Exam 4 Flashcards
These cut DNA at specific sequences
–cuts both plasmid and foreign DNA
Restriction Enzymes
This compares human genome to other organisms; a way to study evolution
Comparative genomics
GMOs in plants promote plant health like in the :
frost resistant strawberry
Any permanent change to the DNA sequence is known as
a mutation
Studying thousands of genes all at once is called
Functional Genomics
Computer technology plus statistics plus big biological data sets make :
Bioinformatics
This is the start codon ALWAYS
AUG
Ribosomes have ____ and _____ subunits
large and small
The intiator tRNA binds to what site of the ribosome?
P site
A mistake in the normal cell process is known as what kind of mutation:
Spontaneous mutation
Each codon codes for:
1 amino acid
Transcription wont usually happen without multiple helper proteins in who transcriptional regulation?
Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
Can an amino acid have more than one codon that codes for it?
Yes
The enzyme that transcribes DNA and produces RNA is
RNA polymerase
DNA copied into RNA
transcription
P site:
Peptide site
Anti-codon and amino acid are _____ for each other
specific
this has a poly-A tail (150-200 adenines on 3’ end)
mRNA
When we use GMO animals to make medicine, it is known as
Pharming
RNA polymerase binds
the promoter
All the genetic information of an individual or species
Genome
once the release factor binds the stop codon and cuts protein off, what happens?
ribosome falls apart
Entire process of bacteria regulation of transcription can be controlled together using __ promoter(s)
1
True or False: Mutations cant change mRNA sequences
False, they can
The initiator tRNA is bound to what amino acid?
Methionine
This deletes part of a codon
Frame shift deletion
1 ______ produces many proteins
mRNA
this binds the stop codon
release factors
a big long chain of something
polymer
We believe jumping genes came from what?
Ancient viruses which became regulatory sequences
Replication in eukaryotes starts where?
at many points
DNA info (GENES) are converted to another form to be useful
- RNA then protein
- DNA HAS to stay in the protected nucleus
- RNA leaves nucleus to make proteins
Transcription
polymerase can or cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound?
cannot bind promoter when repressor is bound
Why is Golden Rice and Golden Maize so important?
It has an increased amount of Vitamin A so prevent blindness and poor immune systems to poorer countries
When is the operon transcribed for tryptophan?
When tryptophan is needed
Mutations that increase cancer expression are:
Oncogenes
E site:
exit site; tRNA leaves without amino acid
The initiator tRNA binds to what codon?
AUG
These help RNA polymerase bind to promoter
Transcription factors
These are made of rRNA and proteins
Ribosomes
mRNA is read by ribosomes in 3 base pairs called:
codons
True or False: Jumping genes can cause mutations
True
This brings amino acids to ribosomes and bins the mRNA codon with complimentary anti-codon
tRNA
What is in a nucleotide structure?
Phosphate groups, pentose sugar (5 carbon), Base with nitrogen
DNA finger printing
Short tandem repeat profiling
Used in paternity suits, criminal cases, corpse ID
Polymerase Chain Reaction applications
How many genomes do humans have?
20,500
Phosphate always attaches where?
To the 5 carbon sugar
Replication starts where in prokaryotes?
At origin of replication
True or False: The repressor can bind the operator without tryptophan
FALSE
DNA helix is:
anti-parallel
UAA, UAG, UGA are the 3
stop codons
When repressor protein and tryptophan come together, they bind the
operator
This adds nucleotides to 3’ end of new section
DNA polymerase
These contain a gene from another critter
GMO’s
A site:
amino acid/arrival site; where the tRNA arrives
Identifying and correcting any errors in nucleotides
proofreading
once introns are spliced and exons are sewn together, the end result is:
Mature RNA ready to leave the nucleus
If the promoter is blocked, can the operon be transcribed?
no
before translation, these are removed
introns
RNA read into proteins (ribosomes needed!)
Translation
Why do we use GMO animals?
for human gene editing: to cure hereditary disease
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes; amino acids bond together, and tRNA leaves ribosome once empty during this process:
Elongation
This gives patients genes to make up for a faulty gene
Gene Therapy
Pastes DNA into plasmid
DNA ligase
These usually fix mutations
DNA repair enzymes
this strand works in fragments
Lagging strand
The DNA helix is held together by _______ bonds and complimentary base pairing
hydrogen bonds
Is the tryptophan operon usually on or off?
Off; no gene expression
Study of genomes is called
Genomics
Only one DNA strand is template for
RNA
rRNA:
Ribosomal DNA; makes up most of the ribosome
How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?
3
producing identical copies of the exact same gene
Gene Cloning
Small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA during
Initiation
Operon transcription leads to translation of proteins needed for ______ synthesis
tryptophan
These “glue” foreign and plasmid DNA together
sticky ends
RNA is complimentary to a
gene
This leaves nucleus to be translated; vulnerable to being broken down; must be modified before leaving nucleus,
mRNA
process when previous tRNA moves to P site; ribosome reads STOP codon (in A site)
Termination
Adenine and Guanine are purines or pyrimidines
Purines
DNA genes –> mRNA encoding many proteins –> enzymes that make tryptophan
Tryptophan operon
changing a nucleic acid into an amino acid is
translation
This makes an exact copy of all chromosomes (in S phase) 1-2 chromatids
DNA replication
mRNA:
messenger RNA; codes for proteins
this is used in genetic engineering, gene editing, and GMO’s
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Studying thousands of proteins all at once is known as
Proteomics
Addition or subtraction of a nucleotide; leads to codons shifting and changes all following codons and their amino acids
Frame shift
how many possible codons are there?
64
Bacterial genes often organize into these:
operons
This copies a specific piece of DNA
- cloning
- millions of copies in a few hours
- in a tiny test tube
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA polymerase works continuously on what strand?
Leading strand
Making a copy is known as
transcription
Main types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
this binds promoter sequence of genes, tells enzyme where gene is, pulls DNA strands apart, transcribes gene (adds nucleotides to make RNA), stops when it reaches termination sequence
RNA polymerase
Anticodons are found on what?
tRNA
True or false: tryptophan is usually available in the environment
true
do stop codons code for amino acids?
no
These bind enhancer sequences; far from promoter
Activators
this cuts out DNA from one organism
Restriction enzyme
How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?
2
single stranded, ribose sugar, moves from nucleus to cytoplasm, contains uracil
RNA
Viruses, chemicals like mutagens and carcinogens, as well as UV/X-Ray light are known as what kind of mutations
induced mutations
Small, cytoplasmic circle of DNA
plasmid
Series of genes transcribed as 1 mRNA, will lead to the translation of multiple proteins (proteins are part of a single biochemical pathway)
Operon
What percent of DNA codes for proteins?
2-3%
All the proteins of an organism is called a
proteome
What step finishes initiation?
Large subunit binds to mRNA
Non-coding regions are called
introns
EUKARYOTES: chromosomes are
linear
Contains DNA from 2 or more “critters” (anything that’s alive essentially:
rDNA = Recombinant DNA
Human insulin is made in:
bacteria
DNA —> Transcription —> RNA —> Translation —> Protein (amino acid)
This is known as the ____ ______ of biology
Central dogma = Theme/law
Name a GMO animal:
GFP knockout mice
this is double stranded, deoxyribose, stays in nucleus, contains thymine
DNA
DNA is:
Genetic material
How many amino acids are there?
20
Turning DNA into a protein is known as
Gene expression
In bacteria, promoter is blocked so RNA polymerase
Cant bind
Making a protein by the ribosomes is:
Translation
rDNA requires this to engineer DNA
enzymes
This REQUIRES template DNA, DNA polymerase, and Nucleotides for new strands
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Environmental changes to the DNA sequence is known as what kind of mutation
Induced Mutations
Amount of DNA doubles with each replication cycle
-Separate, replicate, repeat
Polymerase Chain Reaction
This helps the mRNA dock on ribosome
5’ cap
controlling which genes are transcribed; depends on environment and development
Transcriptional Regulation
Tryptophan binds repressor proteins which bind:
operator
The hepatitis B vaccine is a
GMO
Steps of DNA replication:
unwind and separate the 2 strands
Add new nucleotides to template strand
join nucleotides together to build new strand
This seals the strand of DNA
DNA ligase
Codons are found on what?
mRNA
Cytosine and Thymine (Uracil too in RNA) are purines or pyrimidines?
Pyrimidines
this removes introns and sews exons together
spliceosome
name the 3 functional sites of a ribosome:
E site
A site
P site
producing identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms
Cloning
In PROKARYOTES: large circular loop of DNA attached to a membrane
Chromosome
When a gene is expressed a _____ is made
protein
Mutations that decrease the expression of cancer:
Tumor suppressor genes (slow down cell cycle)
MAJOR TSG: P53
This is the first amino acid in proteins (always)
Methionine
DNA is made of:
Nucleotides
Bt Corn and Round up ready herbicide do what?
keep GMO plants resistant to insects
1st tRNA moves to E-site, 2nd tRNA moved to P site, next tRNA binds to A site
Translation process
These code for proteins
Exons
tRNA:
transfer RNA; carries amino acids to ribosomes
What is a GFP
Green Florescent Proteins
New incoming tRNA’s enter the ribosome at what site?
A-site
When each strand of original DNA is the template for a new strand. Each new DNA molecules has 1 old and 1 new strand
Semi-conservative replication
Non-Coding sequences in genomics are called
Transposons
when one nitrogenous base is changed to another base:
Point mutation
when we shock something like E Coli to open and accept a plasmid:
Electroporation
Small rings of bacterial DNA
Plasmid
What kind of bonds are there between codons and anti-codons?
Hydrogen bonds
RNA polymerase is an
enzyme
Transposons are also known as
Jumping Genes (ex of them are yellow and purple corn kernel-mixed colors on one kernel)
