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Bio 105 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

NEED TO KNOW FOR CAC:

A

Reduces electron carriers
Starts with Acetyl CoA
Produces some ATP
CO2 produced

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2
Q

What is the goal of carbon fixation?

A

Long term stable covalent bonds in sugar

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3
Q

Chlorophyll is attached to _____ proteins in the thylakoid membrane

A

Photosystem

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4
Q

This part of a cell has it’s own DNA and ribosomes

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Reduction is loss or gain?

A

Gain

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6
Q

A specialized water channel is known as

A

an aquaporin

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7
Q

What part of the cytoskeleton is needed for muscle contraction?

A

Actin

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8
Q

True or false: a substrate must fit perfectly to active site to work

A

True

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9
Q

These are hallow cylinders, strong and brittle, interact with motor proteins to move organelles, miotic spindle, and are assembled in the CENROSOME

A

Microtubules

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10
Q

Diffusion and osmosis is known as

A

Passive Transport

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11
Q

True or False: Oxidation and Reduction happen at different times.

A

False

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12
Q

Thylakoids are suspended in a semi-fluid called:

A

Stroma

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13
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes that energy to

A

electrons

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14
Q

A plasma membrane is made of?

A

Phospholipids and PROTEINS

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15
Q

Without oxygen, what happens to ETC?

A

It stops

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16
Q

ATP, NADH, FADH2 are all made as energy is transferred from covalent bonds in

A

intermediates

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17
Q

True or false: Water can diffuse both ways across the membrane but a solute cannot

A

True

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18
Q

These make carbs from CO2 and H2O using solar energy

A

Chloroplasts

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19
Q

What is the product of fermentation?

A

Acetic acid

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20
Q

Materials that break enzymes (poisons)

A

Irreversible enzyme inhibition

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21
Q

Chemical energy in photosystem electrons transferred to:

A

NADPH and ATP

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22
Q

glucose (6 carbons) split into what?

A

2 Pyruvate 3-Carbon chains (G3P)

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23
Q

What speeds up rate of enzymatic reactions?

A

A solute concentration and warm temps

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24
Q

Normally there are ______ sodium ions inside than outside the cell

A

FEWER

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25
Q

The substrate and the inhibitor both bind at the active site

A

Competitive inhibition

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26
Q

_____ feed themselves from the sun

A

Autotrophs

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27
Q

the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is

A

Mechanical energy

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28
Q

Energy is captured in what kind of reaction:

A

Exergonic reactions (gives off energy)

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29
Q

Reactants are called:

A

Substrates

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30
Q

This protein builds a hole for specific molecules; involved in passive transport (moving from high to low concentration), has a hole right down the center

A

Channel protein

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31
Q

Proteins act as catalysts in:

A

Enzymes

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32
Q

When a phosphate breaks off from ATP what kind of reaction happens?

A

Hydrolysis/denegration reaction

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33
Q

This type of transport requires ATP, uses a protein pump, and has a HIGHER concentration of molecules inside, yet still bring more inside

A

Active Transport

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34
Q

Enzymes operation: enzymes lower the energy of activation; brings substrates closer together. Molecules do not react unless activated (energy added to begin reaction)

A

Energy of Activation

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35
Q

Controlling cellular contents (homeostasis), Chemical reactions (cell signaling), and interaction with other cells and environment are what? ___ ___ ___

A

Membrane protein Functions

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36
Q

What is similar to a lysosome and enclosed in digestive enzymes?

A

Peroxisome

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37
Q

There are more solutes outside the cell than inside in this solution

A

Hypertonic solutions

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38
Q

MHC is short for:

A

Major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins

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39
Q

Is osmosis facilitated diffusion or simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion; water channels allow it to happen

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40
Q

True or False: A solute does not spread throughout a liquid

A

False; it DOES spread throughout a liquid

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41
Q

Whats the differences between passive and active transport?

A

Whether the process requires energy

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42
Q

Acetyl CoA enters mitochondrial matrix in?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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43
Q

ATP drives what kind of reactions?

A

Endergonic reactions

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44
Q

A solution contains:

A

A solute and a solvent

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45
Q

Photosynthesis happens in a __ step process

A

2 step process

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46
Q

What can move across the plasma membrane freely is known as

A

passive transport

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47
Q

A hypertonic solution has:

A

MORE solutes than the cell

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48
Q

NADPH is made by the:

A

ETC

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49
Q

Cells need these to perceive an opioid

A

Membrane receptors

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50
Q

This type of transport needs ATP to work

A

Active transport

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51
Q

The inner membrane is folded to form this:

A

Cristae

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52
Q

Electrons pass from one molecule to another in this kind of reaction (one molecule accepts the electron given up by the other)

A

Oxidation-Reduction reaction

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53
Q

What cant cross the plasma membrane?

A

Hydrophilic (ions and water), large molecules [proteins and sugars],

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54
Q

Using a carrier protein to move molecules across the membrane is known as what?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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55
Q

What does the matrix fluid contain?

A

respiratory enzymes that breakdown carbs

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56
Q

These are membranous sacs larger than vesicles and store materials that occur in excess

A

Vacuoles

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57
Q

CO2 to C6 H12 O6= oxidation or reduction?

A

Reduction

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58
Q

Carbon dioxide is used in

A

Carbon Fixation

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59
Q

What molecules will move across membrane without a membrane protein to help it?

A

Gases like CO2 and O2

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60
Q

Is oxygen required during ETC and Chemiosmosis

A

Yes

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61
Q

Lost energy is:

A

Molecular motion

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62
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change from one form to another is known as:

A

The first law of Thermodynamics

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63
Q

A solute will diffuse through a

A

plasma membrane

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64
Q

This is for items too big for protein transporters

A

Bulk transport

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65
Q

Breaking down long term high energy storage molecules to make usable ATP is what?

A

Cellular respiration

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66
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs red and ____ light

A

Blue

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67
Q

Water moves, not the solute in _____

A

Osmosis

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68
Q

This is a membrane bound vesicle (not in plants) produced by the Golgi body, contains powerful enzymes, its highly acidic.

A

Lysosomes

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69
Q

Cholera is an example of this protein malfunctioning

A

Enzymatic protein

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70
Q

Channels are involved in:

A

DIFFUSION

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71
Q

ATP and NADPH fuel _____ _____

A

Carbon Fixation

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72
Q

True or False: Plant cells have a central vacuole

A

True

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73
Q

Every time energy is transformed and transferred it loses:

A

a little bit of heat

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74
Q

What is the fluid inside a mitochondria called?

A

Matrix

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75
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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76
Q

How many steps is carbon fixation?

A

3

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77
Q

Where does glycolysis (splitting glucose) happen?

A

In the cytoplasm

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78
Q

True or False: Peroxisomes are present in plant AND animal cells

A

True

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79
Q

This protein will destroy tissues because they don’t recognize it

A

Cell recognition proteins

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80
Q

NAPDH is REDUCED form of what?

A

NADP+

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81
Q

Solute is lower in solution than inside the cell is known as what kind of solution?

A

Hypotonic solution

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82
Q

Factors that affect enzyme activity:

A

Substrate concentration; temperature; pH

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83
Q

Secretion = vesicles fuse with plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

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84
Q

In reversible enzyme inhibition, an inhibitor binds ___ and decreases the activity

A

Enzyme

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85
Q

When FAD is reduced it creates what?

A

FADH2

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86
Q

Cells surround external substances into a pouch (vesicle)

A

Endocytosis

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87
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation/Prep Reaction happen

A

While moving from cytoplasm into mitochondria

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88
Q

What temps can destroy and denature enzymes?

A

Hot temps

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89
Q

What is the purpose of plasma membrane carbs?

A

Cell communication, lubrication(sugar makes a jelly and helps it move around), and protection

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90
Q

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a faulty chloride ____; and thick mucus collects in lungs, liver, and pancreas

A

Channel

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91
Q

These reactions RELEASE energy (products have less energy than reactants)
-Respiration (breakdown sugar to release energy)

A

Exergonic Reactions

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92
Q

ATP is non-polar or polar?

A

Polar (hydrophilic in cytoplasm)

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93
Q

Concentration of sodium is _____ outside the cell during active transport

A

Lower

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94
Q

Pepsin in functional in acidic or basic pH

A

acidic

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95
Q

Cell communication within or between cells is known as

A

Cell signaling

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96
Q

Respiration without oxygen is called:

A

Fermentation

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97
Q

Redox in Aerobic Respiration happens in what part of the cell?

A

Mitochondria

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98
Q

molecules required to activate enzyme

A

Enzyme Cofactors

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99
Q

In ETC, protons are pumped where?

A

Into the intermembrane space

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100
Q

A cell in a hypotonic solution will: Swell and gain water or shrink and lose water

A

Swell and gain water

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101
Q

The function of ______ is storage, turgor pressure

A

Vacuoles

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102
Q

Ina cell, exocytosis is used to:

A

Move out large items

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103
Q

Activity increases with substrate concentration

A

Substrate concentration

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104
Q

What is made using a high proton concentration during Chemiosmosis?

A

ATP

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105
Q

A cell in a hypotonic solution will

A

Swell and burst

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106
Q

How many ATPs does Glycolysis, CAC, and ETC make during RESPIRATION?

A 
2-glycolysis
2-CAC
32-34 from ETC
--------------------------
36-38 ATPs
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107
Q

In a hypotonic solution, do plant vacuoles fill with water or lose water?

A

Fill with water

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108
Q

Feedback inhibition is a type of reversible _________

A

Enzyme inhibition

109
Q

_____ : solute concentration is equal throughout the cell

A

Equilibrium

110
Q

What temperatures create more effective collisions?

A

Warmer temps

111
Q

Amount of energy available to do work:

A

Free energy

112
Q

In Carbon fixation, CO2 is reduced to what?

A

G3P

113
Q

When energy is changed from one form to another, there is a loss of usable energy (entropy)

A

Second law of thermodynamics

114
Q

In a sodium potassium pump are there more potassium ions inside or outside the cell?

A

Inside

115
Q

Hyper means: Above or Below

A

Above

116
Q

This digests large molecules (carbs, lipids, etc.) and recycles cellular resources

A

Lysosomes

117
Q

This moves a solute from high to low concentrations

A

Diffusion

118
Q

ADP + phosphate makes:

A

ATP

119
Q

ingestion of a liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

A

pinocytosis

120
Q

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle happen?

A

Mitochondria

121
Q

In this protein, a sugar group is on the outside; allows cells to recognize each other vs any foreign invading cells

A

Cell recognition proteins

122
Q

Tay Sachs is an example of what?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

123
Q

Trypsin is functional in acidic or basic pH

A

Basic

124
Q

How many membranes does a mitochondria have?

A

2

125
Q

Is oxygen required in glycolysis?

A

No

126
Q

_ _ _ has high free energy

A

ATP

127
Q

Step 3: RuBP regeneration: RuBP used in CO2 fixation must be replaced:

A

5 G3P rearranged into 3 RuBP (requires ATP)

128
Q

True or False: Macromolecules and charged molecules and ions can move freely across the plasma membrane

A

False

129
Q

There is more water OUTSIDE the cell in this type of solution

A

Hypotonic solution

130
Q

Name the 3 steps in cell signaling

A

1) receptor binds signal
2) biochemical relay
3) Behavior change

131
Q

A hypotonic solution has: Fewer solutes than the cell or More solutes than the cell?

A

Fewer solutes than the cell

132
Q

In a carbon fixation, metabolic pathways produce:

A

sugars

133
Q

Gaining an electron and energy:

A

Reduction

134
Q

Is light required to reduce CO2 to G3P?

A

No

135
Q

Where does Carbon Fixation occur?

A

In the stroma

136
Q

CO2 added to RuBP by Rubisco turns it into G3P. What is Rubisco?
CO2—–Rubisco, ATP, NADPH——>G3P

A

An enzyme

137
Q

Where is the green photosynthetic pigment found?

A

In the inner membranes

138
Q

Solute is HIGHER outside than inside the cell; cells shrink; water leaves the cell

A

Hypertonic solutions

139
Q

Solar energy is passed to photosystem electrons and then transformed into:

A

Chemical energy

140
Q

Osmosis is the movement of:

A

Water

141
Q

Animal cells may ____ if theres too much water

A

lyse (rupture)

142
Q

Photosystem one does what?

A

Recharges electrons (Without PS1, no NADPH)

143
Q

Animal cells places in ____ solutions don’t gain or lose water

A

Isotonic q

144
Q

What is NOT found in a plant cell?

A

Lysosomes

145
Q

Hypo means: Above or Below

A

Below

146
Q

Advantages of Fermentation:

A

Quick burst of energy, ATP per glucose, removes excess pyruvate and recycles it

147
Q

potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction to transform other chemical substances

A

Chemical energy

148
Q

ATPase is a proton channel that makes

A

ATP

149
Q

How many electrons and H+ ions does FAD accept when it turns into FADH2

A

two electrons and two H+ ions

150
Q

Photosystem two does what?

A

Splits water (oxidizes h2o to O2)

151
Q

This produces most of the ATP in a cell

A

Mitochondria

152
Q

Redox reactions to store solar energy as electrons in glucose is known as:

A

Photosynthesis

153
Q

Electron Transport chain creates high:

A

Proton concentration

154
Q

What is not related to the rest: Thylakoid, stroma, matrix, chlorophyll?

A

Matrix

155
Q

Ability to do work or make a change

A

Energy

156
Q

ATP Generation/Oxidative Phosphorylation happens where?

A

Inside mitochondria

157
Q

In prep step, pyruvate is oxidized to what?

A

Acetyl CoA

158
Q

O2 is reduced to:

A

H2O–the final electron acceptor

159
Q

Channel proteins, carrier proteins, cell recognition proteins, enzymatic proteins, junction proteins, and receptor proteins are all forms of

A

membrane proteins

160
Q

These proteins bind onto signals, and are a specific shape so only a particular molecule will fit with it. (ex: neurotransmitters and drugs)

A

Receptor proteins

161
Q

Without oxygen, There is no NAD+ available for:

A

Glycolysis

162
Q

Name the 4 steps of cell resp

A

glycolysis; pyruvate oxidation; Citric Acid Cycle; Oxidate phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)

163
Q

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion are involved in what kind of transport?

A

Passive transport

164
Q

Fermentation is a variation of

A

Glycolysis

165
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Sugars on lipids (Golgi apparatus)

166
Q

A tight _____ joins cells

A

junction

167
Q

Cells may swell and burst in what type of solution?

A

Hypotonic Solution

168
Q

Step 2: CO2 Reduction (3PG reduced to BPG; reduced BPG into G3P)

A

3PG—->RED: BPG—–>RED: G3P

Uses NAPH and ATP from light reactions to reduce

169
Q

The inhibitor binds elsewhere on protein (another allosteric site)

A

Non-Competitive Inhibition

170
Q

Name other molecules G3P can be converted into:

A

fats/oils, Amino acids, Various sugars

171
Q

Stored energy is known as

A

Potential energy

172
Q

These produce all food:

A

Photosynthesizers

173
Q

If a cell is NOT at equilibrium, then it’s at unequal amounts which means it has a:

A

concentration gradient

174
Q

These bind specific signals

A

cell receptors

175
Q

A solvent is a: Solid, liquid, or gas

A

Liquid

176
Q

What happens after cell receptors bind?

A

a biochemical relay that changes cell behavior

177
Q

Are NADPH and ATP long term or short term Energy storage?

A

Short term

178
Q

Mitochondria are involved in this (uses oxygen to breakdown sugar)

A

Cellular respiration

179
Q

A solute equal on both sides of a membrane is what kind of solution?

A

Isotonic solution

180
Q

In a _____ reaction, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and then passes energy to electrons. Energized electrons used to make ATP and NADPH (high energy molecules)

A

Light reaction

181
Q

FADH2, NADH both transfer energy and electrons to proteins of ETC, therefore

A

ETC makes high concentration of protons

182
Q

A hypertonic solution: has fewer solutes than the cell, or has more solutes than the cell

A

Has more solutes than the cell

183
Q

These pain relievers cant cross the plasma membrane due to their polarity

A

Opioids

184
Q

Photosynthesis stores energy as:

A

Carbs (sugars)

185
Q

How much ATP and NADH go we get in glycolysis?

A

a little

186
Q

Disadvantages of Fermentation:

A

biproducts lactate and alcohol are toxic

187
Q

Loss of an electron in a molecule

A

Oxidation

188
Q

This type of diffusion uses channels and carrier proteins; no extra energy needed

A

Facilitated diffusion

189
Q

Are mitochondria smaller or larger than chloroplasts?

A

Smaller

190
Q

NAPD+ is OXIDIZED form of what?

A

NAPDH

191
Q

Osmosis is what kind of transport?

A

Passive

192
Q

_______ is very thin and flexible, moves materials around, important for muscle contraction and cell division. (ex: mitochondria move about cells on these)

A

Actin Filaments

193
Q

This is like pinocytosis by uses receptor proteins

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

194
Q

_____ are organisms that eat other organisms:

A

Heterotrophs

195
Q

Carefully pulling energy off carbon skeletons happens where?

A

In the citric Acid cycle

196
Q

Lost energy is:

A

heat

197
Q

What brings in big items?

A

Bulk transport

198
Q

These proteins are in the intestinal cells; single layer of cells separates body from microbes

A

Junction Proteins

199
Q

True or false: each enzyme accelerates a specific reaction

A

True

200
Q

What are the 4 components to the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins embedded
Cholesterol (to stabilize the membrane)
Carbs (sugars)

201
Q

A hypotonic solution has:

A

Less solutes than the cell

202
Q

Water will move in through diffusion from high concentration to low concentration in this solution

A

Hypotonic solution

203
Q

_____ is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

204
Q

What are the 2 steps involved in glycolysis?

A

1) Energy investment (add 2 ATP to activate glucose); 2) Energy Harvesting: g3p oxidized to pyruvate, 2NAD+ reduced to 2NADH; 4 ATP produced

205
Q

Name the three types of cytoskeletons

A

Actin Filaments; Intermediate filaments; Microtubules

206
Q

Substrates bind at active sites, shape change force substrates together initiating a bond.
Degradation: 1 substrate molecule = 2 product molecules
Synthesis: 2 substrate molecule = 1 product molecule

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

207
Q

These have rope-like assembly, flexible and strong, important to hold cells together under physical shear stress and support the nuclear envelope

A

Intermediate filaments

208
Q

Prevents wasteful use of resources

A

Feedback Inhibition

209
Q

Photosystem to ETC to NADP+ is a series of:

A

Redox reactions

210
Q

Internal pressure of a plant cell is called_____

A

turgor pressure

211
Q

These begins with a particular reactant through several intermediates, and ends with an end product

A

Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes

212
Q

ATP breakdown release energy; energy is transferred to do work in:

A

Exergonic reactions

213
Q

This transforms solar energy into chemical energy

A

Photosynthesis

214
Q

Moving molecules from low to high concentrations is known as

A

Active transport

215
Q

Final product of photosynthesis is:

A

G3P

216
Q

There are ___ types of membrane proteins

A

6

217
Q

True or False: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable

A

True

218
Q

Step one:CO2 attaches to 5 carbon molecule RuBP and makes 3PG

A

CO2 + RuBP —-Rubisco—-> 3PG

219
Q

The Electron/Energy Transport Chain is a series of proteins that transport and transfer

A

Energy and Electrons

220
Q

This protein binds and moves specific molecules across membrane; involved in active and passive transport (high to low concentration, and low to high concentration)

A

Carrier proteins

221
Q

All reactions in a cell or body is known as:

A

Metabolism

222
Q

Series of redox reactions to release energy:

A

Cellular respiration

223
Q

Each ______ has a specific amount of free energy

A

molecule

224
Q

Products are formed and reactants start a reaction in:

A

Metabolism

225
Q

ETC and Chemiosmosis make a LOT of

A

ATP

226
Q

A–>B–>C–>D–>E–>F–>G

A

A= initial reactant
G=product
Arrows = enzymes
B-F are intermediates

227
Q

This is important in lipid metabolism, and NOT part of the endomembrane system. A reaction it produces is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (toxic)

A

Peroxisome

228
Q

What is the ATP net gain in Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

229
Q

CO2 is produced in CAC as ____ bonds are broken

A

Covalent

230
Q

Is O2 more concentrated in the lungs or the blood?

A

Lungs

231
Q

What two things are required for ETC and Chemiosmosis?

A

NADH and FADH2

232
Q

C6 H12 O 6 —> CO2

oxidized or reduction

A

Oxidation

233
Q

The final product in pathway inhibits:

A

The first enzyme
-G will inhibit E1
A—B—C—D—E—F—G
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6

234
Q

NAD+ accepts two electrons and 1 H+ when:

A

Reduced

235
Q

Is Carbon Fixation an endergonic or exergonic reaction?

A

Endergonic reaction

236
Q

H2O to O2 is oxidation or reduction?

A

Oxidation

237
Q

In photosynthesis, CO2 is:

A

Reduced to G3P

238
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Sugars on proteins

239
Q

Where is the site of Cell. Resp?

A

Mitochondria

240
Q

For a sodium potassium pump, are there more sodium ions inside or outside of the cell?

A

Outside

241
Q

O2 —-> H2O

oxidation or reduction

A

Reduction

242
Q

Adding energy is what kind of reaction (requires an input)?

A

Endergonic reaction

243
Q

_______ serve as the site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

244
Q

True or False: enzymes are optimized for a certain pH

A

True

245
Q

Oxidation is loss or gain?

A

Loss

246
Q

How is energy and electrons used in the ETC

A

Some energy is used to pump protons inside thylakoids, protein concentration fuels ATPase, some energy used to reduce NAD+ to NADPH

247
Q

Which is not part of the endomembrane system?

A

Peroxisome

248
Q

This protein catalyzes a specific reaction; pumps for active transport.

A

Enzymatic protein

249
Q

what three things can move across a plasma membrane freely?

A

Gases, water, and non-polar molecules (lipids, and steroid hormones)

250
Q

When thylakoids are stacked they form:

A

Grana

251
Q

These reactions Requires energy input:

-photosynthesis (saving energy in sugar)

A

Endergonic reactions

252
Q

-Requires CO2 into sugars; Requires chlorophyll to transform solar energy (green pigment); CO2 and H2O and solar energy = Sugar and O2

A

Photosynthesis

253
Q

This assists in movement of cell and organelles. assembles and disassembles as needed

A

Cytoskeleton

254
Q

In this protein, it physically interacts with molecule

A

carrier proteins

255
Q

What is required for cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen

256
Q

What is the Reactant in Cell resp?

A

Glucose

257
Q

What organelle is responsible for turgor pressure?

A

Vacuole

258
Q

A solute is a: dissolved substance, undissolved substance

A

dissolved substance

259
Q

How many membranes does a chloroplast have?

A

3: Outer, inner, thylakoid

260
Q

Cell shape is determined by the

A

Cytoskeleton

261
Q

True or False: All plants have mitochondria

A

True

262
Q

True or False: Each reaction in a pathway doesn’t require a unique and specific enzyme

A

False

263
Q

Means cell-eating; “Eats” large, solid materials like starch, oils, bacteria, and viruses

A

Phagocytosis

264
Q

Chloroplasts inner membranes form:

A

disc like thylakoids

265
Q

Active transport move protons from ___ to ___ concentration

A

Low to High

266
Q

What is not associated with mitochondria: Cristae, Thylakoid, matrix, or outermembrane

A

Thylakoid

267
Q

In a hydrolysis reaction, ATP changes to:

A

ADP

268
Q

Activation by cofactor helps bind______ to active sites

A

Substrate

269
Q

True or false: G3P is the building block for various molecules

A

True

Bio 105 (5 decks)

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