Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Systematics
Changing the ___ group changes the amino acid
R group
Cytosine bonds to what?
Guanine
What is the function of a lipid
Long term energy storage
protein function in animals:
defense —>
antibodies for immune system
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (and therefore mass) are called:
Isotopes
Populations of various animals and plants (ex:in the forest)
Community
community of populations interacts with the physical environment
Ecosystem
Polypeptide that has folded into a particular shape and has function is a:
protein
What vary in structure and have large non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water?
Lipids
Vaporization of water happens under high heat or low heat?
High heat; Hydrogen bonds must be broken to evaporate; happens at about 100 degreesC
Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function
Tissue
What is a nonpolar bond?
Equal sharing of electrons
What might cause a phospholipid tail to bend?
A double bond
How many domains are there?
3:
domain bacteria
domain archaea
domain eukarya
Hydrolysis unstable bond yields:
- Energy to do cellular work
- ADP; inorganic phosphate (adenine diphosphate)
up to _____ percent of the dry weight of cells consists of proteins
50%
Protein function in animals:
support–>
Keratin and collagen
saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
solid
What is made out of water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes?
Cytoplasm
Fatty acids can be _________ and _______
saturated and unsaturated
Ability to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding is known as what?
Cohesion
- Water flows freely
- Surface tension
Which Domain includes these features? Prokaryotic cells adaptations to all environments absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique Chemical Characteristics
Domain Bacteria
Region that contains the single, CIRCULAR, DNA molecule?
Nucleoid
functional groups attach where for steroids?
to the carbon skeleton
We can consider a phospholipid _____ meaning it has regions of polarity and non-polarity in the molecule
Amphipathic
What are the 4 classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars); Lipids (fats, oils, waxes); proteins (99.99% enzymes); Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
Waxes are _____ to degradation
resistant
Polar phosphate heads orient ____ water; while their non-polar tails orient ____ from water
towards; away from water
Steroid skeletons consist of ___ fused carbon rings
4
unsaturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
liquid
What 2 atoms are in organic molecules
Carbon and Hydrogen
Protein function in animals:
Transport —>
hemoglobin and membrane proteins
What are the structural components of lipids
Cell communication and Regulation protection
In water is oxygen or hydrogen electronegative?
Oxygen; hydrogen is electropositive
Which cells are larger: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Does energy cycle?
No. Only flows
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides joined together
is RNA single or double stranded
Single
A chemical combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits is known as
A buffer
what is required for cells to carry out synthesis and degradation reactions
enzymes
A carbon chain in an organic molecule is known as
Carbon skeleton or backbone
Do phosphates have positive or negative forces?
Positive
What kind of cells contain a
Membrane bound nucleus
organelles with membranes
Eukaryotic cells
What are the 3 domains?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya
Composed of nucleotides, store info, and include instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions
Nucleic acid
On which cell does The cell envelope include:
- Plasma membrane
- Cell wall (maintains shape/peptidoglycan)
- Glycocalyx (sugar layer outside of cell)
Prokaryotic cells
A group of similar organisms, capable of interbreeding
Species
The process of a bond formation or breakdown is called
A chemical reaction
A phospholipid is the main component in a:
plasma membrane
Does water have a high heat or low heat capacity?
High heat; can absorb a large amount of heat without great change in temperature; temp of water rises and falls slowly, allows organisms to maintain internal temps
What are the 2 strands in DNA held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
a pentose is what?
5 carbon sugar monosaccharide
more than one polypeptide held together with another polypeptide is what level of the protein structure?
Quaternary
The rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA (plasmids) are called:
Conjugation pili
a long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol make up a
WAX
What is the function of a triglyceride?
long term energy storage and insulation
What are the 5 hydrogenous bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, and Guanine
In order for a protein to function, it must:
fold into proper shape
why do we need to be able to reproduce?
To maintain a population
What happens when blood pH drops below 7.0?
Acidosis
4 levels of protein structure are:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool
Population
What is the purpose of reproduction?
To pass on copies of genetic information (genes) to the next generation
What are the 2 energy-related organelles?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
What two domains are the taxonomic domains of prokaryotic cells?
Domain bacteria
domain archaea
A valence shell is most stable when it is
A) Full
B) partially full
C) empty
Full
Functional groups determine:
Chemical reactivity and polarity of the organic molecule
Halophiles like what kind of environments?
Salty environments
nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions, etc.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Surface-to-area-volume ratio requires that cells be:
Small or Large
Small
Acids release what ion?
H+
what is essential to the structure and function of a cell?
plasma membrane
cell sizes range from:
1 micrometer to 1 millimeter
Who was the scientist that discovered radiation?
Marie Curie
The bonds caused by interaction between electrons are in the:
A) outermost shells
B) inner most shell
Outermost shell
Clusters of specific atoms bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic structures and functions are known as:
Functional groups
Category-subunits- Polymer carb- monosaccharide-polysaccharide lipids- glycerol/fatty acids-Fat Proteins- Amino acids- Polypeptide Nucleic Acid- Nucleotide- DNA/RNA
BIOMOLECULES
Are covalent bonds are between molecules or within molecules?
Within molecules
protein function in animals:
motion —>
Muscle proteins and microtubules
Which is healthier for you? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated (oils)
saturated is butter or lard
Why is Water a polar bond?
Because oxygen is partly negative and hydrogen is partly positive; they attract
A hexose is what?
6 carbon sugar monosaccharide; ex glucose (c6h12o6)
This bond forms when 2 atoms SHARE electrons
Covalent Bond
What does the endomembrane system do?
Communicate with one another via membrane channels or small vesicles
What are small extra rings of DNA
Plasmids
What is the most abundant carb and organic molecule on earth?
Cellulose
