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Bio 105 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Translocation (parts are moved around) is

A

not a big deal; still have same number of genes

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2
Q

tumors that are cancerous and dangerous

A

Malignant

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3
Q

Mitotic stage has which 2 stages?

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Proteins are made from a

A

DNA gene

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5
Q

Homologs in center of spindle (independent assortment)

A

Metaphase I

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6
Q

sister chromosomes are at the end of which stage?

A

S

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7
Q

Checkpoints are

A

highly regulated; prevents skipping and premature cell division

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8
Q

A diploid zygote happens because

A

haploid gametes fuse during fertilization

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9
Q

Mitosis has how many stages?

A

5

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10
Q

Name the 5 stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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11
Q

Are animals diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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12
Q

_____ control almost everything in a cell

A

Proteins

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13
Q

Meiosis I stages are:

A 
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis
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14
Q

Chromosomes align at metaphase plate

A

Metaphase II

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15
Q

This generates genetic variation:

A

Independent Assortment; happens during metaphase

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16
Q

G2 is:

A

Gap 2; final prep for division

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17
Q

Gametes are haploid or _:

A

n

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18
Q

Stages 1-3 are also known as:

A

Interphase

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19
Q

Many life forms have ___ copies of each chromosome

A

2

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20
Q

Name the “phase” of mitosis:
Sister chromatids separate into new cells
–now called daughter chromosomes

A

Anaphase

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21
Q

Chromosomes are visible at the end of which stage?

A

G2

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22
Q

Name the “phase” of mitosis:

Chromosomes are forced to align in the middle of the cell (forced by the spindle)

A

Metaphase

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23
Q

Offspring of F1 generation is known as

A

F2

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24
Q

mistakes in anaphase I and II are known as

A

nondisjunction

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25
Q

malignant tumors can _____ which means they can move throughout the body

A

Metastasize

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26
Q

Parental generation is also known as

A

P generation

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27
Q

G1 is:

A

Gap 1; Growth

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28
Q

No programmed cell death is known as:

A

Apoptosis

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29
Q

trisomy:

A

3 chromosomes

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30
Q

one cell going through division is known as the

A

cell cycle

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31
Q

DNA gene —> transcription —-> RNA —–> translation —> protein

A

how it works

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32
Q

Cleavage furrow forms and 4 haploid cells form which are all genetically different

A

Telophase II

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33
Q

S is:

A

DNA synthesis

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34
Q 
Name the "phase" of mitosis:
2 clusters of DNA
-Will become nuclei
-Will become diploid
Spindle disappears
A

Telophase

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35
Q

Sister chromatids separate in this meiosis stage; centromere dissolves

A

Anaphase II

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36
Q

when original tumor fragments travel through the bloodstream and lymphatic system and cause new tumors to appear:

A

Metastasizing

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37
Q

Offspring of parental generation is also known as

A

F1

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38
Q

cell size increases in which stage?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2

A

G1

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39
Q

All 4 cells become sperm:

A

Spermatogenesis

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40
Q

1 diploid cell divides into 4 haploid cells

A

meiosis

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41
Q

Some nerve and muscle cells stay in interphase, this is known as

A

G0

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42
Q

Division of the cytoplasm:

A

Cytokinesis

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43
Q

Name the “phase” of mitosis:
-Division of the cytoplasm
In animals: Cleavage furrow appears between daughter nuclei contractile ring of actin filaments —> works like a drawstring

A

Cytokinesis

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44
Q

Protein or action of those proteins; observable traits

A

Phenotype

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45
Q

Is the development of cancer spontaneous or gradual?

A

Gradual

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46
Q

At the end of S, cells are now __n

A

4n, meaning there are 4 copies of each of them

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47
Q

Each cell now has one copy of the chromosome

A

Telophase I

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48
Q

Children always look like the parent for a given trait. Same phenotype (homozy D or homozy r)

A

True Breeding

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49
Q

When a tumor secretes VEGF molecule, it causes what to happen?

A

surrounding tissue to form new blood vessels. blood vessel now “feeds” the tumor

50
Q

Exchange of DNA between non-sister chromatids in Meiosis I

A

Crossing-over

51
Q

Aa genotype is

A

heterozygous

52
Q

Production of sperm and egg cells by meiosis:

A

Gametogenesis

53
Q

Non-specialized and immortal, have an uncontrolled cell cycle, form tumors, have abnormally shaped nuclei: are ______ cell characteristics

A

Cancer

54
Q

division of DNA in nucleus, daughter chromosomes equally split into two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

55
Q

The Cell splits during:

A

Cytokinesis

56
Q

DNA splits during:

A

Mitosis

57
Q

Varieties that different in only 1 trait

A

monohybrid cross

58
Q

origins of cancer starts with a defect in

A

cellular communication

59
Q

sexually combining gametes is called _____ in plants

A

cross

60
Q

Homologs separate from diploid to haploid

A

Anaphase I

61
Q

having 2 copies of a chromosome is known as a

A

diploid organism

62
Q

Name the “phase” of mitosis:

-DNA condenses, each chromosome becomes 2 sister chromatids attached at the centromere; spindle begins to assemble

A

Prophase

63
Q

these promote the cell cycle, increase cell cycle/number, and if misregulated-can lead to cancer

A

Oncogens

64
Q

These retain the ability to divide and go through the cell cycle

A

Stem cells

65
Q

1 of 3 major cyto skeletal elements

A

Actin

66
Q

When cell communication is disrupted

A

tumors develop

67
Q

________ or interphase II is a period of rest that cells of some species enter during meiosis, between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

Interkinesis

68
Q

heredity, radiation sources, pesticides and herbicides, and viruses are

A

Mutations that cause cancer

69
Q

She helped to develop polio vaccine, discover telomerase, and link HPV to cancer. Cells known as HeLa cells

A

Henrietta Lacks

70
Q

cell division that makes cells have 1 copy of each chromosome

A

meiosis

71
Q

phenotypes are produced by

A

metabolic pathways
1—> 2—> 3—>4—> Purple
Each arrow is an enzyme (protein)

72
Q

Variation of a gene; same protein with slight differences, and a different sequence of nucleotides and amino acids

A

Allele

73
Q

100-1000s of nucleotides make up a

A

gene

74
Q

Spindle forms, homologs line up side by side in which meiosis I stage

A

Prophase I

75
Q

Meiosis II stages:

A 
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis
76
Q

When one allele dictates phenotype (A, B, C)

A

Dominant

77
Q

Crossing over gives us

A

New combinations of alleles in gametes

78
Q

M is:

A

Mitosis; DNA splits along with the cell

79
Q

In which stage does the cell make proteins needed for division; cell grows to prep for M phase

A

G2

80
Q

tumors that are non-harmful; doesn’t spread

A

benign

81
Q

these are the same length with centromeres in the same place and contain the same genes

A

Homologs

82
Q

aa genotype is

A

homozygous recessive

83
Q

Alleles of an organism that determine phenotype

A

Genotype

84
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate into different cells (diploid–> haploid) during

A

Meiosis I

85
Q

Duplication of a chromosome is

A

not serious

86
Q

the cell cycle happens in how many stages?

A

4: G1, S, G2, M

87
Q

abnormal growth of cells

A

tumor

88
Q

Chromosomes condense AGAIN in this meiosis stage

A

Prophase II

89
Q

Deletion in a chromosome leads to

A

some abnormalities

90
Q

Missing or extra chromosomes are:

A

Meiosis mistakes

91
Q

gene mutation can lead to:

A

cancer

92
Q

thousands of genes make up a

A

chromosome

93
Q

Monosomy:

A

1 chromosome

94
Q

DNA is _____ into mRNA

A

transcribed

95
Q

In which stage does DNA replication begin and end?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2

A

S; DNA doubles and becomes a diploid cell

96
Q

Stem cells:

A

Embryonic and adult

97
Q

1 of 4 cells become an egg; other 3 disintegrate into polar bodies

A

Oogenesis

98
Q

Change in diploid chromosome number

A

aneuploidy

99
Q

where chromosomes are attached at a single point

A

Centromere

100
Q

Genetic variation happens because of:

A

Meiosis

101
Q

Sister chromatids split into different cells; 4 haploid cells produced

A

Meiosis II

102
Q

Interphase consists of which stages

A

G1, S and G2

103
Q

Parents are diploid, or 2_

A

2n

104
Q

2 chromosomes of the same type

A

homologous chromosomes

105
Q

trisomy is only viable on which chromosome

A

21

106
Q

These are needed to evenly split the chromosomes into daughter cells

A

microtubules (spindle)

107
Q

This stage results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

A

Mitotic stage

108
Q

Transitions between stages are also known as

A

Checkpoints

109
Q

What are the 2 major stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and Mitotic stage

110
Q

______ alleles are masked by dominant alleles

A

recessive

111
Q

DNA codes for a protein:

A

Gene

112
Q

Proteins produce

A

Phenotypes

113
Q

These inhibit the cell cycle and in inhibited can lead to cancer

A

Tumor suppressor genes

114
Q

These adult ____ ____ transplants help a person recover from chemotherapy

A

stem cells

115
Q

DNA genes/ allele combination (AA, Aa, aa)

A

Genotype

116
Q

AA genotype is

A

homozygous dominant

117
Q

segment of DNA that encodes protein

A

Gene

118
Q

Cells grow larger, number of organelles double, and DNA is replicated before:

A

Each cell division

119
Q

mRNA is _____ into proteins

A

translated

120
Q

Inversion of a chromosome section is

A

ok, all genes are still present

121
Q

Name the 2 stages of meiosis

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

122
Q

Very long threads of DNA

A

chromosomes

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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