A

another name for individual hair

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20
Q

composition of hair and nails

A

dead, keratinized epidermal cells

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21
Q

examples of skin markings

A

flexion creases

friction ridges

pigmentation patches

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22
Q

thick skin

A

epidermis is .5 mm thick

thick stratum corneum

resists pressure and friction

found in palms and soles of feet

sweat glands but no hair

follicles or sebaceous glands

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23
Q

thin skin

A

epidermis is .1 mm thick

thin stratum corneum

hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands

covers rest of the body

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24
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

lacks blood vessels

depends on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue

sparse nerve endings for touch and pain

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25
Q

cells of epidermis

A

stem cells

keratinocytes

melanocytes

tactile (Merkel) cells

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

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26
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated

divide and produce keratinocytes

found in stratum basale

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27
Q

keratinocytes

A

majority of epidermal cells

synthesize keratin

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28
Q

melanocytes

A

stratum basale

synthesize melanin

long branching processes that spread among keratinocytes and continually shed melanin from tips

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29
Q

tactile (Merkel) cells

A

few in number

receptors for touch

basal layer of epidermis

associated with underlying dermal nerve fiber

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30
Q

dendritic (Langerhans) cells

A

stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

immune cells that originate in bone marrow

migrate to epidermis and epithelia of oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

carry fragments of foreign matter to lymph nodes to alert immune system

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31
Q

stratum basale

A

single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on basement membrane

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32
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes and is the thickest stratum everywhere but the palms and soles

deepest cells are capable of mitosis, but as they are pushed upward they cease dividing, produce more keratin filmanets

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33
Q

stratum granulosum

A

three to five layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells

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34
Q

stratum lucidum

A

thin translucent zone only in thick skin

keratinocytes densely packed with clear protein named eleiden

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35
Q

stratum corneum

A

30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form durable surface layer

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36
Q

epidermal water barrier

A

a layer of dead keratinocytes between stratum granulosum and stratum spinosum

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37
Q

dermis

A

beneath epidermis

connective tissue layer

.2mm - 4mm thick

mostly collagen

blood vessels, cutaneous glands, nerve endings

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38
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward waves of dermis

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39
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward waves of epidermis

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40
Q

papillary layer

A

layer of dermis

thin zone of areolar tissue in/near dermal papillae

loose tissue allows for leukocyte mobility

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41
Q

reticular layer

A

layer of dermis

dense irregular connective tissue

thick collagen bundles

stretching of the collagen fibers produce striae (stretch marks)

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42
Q

hypodermis

A

beneath the skin

more areolar and adipose tissue

pads body and binds skin to underlying tissue

highly vascular

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43
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

hypodermis composed mostly of adipose tissue

energy reservoir and thermal insulation

8% thicker in women

less in infants and elderly people (more sensitive to cold)

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44
Q

melanin

A

produced by melanocytes and accumulates in keratinocytes of stratum basale and stratum spinosum

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45
Q

eumelanin

A

brownish black

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46
Q

pheomelanin

A

reddish yellow

contains sulfur

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47
Q

erythema

A

abnormal redness of skin due to increased blood flow in dilated cutaneous blood vessels or dermal pooling of red blood cells that have escaped from abnormally permeable capillaries (sunburn)

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48
Q

albinism

A

genetic lack of melanin due to inherited recessive, nonfunctional tyrosinase gene

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49
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing of skin and whites of the eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood

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50
Q

friction ridges

A

markings on fingertips

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51
Q

freckles

A

flat, melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to sun

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52
Q

mole

A

elevated patch of melanized skin

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53
Q

hemangiomas (birthmarks)

A

patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of the blood capillaries

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54
Q

accessory organs of skin

A

hair

nails

cutaneous glands

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55
Q

function of keratinocytes in stratum granulosum

A

production of filaggrin, a binding protein

production of a protective waterproof lipid

production of a protein sac around the keratin bundles

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56
Q

striae

A

stretching of collagen fibers of dermis, common during pregnancy or after weight gian

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57
Q

function of hair

A

UV protection

signals the presence of parasites

warms and insulates individual

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58
Q

types of hair

A

lanugo

vellus

terminal

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59
Q

lanugo hair

A

fine, downy, unpigmented hair of fetus

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60
Q

vellus hair

A

fine, pale hair

2/3 of women’s hair

1/10 of men’s hair

all hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp

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61
Q

terminal hair

A

longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented

eyebrows and eyelashes; scalp

after puberty: axillary and pubic hair; male facial hair; some hair on trunk and limbs

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62
Q

bulb of hair

A

swelling at the base where hair originates in the dermis of hypodermis

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63
Q

root of hair

A

remainder of hair within follicle

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64
Q

shaft of hair

A

portion above the skin surface

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65
Q

hair matrix

A

region of mitotically active cells above the papilla

hair’s growth center

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66
Q

layers of hair (cross section)

A

medulla

cortex

cuticle

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67
Q

medulla of hair

A

core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces

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68
Q

cortex of hair

A

most of the bulk of the hair with several layers of elongated keratinized cells that appear cuboidal to flattened in cross sections

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69
Q

cuticle of hair

A

composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly, surface cells that overlap like roof shingle

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70
Q

follicle of hair

A

diagonal tube that dips deeply into dermis and sometimes as far as hypodermis

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71
Q

hair receptors

A

nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements

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72
Q

piloerector muscle/pilomotor muscle/arrector pili

A

bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle

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73
Q

texture of hair

A

related to differences in cross-sectional shape

straight: round
wavy: oval
tightly curled: flat

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74
Q

hair color

A

due to pigment granules in cortex

brown/black: rich in eumelanin

red: less eumelanin, rich in pheomelanin
blond: intermediate pheomelanin, little eumelanin

gray/white: absence of melanin, presence of air

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75
Q

function of torso/limb hair

A

vestigial but with sensory purpose

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76
Q

function of scalp hair

A

heat retention, sun protection

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77
Q

function of beard, pubic, axillary hair

A

indicate sexual maturity

associated with apocrine sweat glands

modulates dispersal of pheromones

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78
Q

function of guard hairs

A

protect nostrils and auditory canals

eyelashes protect eyes

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79
Q

function of eyebrows

A

enhances facial expression

reduce sun glare

keep perspiration from eyes

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80
Q

nails

A

derivatives of stratum corneum

very thin, dead, scaly cells with parallel keratin rows

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81
Q

sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands

apocrine and merocrine

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82
Q

apocrine sudoriferous glands

A

groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beards of mature males

ducts open to hair follicle

sweat is thicker (more fatty acids)

develop with puberty

associated with sex pheromones

produce secretions via exocytosis

enlarge/shrink with menstrual cycle

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83
Q

merocrine sudoriferous glands

A

most numerous

perspiration

secrete to surface of skin via sweat pore

abundant on palms, soles, forehead, but all over

simple tubular gland located in dermis

3-4 million in skin

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84
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

properties similar to smooth muscle

contract in response to sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct

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85
Q

sebaceous glands

A

produce oily secretion called sebum

usually open into hair follicle

holocrine secretion

keep hair/skin from becoming brittle

everywhere except thick skin (abundant on face/scalp)

secretions = broken down cells replaced around gland perimeter

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86
Q

ceruminous glands

A

auditory canal

cerumen (earwax - combo of sebum + dead epidermal cells)

keeps eardrums pliable

waterproofs canal

kills bacteria

coats guard hairs

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87
Q

mammary glands

A

produce milk during lactation

small traces in males and females

modified apocrine gland

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88
Q

senescence

A

age-related degeneration

hair grays, thins

melanocyte stem cells die out

mitosis slows

dead hairs not replaced

atrophy of sebaceous glands

skin becomes thinner, more translucent

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89
Q

skin and blood supply in aging

A

fewer, more fragile vessels

rosacea

increased bruising

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90
Q

rosacea

A

dilated blood vessels that causes reddened areas

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91
Q

thermoregulation in agin

A

vulnerability to hypothermia and heat stroke

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92
Q

skin cancer

A

induced by UV rays

elderly and fair-skinned most at risk

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93
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common skin cancer

least dangerous (rarely metastasizes)

stratum basale (invades dermis)

appears as small, shiny bump and enlarges; develops central depression and beaded pearly edge

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94
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

can metastasize to lymph nodes

can be lethal

raised, reddened, scaly and later forms into concave ulcer with raised edges

chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal

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95
Q

malignant melanoma

A

5% deadly

arises from melanocyte of existing mole

metastasizes quickly, fatal w/o treatment

average life expectancy is 6 months from diagnosis

greatest risk is UV exposure and family history

high incidence in men, redheads, people with severe childhood sunburns

ABCD rule

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96
Q

ABCD rule

A

asymmetry

border irregularity

color

diameter

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97
Q

burns

A

leading cause of accidental death

hyperthermal change to skin

death primarily from fluid loss, infection, toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue)

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98
Q

1st degree burn

A

partial thickness

only epidermis

localized

redness, slight edema, pain

sunburn

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99
Q

2nd degree burn

A

partial thickness

epidermis and part of dermis

red, tan, white

blistered, painful

may cause damage to hair follicles, nerve endings, cutaneous glands

sunburns and scalds

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100
Q

3rd degree burn

A

full thickness

epidermis and dermis completely destroyed

contracture and disfigurement

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101
Q

skin grafts

A

3rd degree burns have no dermis to regenerate

ideally comes from patient, but not always possible

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102
Q

allograft

A

skin graft from another person

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103
Q

xenograft

A

skin graft from another speices

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104
Q

compounds excreted in sweat

A

salts

urrea

ammonia

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105
Q

Cartilage

A

Embryonic forerunner of most bones

Covers many joint surfaces

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106
Q

Ligaments

A

Hold bone to bone at joint

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107
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

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108
Q

Skeletal system functions

A

Support

Movement

Protection

Blood formation

Electrolyte balance

Acid-base balance

Detoxification

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109
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bone

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110
Q

Mineralization/calcification

A

Hardening process of bone

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111
Q

Other tissue present in bone

A

Blood

Bone marrow

Cartilage

Adipose tissue

Nervous tissue

Fibrous CT

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112
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than wide

Ex: femur, humerus, phalanges

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113
Q

Short bones

A

Equal length and width

Ex: carpals and tarsals
Glide across one another, enabling wrist and ankle to flex in multiple directions

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114
Q

Flat bones

A

Not truly flat (curved)

Enclose and protect soft organs and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment

Ex: scapula, ribs, sternum

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115
Q

Irregular bones

A

Elaborate shapes; not in any other category

Ex: vertebrae, sphenoid, ethmoid

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116
Q

Compact (dense) bone

A

Dense

White tissue that acts as outer shell

3/4 of skeleton

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117
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Loosely organized

Spaces between bone tissue - filled with marrow

1/4 of skeleton

No central canals because blood supply near every osteocyte

Gives strength with little weight

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118
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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119
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded head at each end of long bones

Filled with spongy bone

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120
Q

Marrow (medullary) cavity

A

Empty space within cylinder of compact bone in diaphysis

Filled with bone marrow

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121
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Plate of hyaline cartilage that separates epiphysis and diaphysis

Zone where bone grows in length

Depleted in adults and replaced by epiphyseal line

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122
Q

Periosteum

A

Tough, outer fibrous layer of cartilage and inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells that surrounds bone like a sheath

Fxn in bone growth and healing fractures

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123
Q

Nutrient foramina

A

Hole where blood vessels penetrate bone

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124
Q

Endosteum

A

Internal surface of bone with cells that deposit and dissolve bone

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125
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone in skull

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126
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that secretes lubricating fluid between bones

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127
Q

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

A

Stimulated by stress/fractures to increase number of osteoblasts

Stem cells (endosteum, inner periosteum, central canal)

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128
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Reinforce/rebuild bone

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129
Q

Osteocytes

A

Former osteoblasts that become trapped in matrix they deposited

Mature bone cells that live in lacunae

Communicate via canaliculi

Resorb bone and deposit it

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130
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone-dissolving macrophages

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131
Q

Bone matrix

A

1/3 organic

2/3 inorganic

132
Q

Organic bone matrix

A

Collagen and large protein-carb complexes

133
Q

Inorganic bone matrix

A

85% hydroxy apatite (crystallized calcium phosphate)

10% calcium carbonate

5% other inorganic materials

134
Q

Minerals and collagen of bone matrix

A

Form composite that give bones strength and flexibility

Minerals resist compression

135
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

Bones become soft and bend easily

136
Q

Rickets

A

Childhood vitamin A deficiency - can’t adequately absorb calcium

Weakens bones and legs blow out because can’t support body weight

Collagen fibers allow tension resistance - bones bend slightly without snapping

Without collages, bones become brittle

137
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Compact bone

Layers of matrix arranged in a circle around a central (Haversian/osteonic) canal

138
Q

Osteon

A

Compact bone

Basic structural component

Lamellae and central canal

Haversian system

139
Q

Perforating (Volkmann) canals

A

Compact bone

Transverse passages that connect osteons

140
Q

Spicules

A

Spongy bone

Rods/spines

141
Q

Trabeculae

A

Spongy bone

Lattice of thin plates that develops along stress lines

142
Q

Bone marrow: soft tissue

A

Medullary cavity

Spaces in trabeculae

Large central canals

143
Q

Red marrow (myeloid tissue)

A

Hemopoletic (blood-forming)

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur

144
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Replaces red as we age

Turns mainly to fat

Doesn’t produce blood

Rest of skeleton

145
Q

Ossification (osteogenesis)

A

Bone formation

146
Q

Intramembranous

A

Produces flat bones of skull; most of clavicle

Dermal bones develop in fibrous sheath

147
Q

Endochondrial

A

Bone develops from hyaline cartilage models

Six weeks fetal development to early 20s

148
Q

Child growth

A

Chondrocyte multiplication

Hypertrophy constantly pushes cartilage toward end of bone

Bone elongates

149
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Cartilage growth; bone elongation

150
Q

Common cause of dwarfism

A

Failure of cartilage growth in long bones

151
Q

Epiphyseal plate transformation

A

Late teens to early 20s

Cartilage of epiphyseal plate depleted

Primary and secondary marrow cavities unite and fill with spongy bone

Epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line

152
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bone grows throughout life in diameter and thickness

Osteoblasts in inner periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped as osteocytes

Lay down bony matrix in layers

153
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Collaboration btwn osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoblasts: deposit new osseous tissue and thicken bond when bone heavily used

Osteoclasts: remove matrix and get rid of unnecessary mass when bone not used

154
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Dwarfism in which long bones stop growing but others unaffected due to cartilage growth failure

Short stature, normal head and trunk

Spontaneous mutation

Can occur with no dwarfism history

Dominant mutation (50% chance with one dwarf parent)

155
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

Growth hormone deficiency

Completely proportional

156
Q

Calcium and phosphate as bone factors

A

Raw materials for calcified ground substance

157
Q

Vitamin A as bone factor

A

Promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans (protein-carb fibers)

158
Q

Vitamin C as bone factor

A

Promotes collagen cross linking

159
Q

Vitamin D (calcitriol) as bone factor

A

Necessary for absorption of calcium by small intestine

Reduces urinary calcium loss

160
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by thyroid gland

Stimulates osteoblast activity

Fxns mainly in children and pregnant women

161
Q

Growth hormone

A

Promotes intestinal absorption

Proliferation of cartilage in epiphyseal plates

Bone elongation

162
Q

Sex steroids

A

Estrogen and testosterone

163
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Stimulates bone resorption

164
Q

Osteopenia

A

Imbalance of calcium deposition and resorption

Bone loss after 30

After 40: 8% loss in females, 3% in males

165
Q

Stress fracture

A

Abnormal trauma to bone

166
Q

Pathological fracture

A

Weakening of bone due to disease or osteoporosis

167
Q

Fracture classification

A

Fracture line direction or if skin is broken

168
Q

Closed reduction fracture

A

Bone fragments in place

No surgery

169
Q

Open reduction fracture

A

Surgery

Plates, screws, pins

170
Q

Traction

A

Aligns bone fragments

Children not adults

171
Q

Fracture healing time

A

8-12 weeks typically

Complex fracture longer

Longer in elderly

Can leave thickening of bone sometimes

172
Q

Spinach and fracture

A

Rich in oxolate which binds to calcium and magnesium and interferes with absorption

Deprives fractured bone of necessary calcium to heal

173
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of matrix and minerals especially from spongy bone

Remaining bone histologically normal but cannot support body weight

174
Q

Common osteoporosis fractures

A

Hip, wrist, vertebrae

Hip fracture in elderly can lead to immobility and complications such as pneumonia

175
Q

Osteoporosis spinal deformities

A

Vertebral bodies lose spongy bone and become compressed by body weight

176
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors

A

Dietary deficiency of calcium, vitamin D, protein

Inadequate exercise

Smoking

Diabetes mellitus

177
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

Slows bone resorption

178
Q

Orthopedics

A

Branch of medicine to prevent/correct injuries/disorders of skeletal system

179
Q

Wolff’s law of bone

A

Bone shape determined by mechanical stress

Bone adapts to withstand stress

Form follows fxn

180
Q

number of bones

A

270 at birth

206 as adult

181
Q

sesamoid bone

A

forms within tendons due to stress

182
Q

sutural (wormian) bones

A

extra skull bones

not in everyone

183
Q

number of bones in skull

A

22

184
Q

cavities in skull

A

cranial

orbits

nasal

oral

middle/inner ear

paranasal sinuses

185
Q

fxn of cranial bones

A

enclose brain

brain tissue never in contact with cranial bones

separated by 3 meninge membranes

186
Q

dura mater

A

thickest, toughest meninge

lies against cranium

187
Q

calvaria

A

skull cap

dome of top of head

multiple bones

188
Q

base of cranium

A

floor of cranial cavity

3 cranial fossae

189
Q

3 cranial fossae

A

shallow anterior fossa (accommodates frontal lobes)

middle fossa (temporal lobes)

posterior fossa (cerebellum)

190
Q

number of cranial bones

A

8

191
Q

frontal bone

A

anterior wall and 1/3 of roof of cranial cavity

all anterior fossa

orbit roof

glabella - smooth fossa

frontal sinus

192
Q

parietal bones

A

most of cranial roof; part of walls

few features

pair of slight thickenings (superior and inferior temporal lines)

193
Q

superior and inferior temporal lines

A

mark attachment of large temporal muscle (chewing)

194
Q

temporal bones

A

lower wall and part of floor of cranial cavity

4 parts

squamous, tympanic, mastoid, petrous

195
Q

squamous part of temporal bone

A

flat and vertical

zygomatic process/arch

mandibular fossa

196
Q

tympanic part of temporal bone

A

plate of bone around external acoustic meatus

styloid process

197
Q

mastoid part of temporal bone

A

poster to tympanic part

mastoid process

filled with small air sinuses

mastoid notch

198
Q

petrous part of temporal bone

A

houses middle/inner ear

internal acoustic meatus

carotid canal and jugular foramen

199
Q

occipital bone

A

foramen magnum

external occipital protuberance

200
Q

styloid process

A

attachment for muscles of tongue, pharynx, hyoid bone

201
Q

sinuses

A

communicate with middle ear

subject to inflammation and infection that can erode bone and travel to brain

202
Q

mastoid notch

A

origin of digastric muscle, which opens mouth

203
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

opening with vestbulocochlear nerve

204
Q

vestbulocochlear nerve

A

carries sensations of hearing balance from inner ear to brain

205
Q

sphenoid bone

A

complex shape

optic foramen

superior orbital fissure

sphenoid sinus

sella turcica

foramen rotundum and ovale

foramen spinosum

206
Q

complex shape of sphenoid bone

A

thick median body with outstretched greater/lesser wings

207
Q

greater wing of sphenoid

A

lateral surface of cranium

208
Q

optic foramen

A

passage for optic nerve and opthalmic artery

209
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

passage for nerves that move eye

210
Q

hypophyseal fossa

A

holds pituitary glands

211
Q

foramen rotundum and ovale

A

passages for trigeminal nerve branches

212
Q

foramen spinosum

A

passsage for artery of meninges

213
Q

ethmoid bone

A

anterior cranial bone between eyes

3 portions (perpendicular plate, cribriform plate, labyrinth

214
Q

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

A

superior 2/3 of nasal septum

215
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae

216
Q

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

A

roof of nasal cavity

crista galli

olfactory bulbs rest in cribriform foramina

217
Q

crista galli

A

attachment for dura mater

218
Q

labyrinth of ethmoid bone

A

large mass on each side of perpendicular plate

2 curled plates (superior and middle nasal conchae)

219
Q

superior and middle nasal conchae

A

occupy most of nasal cavity

create turbulence of incoming air so it contacts mucous membrane

turbulence cleans, humidifies, warms inhaled air before lungs

220
Q

injury to ethmoid bone

A

sharp upward blow to nose can drive fragment through cribriform plate into meninges or brain

causes leakage of CSF into nasal cavity and causes infection

shears olfactory nerves - loss of smell and taste (anosmia)

221
Q

facial bones

A

maxillae

palatine

zygomatic

lacrimal

nasal

inferior nasal conchae

vomer

mandible

222
Q

maxillae bone

A

only facial bone with sinuses

intermaxillary suture

alveolar processes

223
Q

palatine bone

A

hard plate

224
Q

zygomatic bone

A

angles of cheeks

225
Q

lacrimal bone

A

medial wall of each orbit

smallest bone in skull

lacrimal fossa

226
Q

nasal bone

A

bridge of nose

227
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

nasal cavity

228
Q

vomer

A

“plowshare”

no muscle attachment

229
Q

mandible

A

only movable skull bone

strongest skull bone

230
Q

bones associated with skull

A

auditory ossicles

hyoid

231
Q

auditory isscles

A

bones of middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes

232
Q

hyoid bone

A

no articulation with other bone

between chin and larynx

fractures can indicate strangulation

233
Q

adaptation of skull for bipedalism

A

locomotion (feet, legs, vertebral column)

skull (foramen magnum more inferior, face less anterior)

234
Q

vertebral column structure

A

chain of 33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccygeal

235
Q

vertebral column fxns

A

supports skull and trunk

allows movement

protects spinal cord

absorbs stress from walking, running, lifting

attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, postural muscles

236
Q

curvature of vertebral column

A

C shaped at birth

S shaped with 4 bends by age 3

237
Q

thoracic and pelvic bends of vertebral column

A

primary curvatures

present at birth

238
Q

cervical and lumbar bends of vertebral column

A

secondary curvatures

after crawling/walking

239
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

240
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback

abnormal posterior thoracic curvature

241
Q

lordosis

A

swayback

abnormal anterior lumbar curvature

242
Q

superior and inferior articular processes fxn

A

restrict vertebral column twisting

243
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

opening between pedicles of 2 vertebrae

spinal nerves exit

244
Q

intervertebral discs

A

IVD

pad between vertebrae

23 (between C2-C3 and L5-sacrum)

245
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

central portion of IVD

gelatinous

246
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

outer ring of IVD

fibrocartilage

247
Q

intervertebral disc fxn

A

bind adjacent vertebrae

spinal flexibility

support weight

absorb shock

248
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7 total

smallest and lightest

249
Q

transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae

A

passage for vertebral arteries

250
Q

bifid spinous process of cervical vertebrae

A

attachment for nuchal ligament

251
Q

C1 (atlas)

A

lateral masses with concave superior articular facets that articulate with occipital condyle

“yes” motion

252
Q

C2 (axis)

A

dens (rotational movement)

“no” motion

held in place with transverse ligament

heavy blow drives dense through foramen magnum into brainstem

253
Q

C7 spinous process

A

not bifid

prominent bump on lower neck

aka vertebra prominens

254
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12 total

attachment for ribs

support thoracic cage

255
Q

T1-10

A

cuplike transverse costal facet

2nd articulation point for ribs 1-10

11-12 only attach to vertebrae

256
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5 total

articular processes face laterally and medially

257
Q

sacrum

A

“seat of soul”

in children: 5 separate vertebrae

age 16: fused

age 26: completely fused

articulates with pelvic bones

posterior wall of pelvic cavity (protects organs)

258
Q

auricular surface of sacrum

A

articulates with hip bone

creates sacroiliac joint

259
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

nearly immovable pelvic joint

260
Q

coccyx

A

4-5 small vertebrae

fused by 20-30 years

attachment for muscles of pelvic floor

fractured by difficult childbirth or hard fall

261
Q

1st coccyx

A

horns for ligament attachment to bind coccyx to sacrum

262
Q

thoracic cage

A

thoracic vertebrae, sternum, ribs

conical enclosure of heart and lungs

attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs

inferior border - lower ribs, costal margin

protects spleen, liver, kidneys

263
Q

sternum

A

3 regions:

manubrium

body

xiphoid process

264
Q

manubrium

A

broad superior portion

articulates with clavicle

265
Q

body (gladiolus)

A

longest part

266
Q

xiphoid process

A

inferior portion

attachment for some abdominal muscles

267
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs

attached to thoracic vertebrae

attached anteriorly by hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage

268
Q

true ribs

A

1-7

direct attachment

269
Q

false ribs

A

8-10

indirect attachment

270
Q

floating ribs

A

11-12

no attachment to sternum

271
Q

rib 1

A

short, flat, c-shaped plate

272
Q

skull fracture

A

linear, radiate away from point of impact

depressed fracture (compresses brain tissue)

damage cranial nerves and meningeal blood vessels

273
Q

cervical vertebral fractures

A

violent blows to head

crush body or arches

one vertebrae slips forward and causes irreparable damage to spinal cord

274
Q

whiplash

A

neck hyperextension

stretches/tears anterior longitudinal ligament and fractures vertebral body

275
Q

herniated discs

A

anulus fibrosis cracks under strain (violent flexion of vertebral column or lifting heavy weights)

gelatinous nucleus pulposus oozes putting pressure on spinal nerve or cord

pain from pressure and inflammation

95% on L4/5 or L5/S1

276
Q

cleft palate

A

palatine processes do not fuse during fetal development

fissure between oral and nasal cavities

277
Q

craniosynostosis

A

premature closure of sutures (skull asymmetry, deformity, mental retardation)

unknown cause

brain damage limited by surgery

278
Q

spinal stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of vertebral canal or intervertebral foramen because of increase in vertebrae size

middle age and elderly

compress spinal nerves (low back pain and muscle weakness)

279
Q

spondylosis

A

laminae defect (moves anteriorly)

most common in L5-S1

stress causes microfractures

non surgical manipulation or surgery

280
Q

pectoral girdle

A

shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

loose attachments, flexible, easily dislocated

supports arm and links it to axial skeleton

281
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

medial end of clavicle with sternum

282
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

lateral end of clavicle with scapula

283
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

scapula with humerus

284
Q

clavicle

A

braces shoulder

most commonly fractured bone

superior surface: smooth and rounded

interior surface: flattened with grooves and ridges (muscle attachment)

thickened with heavy manual labor

on dominant side: shorter and stronger

285
Q

clavicular fractures

A

breaking a fall

weak point 1/3 way from lateral end

can fracture during birth in wide-shouldered infants

in children, usually greenstick (partial) fracture

286
Q

scapula

A

super, medial, lateral borders and angles

287
Q

acromion

A

platelike extension of scapular spine that forms apex w/ shoulder and articulates with clavicle

288
Q

coracoid process

A

attachment for tendons of biceps brachii and other arm muscles

289
Q

glenoid cavity

A

shallow socket that articulates with head of humeru

290
Q

upper limbs

A

4 regions w/ 30 bones/limb

brachium

antebrachium

carpus

manus

291
Q

humerus

A

intertubercular sulcus accommodates tendon of biceps muscle

surgical neck = common fracture site

medial epicondyle of humerus protects ulnar nerve (funny bone

292
Q

carpal bones

A

allow side-side and forward-back wrist movement

pisiform = sesamoid bone

hamulus = attachment for flexor retinaculum which is a fibrous sheet that covers carpal tunnel

293
Q

metacarpals + phalanges

A

head of carpals = knuckles

pollex = thumb

294
Q

pelvic girdle

A

two hip (coxal bones) - os coxae and innominate bone

sacrum

pubic symphysis

295
Q

hip bone

A

jointed to vertebral column at sacroiliac joint

fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis

296
Q

ASIS

A

anterior superior iliac spine

297
Q

PSIS

A

posterior superior iliac spine

298
Q

AIIS

A

anterior inferior iliac spine

299
Q

SIIS

A

superior inferior iliac spine

300
Q

ischium

A

inferoposterior portion of hip bone

heavy body with prominent spine

thick ischial tuberosity that supports body when sitting

301
Q

pubic bone

A

most anterior of hip bones with pubic symphysis

302
Q

pelvic sexual dimorphism

A

Female: adapted to childbirth, wider, shallower, larger pelvic inlet and outlet

Male: more robust, narrower, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet and outlet

303
Q

lower limbs

A

4 regions with 30 bones/limb

femoral

crural

tarsal

pedal

weightbearing and locomotion

304
Q

femur and patella

A

constricted neck of femur: commonly fractured

trochanters: insertion points for powerful hip muscles

angled medially from hip to knee - knees closer together, beneath center of gravity (knee injuries in women)

knees locked when standing - little effort to maintain posture

305
Q

femoral fractures

A

broken hip = broken femoral neck

femoral neck fractures heal poorly because it’s in an anatomically unstable site with thin periosteum and limited ossification potential

306
Q

post traumatic avascular necrosis

A

broken blood vessels, blood flow cut off

307
Q

tibia

A

only weight bearing bone of leg

308
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

where patellar ligament inserts

where quad muscle exerts pull when it extends leg

309
Q

fibula

A

slender lateral struct that stabilizes ankle

not weight bearing

310
Q

ankle and foot

A

calcaneus: Achilles attachment

strong, springy foot arches to absorb shock

311
Q

pes planus

A

flat feet

312
Q

endochondral ossification development

A

not complete until 20s

313
Q

upper limb bud development

A

day 26-27

314
Q

lower limb bud development

A

day 27-29

315
Q

digital rays on hand/foot plates development

A

day 38-44

316
Q

digits separate via apoptosis development

A

end of week 8

317
Q

cartilaginous limb skeleton development

A

week 7-8

318
Q

carpal bone calcification

A

cartilaginous at birth

2 months through 9 years

319
Q

tarsal bones development

A

ossify at 3 months in womb through 3 years old

320
Q

patella development

A

ossifies at 3-6 years old

321
Q

ilium, ischium, pubis development

A

fused at 25

322
Q

amelia

A

absence of one or more limbs

323
Q

meromelia

A

partial absence of limb

absence of long bones

rudimentary hands and feet attached to trunk

324
Q

polydactyly

A

extra fingers/toes

325
Q

syndactyly

A

webbed digits

326
Q

clubfoot

A

talipes

feed adducted and plantar flexed with soles turned medially

1 in 1000 live births

sometimes hereditary or malposition in uterus

children walk on ankles

Anatomy (14 decks)

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