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Bio 105 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biogeographical evidence of evolution

A

Different critters in different places

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2
Q

Any evolved trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment

A

adaptation

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3
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

14,000 years ago

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4
Q

2 extreme phenotypes become more common (favored over intermediate)
-Selective pressures in different habitats lead to 2 distinct phenotypes
-Diverse Habitats
EX: Snails (brown lives in forest; yellow lives in grassland)

A

Disruptive Selection

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5
Q

Warbler finch has a beak that

A

is suited to feeding on insects– small, thin, and pointy

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6
Q

Natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events that altered the way life developed and rocks were deposited; Repopulation was done by species of surrounding areas

A

Catastrophism

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7
Q

recessive allele frequency in the H-W theory if equilibrium is:

A

q

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8
Q

2 components of Biological Species Concept

A

Prezygotic mating and Postzygotic mating

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9
Q

The frequency of D or d alleles will always be

A

less than 1

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10
Q

1st to use comparative anatomy to develop classification system for animals

A

Cuvier

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11
Q

Species occupy different habitats; never meet to mate

A

Habitat isolation

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12
Q

This improves the fitness of a population

A

Natural Selection

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13
Q

Structure is evidence of evolution from common ancestor
Ex: Gill pouches in all vertebrates at some point during development OR Whale fins and bat wings that contain same bone structure

A

Homologous Structures

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14
Q

What is the main selective pressure?

A

Environment

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15
Q

Black mussels in a pond occupy a rocky shoreline. Mutation in the population introduces a while mussel that occupies sandy shoreline. Over time, white mussel population doesn’t breed with black mussel population and evolves into a new species. This is an example of:

A

Sympatric Speciation

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16
Q

Origin of a new species

A

Speciation

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17
Q

True or False: Each finch species has a beak adapted to a particular way of life

A

True

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18
Q

D alleles divided by # of total alleles:

A

Frequency

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19
Q

3 forms of Natural Selection

A

Disruptive, Stabilizing, and Directional

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20
Q

Species are distinguished based on TRAITS

A

Morphological species concept

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21
Q

True or False: Both wild and domestic wolves continued to interbreed

A

False

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22
Q

Extreme phenotype is favored (increases in frequency)
-Adapting to a changing environment
EX: antibiotic resistance in bacteria

A

Directional Selection

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23
Q

True or False: Populations with limited variation are good

A

False

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24
Q

True or False: All dogs are descended from the gray wolf

A

True

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25
Q

These are used to study, test, and measure microevolution

-Measure frequency of each allele within a gene pool

A

Allele frequencies

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26
Q

Anatomical evidence of evolution

A

Embryological evidence–similar embryo levels on vertebrates

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27
Q

Selecting for a particular phenotype in a mate

A

Non-Random mating

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28
Q

Different calls of a frog represent which Species Concept?

A

Morphological Species Concept

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29
Q

When intermediate phenotypes become the most common over time. Ex: Human birth weight

A

Stabilizing Selection

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30
Q

The frequency of dominant and recessive alleles MUST equal

A

1

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31
Q

In terms of evolution, fitness means

A

Reproductive success

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32
Q

Came up with the idea: theres an ideal structure and function for every critter

A

Linnaeus

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33
Q

Different anatomy of the limbs related evolutionarily

A

Evolutionary Species Concept

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34
Q

Distinguishing species based on structural traits through the fossil record

A

Evolutionary Species Concept

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35
Q

In Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, Members of a population have

A

heritable variations

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36
Q

He was the first biologist to propose evolution: more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms

A

Larmarck

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37
Q

p is dominant or recessive allele

A

Dominant

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38
Q

Increased survival and number of offspring is:

A

Fitness

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39
Q

Lamarcks giraffes did this to evolve:

A

Stretched their necks to reach upper leaves and the more they personally stretched the longer their necks got individually

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40
Q

A Change of allele frequencies within a population over time is known as

A

microevolution

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41
Q

Inhibits gene flow between species

A

Reproductive isolation

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42
Q

Darwins idea of how giraffes got long necks:

A

Neck length varied, long necks could reach the food and didn’t die out so they continued to reproduce, and before long Natural selection took over and left giraffes with only long necks

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43
Q

Evolutionary changes within a population

  • -No new species
  • -Genotype and phenotype changes
A

Microevolution

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44
Q

Incompatible genitalia or floral structures is what kind of isolation

A

Mechanical Isolation

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45
Q

2 components of Mating in Bio Species Concept

A

Mechanical Isolation

Gamete Isolation

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46
Q

Species can mate and reproduce viable offspring

A

Biological species concept

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47
Q

Giraffes once thought to be a single species but different DNA sequences have been found that now separate them:

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept

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48
Q

Critical traits for distinguishing species

A

Diagnostic traits

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49
Q

Members of a single species living in the same place at the same time

A

Population

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50
Q

All the E. Coli in your intestine is an example of a

A

population

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51
Q

dominant allele frequency in the H-W theory of equilibrium is:

A

p

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52
Q

Which scientist proposed Catastrophism as a way animals change over time?

A

Cuvier

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53
Q

Small protein that plays an important role in the electron transport chain within mitochondria of all cells

A

Cytochrome C

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54
Q

Changes in DNA sequence; extremely rare; sometimes new alleles are made

A

Genetic mutations

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55
Q

This causes necessary compromises but can’t create a new species

A

Natural Selection

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56
Q

Study of gene diversity within a population over time (ex: differences in alleles and genotype)

A

Population genetics

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57
Q

Who had similar ideas to Darwin and published his findings one year later?

A

Alfred Russell Wallace

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58
Q

All alleles present in a population

A

Gene Pool

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59
Q

3 components of post-mating:

A

Zygote mortality
Hybrid Sterility
F2 Fitness

60
Q

All alleles present within a population

A

Gene pool

61
Q

Hybrid zygote not viable and dies

A

Hybrid Inviability/zygote mortality Mechanism

62
Q

any evolved trait that helps an organism be suited to its environment

A

Adaptation

63
Q

These contain same sets of bones organized in similar ways; modified extensively to meet various adaptive needs

A

Homologous Structures

64
Q

Members of a population have heritable variations
More individuals are produced than the environment can support
Individuals vary in their reproductive success
Some individuals have adaptive characteristics

A

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

65
Q

Darwin focused on which two species in the Galapogos

A

Finches and Tortoises

66
Q

He provided evidence of “descent with modification”; suggested mechanisms -> environmental influences, migration, geographic isolation, and struggle for existence

A

Count Buffon

67
Q

DNA base sequence differences:

A

When similar- suggests recent common descent

When different- suggest more ancient common descent

68
Q
  • Catastrophe affects subset of population
  • Allele frequencies change
  • –Alleles can be lost
  • Strong affect on small populations
  • Can lead to bottleneck and founder effects
A

Genetic drift

69
Q

True or False: Natural selection has no interference from humans

A

True

70
Q

These usually done affect fitness

A

Mutations

71
Q

______ is a change in the frequencies of alleles over generations

A

Evolution

72
Q

This suggests new species evolve when a population of existing species move into a new habitat or has different diet that interferes with interbreeding
–MOST COMMON WAY A NEW SPECIES IS FORMED

A

Allopatric Speciation

73
Q

How many species of Galapogos finches are there?

A

13

74
Q

He was aboard the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836

A

Darwin

75
Q

Ground dwelling finch has this kind of beak:

A

Heavy duty; suited to break large seeds

76
Q

Sperm cant reach/fertilize egg is what kind of isolation?

A

Gamete Isolation

77
Q

Prevent mating or limit the success of fertilization

A

Prezygotic mechanisms

78
Q

He is the founder of paleontology

A

Cuvier

79
Q

Evolution occurs to

A

Populations

80
Q

Humans interfere and cause changes in a population is known as

A

Artificial selection

81
Q

Darwin also believe that living forms could be descended from:

A

Extinct forms

82
Q

Heritable variations are

A

functional, behavioral, physical and can be helpful or harmful or neutral

83
Q

According to this person, each species had:

  • An ideal structure and function
  • A place in the scala naturae (sequential ladder of life)
A

Linnaeus

84
Q

Adaptation of a population to its environment; REQUIRES genetic and phenotypic variation in population

  • Differences affect reproduction
  • Differences must be HERITABLE
A

Natural Selection

85
Q

Does diversity exist within a population?

A

Yes

86
Q

No physical barrier prevents mating between populations; new species can evolve from population of an existing species if a chromosome MUTATION in one population prevents interbreeding with another

A

Sympatric Speciation

87
Q

Which is not a type of microevolution?

  • Gene flow
  • Genetic drift
  • Genetic mutation
  • All are examples of microevolution
A

All are examples of microevolution

88
Q

Hypothesis that related forms of life evolved in 1 location and then spread to accessible regions

A

Biogeographical Distributions

89
Q

To study microevolution, you must

A

measure allele frequency over time

90
Q

True or False: Evolution always produces new species

A

False

91
Q

Darwin observed that there were similar species in similar habitats leading him to believe

A

related species modified according to environment

Ex: Tortoises neck and limb length dependent on whether food was on the ground or up higher

92
Q

Hybrid zygote develops into a sterile adult (think MULES)

A

Hybrid Sterility

93
Q

Cactus finch has a beak that is

A

longer, less curved and split tongue for probing cactus for seeds without getting poked in the eyes

94
Q

p+q =

A

1

95
Q

Courtship patterns are different (different songs, calls, pheromones, etc)

A

Behavioral isolation

96
Q

If frequencies are stable:

A

No microevolution

97
Q

Give an example of non-random mating

A

Peacocks are colorful, females then select a particular colorful male due to its fitness

98
Q

How many alleles of each gene do you have in your skin? (diploid)

A

2

99
Q

Can evolution happen on an individual level?

A

No. Only at a population level

100
Q

Catastrophe can lead to

A

Bottleneck effect

  • -a narrowing of the population
  • next generation has less diversity
101
Q

Both birds and insects have wings to fly is an example of this structure

A

Analogous Structures

102
Q

Name a downside of Founder Effect:

A

inbreeding

103
Q

He proposed the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Larmarck; know as Lamarckianism

104
Q

True or False: Habitat destruction increases genetic diversity

A

False; no time to evolve

105
Q

Provided evidence of descent based on Modification

A

Buffon

106
Q

Prevents hybrid offspring from developing or breeding

A

Postzygotic mechanisms

107
Q

Reproducing at different times of the year is what kind of isolation?

A

Temporal Isolation

108
Q

This type of structure is evidence of evolution from a common ancestor as well
ex: Wings of penguins similar to wings of other birds but penguins don’t fly OR human appendix still present even though we don’t need it for a plant based diet

A

Vestigial Structures

109
Q

Small subgroup of population starts a new population

A

Founder Effect

110
Q

Darwin sailed on what ship?

A

HMS Beagle

111
Q

True or False: Genetic Diversity is Good

A

True

112
Q

The more amino acids in common between species, the more:

A

closely related

113
Q

Darwins theory suggests competition for available resources exists because

A

there are more individuals produced than the environment can support, the strong survive

114
Q 
These are causes of what?:
Genetic Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift (inc bottleneck and founder effect)
Non-Random Mating
Natural Selection
A

Microevolution

115
Q

3 components of Premating

A

Habitat isolation
Temporal (time) isolation
Mechanical Isolation

116
Q

One genotype or phenotype has advantages which get passed on to offspring

A

Natural Selection

117
Q

This person supported a hypothesis of common descent

A

Darwin

118
Q

A species is the smallest set of interbreeding organisms that share a common ancestor
-Doesn’t rely on morphological traits

A

Phylogenic Species Concept

119
Q

the H-W theory equation:

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

120
Q

Name the book Darwin published in 1859

A

On the Origin of Species

121
Q

True or False: Domesticated wolves then separated from other wolves

A

True

122
Q

Give an example of artificial selection:

A

Dog breeding; breeder chooses desirable traits and only those dogs breed

123
Q

All living organisms:

  • Use the same basic biochemical molecules
  • Utilize the same DNA triplet code
  • Utilize the same 20 amino acids in their proteins
A

Biochemical evidence of evolution

124
Q

Rare alleles disappear and recessive phenotypes become common

A

Founder Effect

125
Q

A common ancestor for 2 different groups of organisms; allows the evolution of organisms to be traced

A

Transitional fossils

126
Q

Must do a dance CORRECTLY to mate

A

Behavioral isolation

127
Q

q is dominant or recessive allele

A

recessive

128
Q

He was the 1st to use comparative anatomy to develop classification system for animals

A

Cuvier

129
Q

Proposed Catastrophism

A

Cuvier

130
Q

Remains of past life: bones, trails, footprints, droppings

A

Fossils

131
Q

Adaptations are products of:

A

Natural Selection

132
Q

These don’t affect exons; rarely change the codon meaning the amino acid stays the same

A

Genetic mutations

133
Q

Founder of Paleontology

A

Cuvier

134
Q

He was a French Naturalist:

A

Count Buffon

135
Q

A city is built in a valley between two hillsides. As a result, the populations of either hillside rarely interbreed and over time, enough genetic differences accumulate so a new species is formed. This is an example of:

A

Allopatric Speciation

136
Q

He cataloged 44 volumes of all known plants and animals

A

Count Buffon

137
Q

Did Darwin travel the Northern or Southern hemisphere?

A

Southern

138
Q

4 causes of microevolution

A

Genetic mutations; Gene flow; genetic drift; natural selection

139
Q

Study of the range and distribution of critters

A

Biogeography

140
Q

Evolution on a large scale

A

Macroevolution

141
Q

Alleles from 1 population are moving to another population

  • same species
  • migration of breeders; pollen
  • If constant, populations become very similar
  • If rare, populations become different species
A

Gene Flow

142
Q

Allele frequencies can be used to determine genotype frequencies when there is

A

equilibrium

143
Q

Random chance event changes population

A

Genetic drift

144
Q

1st biologist to propose evolution; More complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms

A

Lamarck

145
Q

Variations of the same gene are

A

Alleles

146
Q

T or F: Diverse environments help maintain genetic diversity

A

True

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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