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Bio 105 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

These cut DNA at specific sequences

–cuts both plasmid and foreign DNA

A

Restriction Enzymes

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2
Q

This compares human genome to other organisms; a way to study evolution

A

Comparative genomics

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3
Q

GMOs in plants promote plant health like in the :

A

frost resistant strawberry

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4
Q

Any permanent change to the DNA sequence is known as

A

a mutation

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5
Q

Studying thousands of genes all at once is called

A

Functional Genomics

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6
Q

Computer technology plus statistics plus big biological data sets make :

A

Bioinformatics

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7
Q

This is the start codon ALWAYS

A

AUG

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8
Q

Ribosomes have ____ and _____ subunits

A

large and small

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9
Q

The intiator tRNA binds to what site of the ribosome?

A

P site

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10
Q

A mistake in the normal cell process is known as what kind of mutation:

A

Spontaneous mutation

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11
Q

Each codon codes for:

A

1 amino acid

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12
Q

Transcription wont usually happen without multiple helper proteins in who transcriptional regulation?

A

Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation

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13
Q

Can an amino acid have more than one codon that codes for it?

A

Yes

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14
Q

The enzyme that transcribes DNA and produces RNA is

A

RNA polymerase

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15
Q

DNA copied into RNA

A

transcription

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16
Q

P site:

A

Peptide site

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17
Q

Anti-codon and amino acid are _____ for each other

A

specific

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18
Q

this has a poly-A tail (150-200 adenines on 3’ end)

A

mRNA

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19
Q

When we use GMO animals to make medicine, it is known as

A

Pharming

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20
Q

RNA polymerase binds

A

the promoter

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21
Q

All the genetic information of an individual or species

A

Genome

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22
Q

once the release factor binds the stop codon and cuts protein off, what happens?

A

ribosome falls apart

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23
Q

Entire process of bacteria regulation of transcription can be controlled together using __ promoter(s)

A

1

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24
Q

True or False: Mutations cant change mRNA sequences

A

False, they can

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25
Q

The initiator tRNA is bound to what amino acid?

A

Methionine

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26
Q

This deletes part of a codon

A

Frame shift deletion

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27
Q

1 ______ produces many proteins

A

mRNA

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28
Q

this binds the stop codon

A

release factors

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29
Q

a big long chain of something

A

polymer

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30
Q

We believe jumping genes came from what?

A

Ancient viruses which became regulatory sequences

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31
Q

Replication in eukaryotes starts where?

A

at many points

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32
Q

DNA info (GENES) are converted to another form to be useful

  • RNA then protein
  • DNA HAS to stay in the protected nucleus
  • RNA leaves nucleus to make proteins
A

Transcription

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33
Q

polymerase can or cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound?

A

cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound

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34
Q

Why is Golden Rice and Golden Maize so important?

A

It has an increased amount of Vitamin A so prevent blindness and poor immune systems to poorer countries

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35
Q

When is the operon transcribed for tryptophan?

A

When tryptophan is needed

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36
Q

Mutations that increase cancer expression are:

A

Oncogenes

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37
Q

E site:

A

exit site; tRNA leaves without amino acid

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38
Q

The initiator tRNA binds to what codon?

A

AUG

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39
Q

These help RNA polymerase bind to promoter

A

Transcription factors

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40
Q

These are made of rRNA and proteins

A

Ribosomes

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41
Q

mRNA is read by ribosomes in 3 base pairs called:

A

codons

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42
Q

True or False: Jumping genes can cause mutations

A

True

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43
Q

This brings amino acids to ribosomes and bins the mRNA codon with complimentary anti-codon

A

tRNA

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44
Q

What is in a nucleotide structure?

A

Phosphate groups, pentose sugar (5 carbon), Base with nitrogen

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45
Q

DNA finger printing
Short tandem repeat profiling
Used in paternity suits, criminal cases, corpse ID

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction applications

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46
Q

How many genomes do humans have?

A

20,500

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47
Q

Phosphate always attaches where?

A

To the 5 carbon sugar

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48
Q

Replication starts where in prokaryotes?

A

At origin of replication

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49
Q

True or False: The repressor can bind the operator without tryptophan

A

FALSE

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50
Q

DNA helix is:

A

anti-parallel

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51
Q

UAA, UAG, UGA are the 3

A

stop codons

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52
Q

When repressor protein and tryptophan come together, they bind the

A

operator

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53
Q

This adds nucleotides to 3’ end of new section

A

DNA polymerase

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54
Q

These contain a gene from another critter

A

GMO’s

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55
Q

A site:

A

amino acid/arrival site; where the tRNA arrives

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56
Q

Identifying and correcting any errors in nucleotides

A

proofreading

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57
Q

once introns are spliced and exons are sewn together, the end result is:

A

Mature RNA ready to leave the nucleus

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58
Q

If the promoter is blocked, can the operon be transcribed?

A

no

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59
Q

before translation, these are removed

A

introns

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60
Q

RNA read into proteins (ribosomes needed!)

A

Translation

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61
Q

Why do we use GMO animals?

A

for human gene editing: to cure hereditary disease

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62
Q

tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes; amino acids bond together, and tRNA leaves ribosome once empty during this process:

A

Elongation

63
Q

This gives patients genes to make up for a faulty gene

A

Gene Therapy

64
Q

Pastes DNA into plasmid

A

DNA ligase

65
Q

These usually fix mutations

A

DNA repair enzymes

66
Q

this strand works in fragments

A

Lagging strand

67
Q

The DNA helix is held together by _______ bonds and complimentary base pairing

A

hydrogen bonds

68
Q

Is the tryptophan operon usually on or off?

A

Off; no gene expression

69
Q

Study of genomes is called

A

Genomics

70
Q

Only one DNA strand is template for

A

RNA

71
Q

rRNA:

A

Ribosomal DNA; makes up most of the ribosome

72
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3

73
Q

producing identical copies of the exact same gene

A

Gene Cloning

74
Q

Small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA during

A

Initiation

75
Q

Operon transcription leads to translation of proteins needed for ______ synthesis

A

tryptophan

76
Q

These “glue” foreign and plasmid DNA together

A

sticky ends

77
Q

RNA is complimentary to a

A

gene

78
Q

This leaves nucleus to be translated; vulnerable to being broken down; must be modified before leaving nucleus,

A

mRNA

79
Q

process when previous tRNA moves to P site; ribosome reads STOP codon (in A site)

A

Termination

80
Q

Adenine and Guanine are purines or pyrimidines

A

Purines

81
Q

DNA genes –> mRNA encoding many proteins –> enzymes that make tryptophan

A

Tryptophan operon

82
Q

changing a nucleic acid into an amino acid is

A

translation

83
Q

This makes an exact copy of all chromosomes (in S phase) 1-2 chromatids

A

DNA replication

84
Q

mRNA:

A

messenger RNA; codes for proteins

85
Q

this is used in genetic engineering, gene editing, and GMO’s

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

86
Q

Studying thousands of proteins all at once is known as

A

Proteomics

87
Q

Addition or subtraction of a nucleotide; leads to codons shifting and changes all following codons and their amino acids

A

Frame shift

88
Q

how many possible codons are there?

A

64

89
Q

Bacterial genes often organize into these:

A

operons

90
Q

This copies a specific piece of DNA

  • cloning
  • millions of copies in a few hours
  • in a tiny test tube
A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

91
Q

DNA polymerase works continuously on what strand?

A

Leading strand

92
Q

Making a copy is known as

A

transcription

93
Q

Main types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

94
Q

this binds promoter sequence of genes, tells enzyme where gene is, pulls DNA strands apart, transcribes gene (adds nucleotides to make RNA), stops when it reaches termination sequence

A

RNA polymerase

95
Q

Anticodons are found on what?

A

tRNA

96
Q

True or false: tryptophan is usually available in the environment

A

true

97
Q

do stop codons code for amino acids?

A

no

98
Q

These bind enhancer sequences; far from promoter

A

Activators

99
Q

this cuts out DNA from one organism

A

Restriction enzyme

100
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2

101
Q

single stranded, ribose sugar, moves from nucleus to cytoplasm, contains uracil

A

RNA

102
Q

Viruses, chemicals like mutagens and carcinogens, as well as UV/X-Ray light are known as what kind of mutations

A

induced mutations

103
Q

Small, cytoplasmic circle of DNA

A

plasmid

104
Q

Series of genes transcribed as 1 mRNA, will lead to the translation of multiple proteins (proteins are part of a single biochemical pathway)

A

Operon

105
Q

What percent of DNA codes for proteins?

A

2-3%

106
Q

All the proteins of an organism is called a

A

proteome

107
Q

What step finishes initiation?

A

Large subunit binds to mRNA

108
Q

Non-coding regions are called

A

introns

109
Q

EUKARYOTES: chromosomes are

A

linear

110
Q

Contains DNA from 2 or more “critters” (anything that’s alive essentially:

A

rDNA = Recombinant DNA

111
Q

Human insulin is made in:

A

bacteria

112
Q

DNA —> Transcription —> RNA —> Translation —> Protein (amino acid)

This is known as the ____ ______ of biology

A

Central dogma = Theme/law

113
Q

Name a GMO animal:

A

GFP knockout mice

114
Q

this is double stranded, deoxyribose, stays in nucleus, contains thymine

A

DNA

115
Q

DNA is:

A

Genetic material

116
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

117
Q

Turning DNA into a protein is known as

A

Gene expression

118
Q

In bacteria, promoter is blocked so RNA polymerase

A

Cant bind

119
Q

Making a protein by the ribosomes is:

A

Translation

120
Q

rDNA requires this to engineer DNA

A

enzymes

121
Q

This REQUIRES template DNA, DNA polymerase, and Nucleotides for new strands

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

122
Q

Environmental changes to the DNA sequence is known as what kind of mutation

A

Induced Mutations

123
Q

Amount of DNA doubles with each replication cycle

-Separate, replicate, repeat

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

124
Q

This helps the mRNA dock on ribosome

A

5’ cap

125
Q

controlling which genes are transcribed; depends on environment and development

A

Transcriptional Regulation

126
Q

Tryptophan binds repressor proteins which bind:

A

operator

127
Q

The hepatitis B vaccine is a

A

GMO

128
Q

Steps of DNA replication:

A

unwind and separate the 2 strands
Add new nucleotides to template strand
join nucleotides together to build new strand

129
Q

This seals the strand of DNA

A

DNA ligase

130
Q

Codons are found on what?

A

mRNA

131
Q

Cytosine and Thymine (Uracil too in RNA) are purines or pyrimidines?

A

Pyrimidines

132
Q

this removes introns and sews exons together

A

spliceosome

133
Q

name the 3 functional sites of a ribosome:

A

E site
A site
P site

134
Q

producing identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms

A

Cloning

135
Q

In PROKARYOTES: large circular loop of DNA attached to a membrane

A

Chromosome

136
Q

When a gene is expressed a _____ is made

A

protein

137
Q

Mutations that decrease the expression of cancer:

A

Tumor suppressor genes (slow down cell cycle)

MAJOR TSG: P53

138
Q

This is the first amino acid in proteins (always)

A

Methionine

139
Q

DNA is made of:

A

Nucleotides

140
Q

Bt Corn and Round up ready herbicide do what?

A

keep GMO plants resistant to insects

141
Q

1st tRNA moves to E-site, 2nd tRNA moved to P site, next tRNA binds to A site

A

Translation process

142
Q

These code for proteins

A

Exons

143
Q

tRNA:

A

transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes

144
Q

What is a GFP

A

Green Florescent Proteins

145
Q

New incoming tRNA’s enter the ribosome at what site?

A

A-site

146
Q

When each strand of original DNA is the template for a new strand. Each new DNA molecules has 1 old and 1 new strand

A

Semi-conservative replication

147
Q

Non-Coding sequences in genomics are called

A

Transposons

148
Q

when one nitrogenous base is changed to another base:

A

Point mutation

149
Q

when we shock something like E Coli to open and accept a plasmid:

A

Electroporation

150
Q

Small rings of bacterial DNA

A

Plasmid

151
Q

What kind of bonds are there between codons and anti-codons?

A

Hydrogen bonds

152
Q

RNA polymerase is an

A

enzyme

153
Q

Transposons are also known as

A

Jumping Genes (ex of them are yellow and purple corn kernel-mixed colors on one kernel)

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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