Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards
The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms
Systematics
Changing the ___ group changes the amino acid
R group
Cytosine bonds to what?
Guanine
What is the function of a lipid
Long term energy storage
protein function in animals:
defense —>
antibodies for immune system
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons (and therefore mass) are called:
Isotopes
Populations of various animals and plants (ex:in the forest)
Community
community of populations interacts with the physical environment
Ecosystem
Polypeptide that has folded into a particular shape and has function is a:
protein
What vary in structure and have large non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water?
Lipids
Vaporization of water happens under high heat or low heat?
High heat; Hydrogen bonds must be broken to evaporate; happens at about 100 degreesC
Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function
Tissue
What is a nonpolar bond?
Equal sharing of electrons
What might cause a phospholipid tail to bend?
A double bond
How many domains are there?
3:
domain bacteria
domain archaea
domain eukarya
Hydrolysis unstable bond yields:
- Energy to do cellular work
- ADP; inorganic phosphate (adenine diphosphate)
up to _____ percent of the dry weight of cells consists of proteins
50%
Protein function in animals:
support–>
Keratin and collagen
saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
solid
What is made out of water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes?
Cytoplasm
Fatty acids can be _________ and _______
saturated and unsaturated
Ability to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding is known as what?
Cohesion
- Water flows freely
- Surface tension
Which Domain includes these features? Prokaryotic cells adaptations to all environments absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique Chemical Characteristics
Domain Bacteria
Region that contains the single, CIRCULAR, DNA molecule?
Nucleoid
functional groups attach where for steroids?
to the carbon skeleton
We can consider a phospholipid _____ meaning it has regions of polarity and non-polarity in the molecule
Amphipathic
What are the 4 classes of organic molecules?
Carbohydrates (sugars); Lipids (fats, oils, waxes); proteins (99.99% enzymes); Nucleic Acid (DNA and RNA)
Waxes are _____ to degradation
resistant
Polar phosphate heads orient ____ water; while their non-polar tails orient ____ from water
towards; away from water
Steroid skeletons consist of ___ fused carbon rings
4
unsaturated fatty acids are ____ at room temp
liquid
What 2 atoms are in organic molecules
Carbon and Hydrogen
Protein function in animals:
Transport —>
hemoglobin and membrane proteins
What are the structural components of lipids
Cell communication and Regulation protection
In water is oxygen or hydrogen electronegative?
Oxygen; hydrogen is electropositive
Which cells are larger: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Does energy cycle?
No. Only flows
What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides joined together
is RNA single or double stranded
Single
A chemical combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits is known as
A buffer
what is required for cells to carry out synthesis and degradation reactions
enzymes
A carbon chain in an organic molecule is known as
Carbon skeleton or backbone
Do phosphates have positive or negative forces?
Positive
What kind of cells contain a
Membrane bound nucleus
organelles with membranes
Eukaryotic cells
What are the 3 domains?
Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya
Composed of nucleotides, store info, and include instructions for life, and conduct chemical reactions
Nucleic acid
On which cell does The cell envelope include:
- Plasma membrane
- Cell wall (maintains shape/peptidoglycan)
- Glycocalyx (sugar layer outside of cell)
Prokaryotic cells
A group of similar organisms, capable of interbreeding
Species
The process of a bond formation or breakdown is called
A chemical reaction
A phospholipid is the main component in a:
plasma membrane
Does water have a high heat or low heat capacity?
High heat; can absorb a large amount of heat without great change in temperature; temp of water rises and falls slowly, allows organisms to maintain internal temps
What are the 2 strands in DNA held together by?
Hydrogen bonds
a pentose is what?
5 carbon sugar monosaccharide
more than one polypeptide held together with another polypeptide is what level of the protein structure?
Quaternary
The rigid tubular structures used to pass DNA (plasmids) are called:
Conjugation pili
a long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol make up a
WAX
What is the function of a triglyceride?
long term energy storage and insulation
What are the 5 hydrogenous bases
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil, Adenine, and Guanine
In order for a protein to function, it must:
fold into proper shape
why do we need to be able to reproduce?
To maintain a population
What happens when blood pH drops below 7.0?
Acidosis
4 levels of protein structure are:
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Group of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area and sharing a common gene pool
Population
What is the purpose of reproduction?
To pass on copies of genetic information (genes) to the next generation
What are the 2 energy-related organelles?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
What two domains are the taxonomic domains of prokaryotic cells?
Domain bacteria
domain archaea
A valence shell is most stable when it is
A) Full
B) partially full
C) empty
Full
Functional groups determine:
Chemical reactivity and polarity of the organic molecule
Halophiles like what kind of environments?
Salty environments
nucleotide that stores large amounts of energy needed for cellular reactions, etc.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Surface-to-area-volume ratio requires that cells be:
Small or Large
Small
Acids release what ion?
H+
what is essential to the structure and function of a cell?
plasma membrane
cell sizes range from:
1 micrometer to 1 millimeter
Who was the scientist that discovered radiation?
Marie Curie
The bonds caused by interaction between electrons are in the:
A) outermost shells
B) inner most shell
Outermost shell
Clusters of specific atoms bound to carbon skeleton with characteristic structures and functions are known as:
Functional groups
Category-subunits- Polymer carb- monosaccharide-polysaccharide lipids- glycerol/fatty acids-Fat Proteins- Amino acids- Polypeptide Nucleic Acid- Nucleotide- DNA/RNA
BIOMOLECULES
Are covalent bonds are between molecules or within molecules?
Within molecules
protein function in animals:
motion —>
Muscle proteins and microtubules
Which is healthier for you? Saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated (oils)
saturated is butter or lard
Why is Water a polar bond?
Because oxygen is partly negative and hydrogen is partly positive; they attract
A hexose is what?
6 carbon sugar monosaccharide; ex glucose (c6h12o6)
This bond forms when 2 atoms SHARE electrons
Covalent Bond
What does the endomembrane system do?
Communicate with one another via membrane channels or small vesicles
What are small extra rings of DNA
Plasmids
What is the most abundant carb and organic molecule on earth?
Cellulose
What type of bond is it?
Electrons are transferred from one atom to another; creates oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other?
Ionic bond
ex: Sodium Chloride
What is the function of a wax?
Protection
H
|
H-- C -- H
|
HCovalent bond; Carbon is sharing Hydrogen electrons on its outer shell (Methane; nonpolar)
Is DNA single or double stranded
Double
How can a protein become denatured?
exposure to chemicals, change in pH, high temps (breaks the hydrogen bonds)
The outermost energy shell is called the:
Valance Electrons
What do feedback systems do?
Monitor internal conditions and make adjustments
i.e. sweating and thirst to maintain homeostasis
What is ATP?
Energy molecule within the cell
Is water polar or nonpolar?
Polar; sharing of electrons is not equal
Contain dissolved substances
Solution
A heritable change in population of organisms over time to become more suited to the environment is known as:
Evolution
Union of 2 or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound:
Molecules
What molecule is the precursor for all other steroids?
Cholesterol
What are the 2 most diverse ecosystems?
Rainforests and Coral Reefs
Macromolecule consisting of covalently bonded monomers
Polymers
Which domain includes the following features? Prokaryotic cells adaptations to extreme environments absorb or chemosynthesize food unique chemical characteristics
DOMAIN Archaea
Comprised of 3 types of molecules; pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen-containing base
Nucleotide
Lactose, sucrose, and maltose are examples of what?
Disaccharides
Ability to cling to other polar surfaces is known as:
Adhesion
- Due to waters polarity
- Capillary action
The first prokaryotes appeared how many years ago?
3 billion years ago
Name the 3 basic shapes of the prokaryotic cells
spiral
rod shaped
spherical
Can isotopes be radioactive?
Yes, like Carbon 14; can be helpful or harmful
If a valence shell is less than full, it would be:
Reactive
The ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself
Electronegativity
What tells you the number of each kind of atom in a molecule?
The Chemical Formula
EX: C6H12O6; indicates 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen
Unsaturated fatty acids have a ____ bond
double
What is the synthesis of organic molecules by the oxidation of inorganic compounds?
Chemosynthesis
Splitting of a chemical bond by the addition of water
hydrolysis reaction
If something contains more than one cell, it is called:
Multicellular
Combination of 2 or more different tissues performing a common function:
Organ
Carbon has a covalent bond to what?
hydrogen
What kind of structure does glucose have?
Ring structure; each corner has a carbon
A substance dissolved in a solvent is known as a
Solute
Final 3-D shape held in place by hydrophobic interactions (H bonding, ionic bonding, covalent bonding) is what level of protein
Tertiary
How many common amino acids are there?
20
A weak attraction of slightly positive hydrogen atoms to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity
Hydrogen Bond
Miller and Urey tested the Operin/Haldane hypothesis on what?
Spontaneous formation of organic molecules
A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction that’s not consumed in the reaction or changed in the reaction
Enzymes
Functions of a carb:
Energy source, and provide building material (structure)
What physician discovered that all cells come only from pre-existing cells?
Rudolph Virchow
Which scientist found the double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
Saturated fatty acids have a _______- bond
single
How many fatty acids are waxes made of?
one; one dense fatty acid
Amino acid sequence is what protein level?
Primary
How many species are there are on Earth and how many are actually identified and named?
8.7 million; 2.3 million identified
Bases take up what ion
H+ or RELEASE OH-
Ribonucleic acid, AKA
RNA
What kind of cell lacks a membrane bound nucleus?
Prokaryotic cells
what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotes have them
the outermost electron shell is most stable (not reactive) when it has 8 (or 2 for H and He) electrons is known as what rule?
Octet Rule
1 glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group make up a ______
Phospholipid
Where is chitin found?
-it’s the strong but flexible nitrogenous polysaccharide
in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of some animals
maintaining biological balance is known as:
Homeostasis
Which domain includes these features?
Have a nucleus
Have membrane-bound organelles
are Eukaryotes
Domain Eukarya
Starch is a polysaccharide in what?
plants
What happens when blood rises above 7.8?
Alkalosis
What is a long polymer of a monosaccharide?
Polysaccharide
Who was the first scientist to synthesize steroids?
Percy Julian
Methanogens like what to eat what?
Methane!
protein function in animals:
regulation —>
hormones; insulin
A discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules
Taxonomy
Where is peptidoglycan found?
-contains short chains of amino acids
cell walls of bacteria
The main energy molecule for cells is what 3 letter acronym?
ATP
a misfolded protein that causes other proteins of the same type to fold wrong is called
Prions
Polysaccharides are sometimes called:
Complex carbohydrates; not quite as soluble in water
Smallest, most basic unit of structure and function of all living things, can be unicellular or multicellular
Cell
Ribose and deoxyribose are __ carbon atoms
5 carbon atoms; pentose sugars; make up structural backbone in nucleic acids
What is more advantageous: small cells with large surface area or large cells with small surface area?
small cells with large surface areas
Which 2 scientists proposed the endosymbiotic theory?
Konstantin Mereschkowski and Lynn Margulis
Which scientist revolutionized Atom Structure?
A) Marie Curie
B) Maria Goeppert-Mayer
C) Jacques Custeau
B) Maria Goeppert-Mayer
-Proposed the nuclear shell model while working at the University of Chicago, Won a Nobel Prize, received her PhD in 1930
Process that transforms solar energy into chemical energy of organic nutrient molecules. (PLANTS)
Photosynthesis
In an unsaturated fatty acid there is a structural deformation that ____ the molecule; gives more space
bends
What level of protein structure is with alpha helices, beta sheets (pleated) and held in place with hydrogen bonds?
Secondary
Monosaccharide is
Single sugar molecule; monomer; backbone of 3-7 carbons
EX: GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE and GALACTOSE
To become denatured is:
To lose shape
Can covalent bonds be polar?
YES
What are the 6 characteristics of life?
1) organization
2) Acquire materials and energy
3) Maintain Homeostasis
4) Responds to stimuli
5) Reproduce and develop
6) Adaptations
What store info, how to copy/replicate and also specifies the order in which amino acids are to be joined together to make a protein
DNA
Phospholipids have a ____ head and a ___ tail
polar head, non-polar tail
Group of related organs working together. ex: digestive and endocrine systems
Organ system
all chemical reactions that occur in a cell
Metabolism
All of earths ecosystems are known as:
The biosphere
What is the backbone of DNA and RNA made of?
Sugar and phosphate
Genes determine the characteristics of an:
organism
Chemical reaction in which a water molecule is released during the formation of a covalent bond
Dehydration reaction
A group of eukaryotic organisms that aren’t a plant, fungus, or animal
Protists
Eukarya split into four kingdoms:
Protists, plants, fungi, AND
Animals
Are hydrogen bonds between molecules or within molecules?
Between molecules; easily broken
How do amino acids differ?
Their R groups change
H is the what for hydrogen?
Atomic Symbol
Small bristle like fibers are called:
Fimbriae
Polysaccharides are storage for energy. True or False.
True
Triglycerides are made up on 1 glycerol molecule and ___ fatty acids
3
A covalent bond of 2 amino acids =
peptide bond
What in plants maintains homeostasis?
Stomata
Cells need ____ surface area to exchange materials
LARGE
Small molecule that’s a subunit of a polymer
Monomer
ex: glucose= monomer of starch
Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of
Steroids
Basic units of matter:
Atoms
Can covalent Bonds be nonpolar?
YES
What is the flagella for?
Movement; like a tail on a sperm
Why is water a good solvent?
Polarity
Polar substances dissolve readily
Hydrophilic molecules dissolve (polar)
Adenine bonds to what?
Thyamine
The scientific study of life
Biology
Photosynthesis was first evolved in?
Bacteria
Theres always a ______ in a 5 carbon sugar in this type of nucleotide
phosphate
Systematic order
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
An individual multicelled or single celled entity
Organism
Polymers of ___ _____ are linked together by peptide bonds
amino acids
What can speed up a reaction rate?
enzymes
Protein function in animals:
Metabolism —>
Enzymes
What is a polar bond?
Unequal sharing of electrons
Glycogen is energy storage for?
Animals
Name this Model:
Less than 20 electrons; electrons in energy shells; first shell has 2; each additional shell has up to 8 electrons, lower shell is filled first before the next.
Bohr Model
12
C
6
—What is 12 for carbon and what is 6?
12 is the mass number; 6 is the atomic number
What is the ultimate source of energy?
The sun
A long chain of amino acids is known as
polypeptide
PUT THESE IN ORDER: biosphere ecosystem organ system multicellular organ tissue species population atoms cells community molecules organism
atoms. molecules. cells. multicellular. tissue. organ. organ system. organism. species. population. community. Ecosystem. biosphere
Carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as what?
Monomer or Polymer?
Polymers
The atomic number is on top
the mass number is located under the symbol on the Periodic table
What human fluid has a pH of 7.4
Blood
a proteins primary importance is
the structure and function of cells
Thermophiles like what kind of environment?
Hot environments
What is a paramecium?
Microscopic protist (larger and more complex than bacteria)
Schleiden and Schwann studied what in 1830?
Cell organization
waxes are ____ at room temp
solid
Valence electrons determine:
Many of the atoms chemical properties
the capacity to do work
Energy
Cellulose is found where?
cell walls of plants; its structural only; major complex carb of plant cell walls
She became the first woman professor at the University of Paris and the first woman to win the Nobel Prize (1903); and the only woman to win 2x (again in 1911)
Marie Curie
Mitochondria come from which of these?
Bacteria
Fungi
or Animals?
Bacteria; mitochondria need respiration
What is an adaption?
Any modification that makes an organism better able to function in a particular environment.
