Exam 2 Flashcards
NEED TO KNOW FOR CAC:
Reduces electron carriers
Starts with Acetyl CoA
Produces some ATP
CO2 produced
What is the goal of carbon fixation?
Long term stable covalent bonds in sugar
Chlorophyll is attached to _____ proteins in the thylakoid membrane
Photosystem
This part of a cell has it’s own DNA and ribosomes
Mitochondria
Reduction is loss or gain?
Gain
A specialized water channel is known as
an aquaporin
What part of the cytoskeleton is needed for muscle contraction?
Actin
True or false: a substrate must fit perfectly to active site to work
True
These are hallow cylinders, strong and brittle, interact with motor proteins to move organelles, miotic spindle, and are assembled in the CENROSOME
Microtubules
Diffusion and osmosis is known as
Passive Transport
True or False: Oxidation and Reduction happen at different times.
False
Thylakoids are suspended in a semi-fluid called:
Stroma
Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes that energy to
electrons
A plasma membrane is made of?
Phospholipids and PROTEINS
Without oxygen, what happens to ETC?
It stops
ATP, NADH, FADH2 are all made as energy is transferred from covalent bonds in
intermediates
True or false: Water can diffuse both ways across the membrane but a solute cannot
True
These make carbs from CO2 and H2O using solar energy
Chloroplasts
What is the product of fermentation?
Acetic acid
Materials that break enzymes (poisons)
Irreversible enzyme inhibition
Chemical energy in photosystem electrons transferred to:
NADPH and ATP
glucose (6 carbons) split into what?
2 Pyruvate 3-Carbon chains (G3P)
What speeds up rate of enzymatic reactions?
A solute concentration and warm temps
Normally there are ______ sodium ions inside than outside the cell
FEWER
The substrate and the inhibitor both bind at the active site
Competitive inhibition
_____ feed themselves from the sun
Autotrophs
the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is
Mechanical energy
Energy is captured in what kind of reaction:
Exergonic reactions (gives off energy)
Reactants are called:
Substrates
This protein builds a hole for specific molecules; involved in passive transport (moving from high to low concentration), has a hole right down the center
Channel protein
Proteins act as catalysts in:
Enzymes
When a phosphate breaks off from ATP what kind of reaction happens?
Hydrolysis/denegration reaction
This type of transport requires ATP, uses a protein pump, and has a HIGHER concentration of molecules inside, yet still bring more inside
Active Transport
Enzymes operation: enzymes lower the energy of activation; brings substrates closer together. Molecules do not react unless activated (energy added to begin reaction)
Energy of Activation
Controlling cellular contents (homeostasis), Chemical reactions (cell signaling), and interaction with other cells and environment are what? ___ ___ ___
Membrane protein Functions
What is similar to a lysosome and enclosed in digestive enzymes?
Peroxisome
There are more solutes outside the cell than inside in this solution
Hypertonic solutions
MHC is short for:
Major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins
Is osmosis facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion; water channels allow it to happen
True or False: A solute does not spread throughout a liquid
False; it DOES spread throughout a liquid
Whats the differences between passive and active transport?
Whether the process requires energy
Acetyl CoA enters mitochondrial matrix in?
Citric Acid Cycle
ATP drives what kind of reactions?
Endergonic reactions
A solution contains:
A solute and a solvent
Photosynthesis happens in a __ step process
2 step process
What can move across the plasma membrane freely is known as
passive transport
A hypertonic solution has:
MORE solutes than the cell
NADPH is made by the:
ETC
Cells need these to perceive an opioid
Membrane receptors
This type of transport needs ATP to work
Active transport
The inner membrane is folded to form this:
Cristae
Electrons pass from one molecule to another in this kind of reaction (one molecule accepts the electron given up by the other)
Oxidation-Reduction reaction
What cant cross the plasma membrane?
Hydrophilic (ions and water), large molecules [proteins and sugars],
Using a carrier protein to move molecules across the membrane is known as what?
Facilitated diffusion
What does the matrix fluid contain?
respiratory enzymes that breakdown carbs
These are membranous sacs larger than vesicles and store materials that occur in excess
Vacuoles
CO2 to C6 H12 O6= oxidation or reduction?
Reduction
Carbon dioxide is used in
Carbon Fixation
What molecules will move across membrane without a membrane protein to help it?
Gases like CO2 and O2
Is oxygen required during ETC and Chemiosmosis
Yes
Lost energy is:
Molecular motion
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change from one form to another is known as:
The first law of Thermodynamics
A solute will diffuse through a
plasma membrane
This is for items too big for protein transporters
Bulk transport
Breaking down long term high energy storage molecules to make usable ATP is what?
Cellular respiration
Chlorophyll absorbs red and ____ light
Blue
Water moves, not the solute in _____
Osmosis
This is a membrane bound vesicle (not in plants) produced by the Golgi body, contains powerful enzymes, its highly acidic.
Lysosomes
Cholera is an example of this protein malfunctioning
Enzymatic protein
Channels are involved in:
DIFFUSION
ATP and NADPH fuel _____ _____
Carbon Fixation
True or False: Plant cells have a central vacuole
True
Every time energy is transformed and transferred it loses:
a little bit of heat
What is the fluid inside a mitochondria called?
Matrix
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
How many steps is carbon fixation?
3
Where does glycolysis (splitting glucose) happen?
In the cytoplasm
True or False: Peroxisomes are present in plant AND animal cells
True
This protein will destroy tissues because they don’t recognize it
Cell recognition proteins
NAPDH is REDUCED form of what?
NADP+
Solute is lower in solution than inside the cell is known as what kind of solution?
Hypotonic solution
Factors that affect enzyme activity:
Substrate concentration; temperature; pH
Secretion = vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
Exocytosis
In reversible enzyme inhibition, an inhibitor binds ___ and decreases the activity
Enzyme
When FAD is reduced it creates what?
FADH2
Cells surround external substances into a pouch (vesicle)
Endocytosis
Where does pyruvate oxidation/Prep Reaction happen
While moving from cytoplasm into mitochondria
What temps can destroy and denature enzymes?
Hot temps
What is the purpose of plasma membrane carbs?
Cell communication, lubrication(sugar makes a jelly and helps it move around), and protection
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a faulty chloride ____; and thick mucus collects in lungs, liver, and pancreas
Channel
These reactions RELEASE energy (products have less energy than reactants)
-Respiration (breakdown sugar to release energy)
Exergonic Reactions
ATP is non-polar or polar?
Polar (hydrophilic in cytoplasm)
Concentration of sodium is _____ outside the cell during active transport
Lower
Pepsin in functional in acidic or basic pH
acidic
Cell communication within or between cells is known as
Cell signaling
Respiration without oxygen is called:
Fermentation
Redox in Aerobic Respiration happens in what part of the cell?
Mitochondria
molecules required to activate enzyme
Enzyme Cofactors
In ETC, protons are pumped where?
Into the intermembrane space
A cell in a hypotonic solution will: Swell and gain water or shrink and lose water
Swell and gain water
The function of ______ is storage, turgor pressure
Vacuoles
Ina cell, exocytosis is used to:
Move out large items
Activity increases with substrate concentration
Substrate concentration
What is made using a high proton concentration during Chemiosmosis?
ATP
A cell in a hypotonic solution will
Swell and burst
How many ATPs does Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC make during RESPIRATION?
2-glycolysis 2-CAC 32-34 from ETC -------------------------- 36-38 ATPs
In a hypotonic solution, do plant vacuoles fill with water or lose water?
Fill with water
Feedback inhibition is a type of reversible _________
Enzyme inhibition
_____ : solute concentration is equal throughout the cell
Equilibrium
What temperatures create more effective collisions?
Warmer temps
Amount of energy available to do work:
Free energy
In Carbon fixation, CO2 is reduced to what?
G3P
When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy (entropy)
Second law of thermodynamics
In a sodium potassium pump are there more potassium ions inside or outside the cell?
Inside
Hyper means: Above or Below
Above
This digests large molecules (carbs, lipids, etc.) and recycles cellular resources
Lysosomes
This moves a solute from high to low concentrations
Diffusion
ADP + phosphate makes:
ATP
ingestion of a liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
pinocytosis
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle happen?
Mitochondria
In this protein, a sugar group is on the outside; allows cells to recognize each other vs any foreign invading cells
Cell recognition proteins
Tay Sachs is an example of what?
Lysosomal storage disease
Trypsin is functional in acidic or basic pH
Basic
How many membranes does a mitochondria have?
2
Is oxygen required in glycolysis?
No
_ _ _ has high free energy
ATP
Step 3: RuBP regeneration: RuBP used in CO2 fixation must be replaced:
5 G3P rearranged into 3 RuBP (requires ATP)
True or False: Macromolecules and charged molecules and ions can move freely across the plasma membrane
False
There is more water OUTSIDE the cell in this type of solution
Hypotonic solution
Name the 3 steps in cell signaling
1) receptor binds signal
2) biochemical relay
3) Behavior change
A hypotonic solution has: Fewer solutes than the cell or More solutes than the cell?
Fewer solutes than the cell
In a carbon fixation, metabolic pathways produce:
sugars
Gaining an electron and energy:
Reduction
Is light required to reduce CO2 to G3P?
No
Where does Carbon Fixation occur?
In the stroma
CO2 added to RuBP by Rubisco turns it into G3P. What is Rubisco?
CO2—–Rubisco, ATP, NADPH——>G3P
An enzyme
Where is the green photosynthetic pigment found?
In the inner membranes
Solute is HIGHER outside than inside the cell; cells shrink; water leaves the cell
Hypertonic solutions
Solar energy is passed to photosystem electrons and then transformed into:
Chemical energy
Osmosis is the movement of:
Water
Animal cells may ____ if theres too much water
lyse (rupture)
Photosystem one does what?
Recharges electrons (Without PS1, no NADPH)
Animal cells places in ____ solutions don’t gain or lose water
Isotonic q
What is NOT found in a plant cell?
Lysosomes
Hypo means: Above or Below
Below
Advantages of Fermentation:
Quick burst of energy, ATP per glucose, removes excess pyruvate and recycles it
potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances
Chemical energy
ATPase is a proton channel that makes
ATP
How many electrons and H+ ions does FAD accept when it turns into FADH2
two electrons and two H+ ions
Photosystem two does what?
Splits water (oxidizes h2o to O2)
This produces most of the ATP in a cell
Mitochondria
Redox reactions to store solar energy as electrons in glucose is known as:
Photosynthesis
Electron Transport chain creates high:
Proton concentration
What is not related to the rest: Thylakoid, stroma, matrix, chlorophyll?
Matrix
Ability to do work or make a change
Energy
ATP Generation/Oxidative Phosphorylation happens where?
Inside mitochondria
In prep step, pyruvate is oxidized to what?
Acetyl CoA
O2 is reduced to:
H2O–the final electron acceptor
Channel proteins, carrier proteins, cell recognition proteins, enzymatic proteins, junction proteins, and receptor proteins are all forms of
membrane proteins
These proteins bind onto signals, and are a specific shape so only a particular molecule will fit with it. (ex: neurotransmitters and drugs)
Receptor proteins
Without oxygen, There is no NAD+ available for:
Glycolysis
Name the 4 steps of cell resp
glycolysis; pyruvate oxidation; Citric Acid Cycle; Oxidate phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are involved in what kind of transport?
Passive transport
Fermentation is a variation of
Glycolysis
What are glycolipids?
Sugars on lipids (Golgi apparatus)
A tight _____ joins cells
junction
Cells may swell and burst in what type of solution?
Hypotonic Solution
Step 2: CO2 Reduction (3PG reduced to BPG; reduced BPG into G3P)
3PG—->RED: BPG—–>RED: G3P
Uses NAPH and ATP from light reactions to reduce
The inhibitor binds elsewhere on protein (another allosteric site)
Non-Competitive Inhibition
Name other molecules G3P can be converted into:
fats/oils, Amino acids, Various sugars
Stored energy is known as
Potential energy
These produce all food:
Photosynthesizers
If a cell is NOT at equilibrium, then it’s at unequal amounts which means it has a:
concentration gradient
These bind specific signals
cell receptors
A solvent is a: Solid, liquid, or gas
Liquid
What happens after cell receptors bind?
a biochemical relay that changes cell behavior
Are NADPH and ATP long term or short term Energy storage?
Short term
Mitochondria are involved in this (uses oxygen to breakdown sugar)
Cellular respiration
A solute equal on both sides of a membrane is what kind of solution?
Isotonic solution
In a _____ reaction, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes energy to electrons. Energized electrons used to make ATP and NADPH (high energy molecules)
Light reaction
FADH2, NADH both transfer energy and electrons to proteins of ETC, therefore
ETC makes high concentration of protons
A hypertonic solution: has fewer solutes than the cell, or has more solutes than the cell
Has more solutes than the cell
These pain relievers cant cross the plasma membrane due to their polarity
Opioids
Photosynthesis stores energy as:
Carbs (sugars)
How much ATP and NADH go we get in glycolysis?
a little
Disadvantages of Fermentation:
biproducts lactate and alcohol are toxic
Loss of an electron in a molecule
Oxidation
This type of diffusion uses channels and carrier proteins; no extra energy needed
Facilitated diffusion
Are mitochondria smaller or larger than chloroplasts?
Smaller
NAPD+ is OXIDIZED form of what?
NAPDH
Osmosis is what kind of transport?
Passive
_______ is very thin and flexible, moves materials around, important for muscle contraction and cell division. (ex: mitochondria move about cells on these)
Actin Filaments
This is like pinocytosis by uses receptor proteins
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
_____ are organisms that eat other organisms:
Heterotrophs
Carefully pulling energy off carbon skeletons happens where?
In the citric Acid cycle
Lost energy is:
heat
What brings in big items?
Bulk transport
These proteins are in the intestinal cells; single layer of cells separates body from microbes
Junction Proteins
True or false: each enzyme accelerates a specific reaction
True
What are the 4 components to the plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins embedded
Cholesterol (to stabilize the membrane)
Carbs (sugars)
A hypotonic solution has:
Less solutes than the cell
Water will move in through diffusion from high concentration to low concentration in this solution
Hypotonic solution
_____ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Diffusion
What are the 2 steps involved in glycolysis?
1) Energy investment (add 2 ATP to activate glucose); 2) Energy Harvesting: g3p oxidized to pyruvate, 2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH; 4 ATP produced
Name the three types of cytoskeletons
Actin Filaments; Intermediate filaments; Microtubules
Substrates bind at active sites, shape change force substrates together initiating a bond.
Degradation: 1 substrate molecule = 2 product molecules
Synthesis: 2 substrate molecule = 1 product molecule
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
These have rope-like assembly, flexible and strong, important to hold cells together under physical shear stress and support the nuclear envelope
Intermediate filaments
Prevents wasteful use of resources
Feedback Inhibition
Photosystem to ETC to NADP+ is a series of:
Redox reactions
Internal pressure of a plant cell is called_____
turgor pressure
These begins with a particular reactant through several intermediates, and ends with an end product
Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
ATP breakdown release energy; energy is transferred to do work in:
Exergonic reactions
This transforms solar energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
Moving molecules from low to high concentrations is known as
Active transport
Final product of photosynthesis is:
G3P
There are ___ types of membrane proteins
6
True or False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable
True
Step one:CO2 attaches to 5 carbon molecule RuBP and makes 3PG
CO2 + RuBP —-Rubisco—-> 3PG
The Electron/Energy Transport Chain is a series of proteins that transport and transfer
Energy and Electrons
This protein binds and moves specific molecules across membrane; involved in active and passive transport (high to low concentration, and low to high concentration)
Carrier proteins
All reactions in a cell or body is known as:
Metabolism
Series of redox reactions to release energy:
Cellular respiration
Each ______ has a specific amount of free energy
molecule
Products are formed and reactants start a reaction in:
Metabolism
ETC and Chemiosmosis make a LOT of
ATP
A–>B–>C–>D–>E–>F–>G
A= initial reactant
G=product
Arrows = enzymes
B-F are intermediates
This is important in lipid metabolism, and NOT part of the endomembrane system. A reaction it produces is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (toxic)
Peroxisome
What is the ATP net gain in Glycolysis?
2 ATP
CO2 is produced in CAC as ____ bonds are broken
Covalent
Is O2 more concentrated in the lungs or the blood?
Lungs
What two things are required for ETC and Chemiosmosis?
NADH and FADH2
C6 H12 O 6 —> CO2
oxidized or reduction
Oxidation
The final product in pathway inhibits:
The first enzyme
-G will inhibit E1
A—B—C—D—E—F—G
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
NAD+ accepts two electrons and 1 H+ when:
Reduced
Is Carbon Fixation an endergonic or exergonic reaction?
Endergonic reaction
H2O to O2 is oxidation or reduction?
Oxidation
In photosynthesis, CO2 is:
Reduced to G3P
What are glycoproteins?
Sugars on proteins
Where is the site of Cell. Resp?
Mitochondria
For a sodium potassium pump, are there more sodium ions inside or outside of the cell?
Outside
O2 —-> H2O
oxidation or reduction
Reduction
Adding energy is what kind of reaction (requires an input)?
Endergonic reaction
_______ serve as the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
True or False: enzymes are optimized for a certain pH
True
Oxidation is loss or gain?
Loss
How is energy and electrons used in the ETC
Some energy is used to pump protons inside thylakoids, protein concentration fuels ATPase, some energy used to reduce NAD+ to NADPH
Which is not part of the endomembrane system?
Peroxisome
This protein catalyzes a specific reaction; pumps for active transport.
Enzymatic protein
what three things can move across a plasma membrane freely?
Gases, water, and non-polar molecules (lipids, and steroid hormones)
When thylakoids are stacked they form:
Grana
These reactions Requires energy input:
-photosynthesis (saving energy in sugar)
Endergonic reactions
-Requires CO2 into sugars; Requires chlorophyll to transform solar energy (green pigment); CO2 and H2O and solar energy = Sugar and O2
Photosynthesis
This assists in movement of cell and organelles. assembles and disassembles as needed
Cytoskeleton
In this protein, it physically interacts with molecule
carrier proteins
What is required for cellular respiration?
Oxygen
What is the Reactant in Cell resp?
Glucose
What organelle is responsible for turgor pressure?
Vacuole
A solute is a: dissolved substance, undissolved substance
dissolved substance
How many membranes does a chloroplast have?
3: Outer, inner, thylakoid
Cell shape is determined by the
Cytoskeleton
True or False: All plants have mitochondria
True
True or False: Each reaction in a pathway doesn’t require a unique and specific enzyme
False
Means cell-eating; “Eats” large, solid materials like starch, oils, bacteria, and viruses
Phagocytosis
Chloroplasts inner membranes form:
disc like thylakoids
Active transport move protons from ___ to ___ concentration
Low to High
What is not associated with mitochondria: Cristae, Thylakoid, matrix, or outermembrane
Thylakoid
In a hydrolysis reaction, ATP changes to:
ADP
Activation by cofactor helps bind______ to active sites
Substrate
True or false: G3P is the building block for various molecules
True
