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Theories of Personality > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A
  1. subjective feelings
  2. bodily changes
  3. action tendencies
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2
Q

how you feel right now; temporary; depends more on situation than personality

A

emotional states

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3
Q

how you feel in general; pattern of emotional reactions experienced across time and situations

A

emotional traits

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4
Q

trying to identify certain primary emotions

A

categorical approach to studying emotions

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5
Q

emotions serve specific functions; part of categorical approach

A

functional perspective (approach) to studying emotions

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6
Q

What are Ekman’s 4 requirements for basic emotions?

A
  1. innate, not learned
  2. arise from the same circumstances for all people
  3. expressed uniquely and distinctly
  4. evoke a distinctive and highly predictable physiological response
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7
Q

believed in cross-cultural emotional expression and 6 primary emotions

A

Ekman

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8
Q

believed in the opponent process theory of emotion and 2 primary emotions

A

Solomon

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9
Q

believed there were 3 primary emotions

A

Gray

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10
Q

believed there were 7 primary emotions; studied limbic structure pathways

A

Panksepp

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11
Q

Believed there were 6 primary emotions and different rates of neurological firing

A

Tomkins

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12
Q

In the Dimensional Approach to studying emotion, what are the 2 basic emotions?

A

valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

arousal (high or low)

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13
Q

What is the conflict between approaches to studying emotions?

A

Emotions that are dimensionally similar can be categorically different.

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14
Q

which emotions are experienced

A

content

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15
Q

how emotions are experienced

A

style

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16
Q

Content and style are _______, which means they are stable over time and across situations

A

trait-like

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17
Q

What is the main pleasant emotion?

A

happiness (subjective well-being)

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18
Q

What are the 2 components of happiness?

A
  1. life satisfaction

2. hedonic balance

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19
Q

finding meaning and purpose in life; cognitive (perception of experiences)

A

life satisfaction

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20
Q

ratio of positive to negative emotional experiences; affective (total sum of emotional experiences)

A

hedonic balance

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21
Q

Measures of happiness correlate with _________ scores

A

social desirability

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22
Q

we have overconfidence in ourselves which leads to happiness

A

better than average effect

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23
Q

What are 3 positive illusions that lead to happiness?

A
  1. better than average effect
  2. illusion of control
  3. unrealistic optimism
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24
Q

people think they can change things that are beyond our control; autonomy and power lead to happiness; negatively affects depressed people

A

illusion of control

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25
Q

people think that bad things will not happen to them which leads to happiness

A

unrealistic optimism

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26
Q

people attribute good outcomes to internal reasons and bad outcomes to external reasons

A

self serving bias

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27
Q

What is the consequence of the self serving bias?

A

trade off between being happy and changing perspective and trying to change that

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28
Q

Happy people are ____ helpful, creative, energetic, and trusting, and _______ hostile and abusive

A

more

less

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29
Q

what is the conclusion drawn from surveys of happiness and subjective well-being?

A

measures of happiness are valid

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30
Q

What 5 things account for age differences in happiness?

A
  1. worry and anxiety
  2. circumstances leading to happiness change with age
  3. older adults are generally better at coping
  4. fewer aspirations in older age
  5. change of perspective on past difficulties
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31
Q

confounded with availability of health care services and education which predict well-being

A

national wealth

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32
Q

What 2 big 5 personality traits are associated with happiness?

A

high extraversion

low neuroticism

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33
Q

strongly influenced by positive stimuli

A

extraverts

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34
Q

strongly influenced by negative stimuli

A

neurotic individuals

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35
Q

a filter through which experience is perceived

A

personality

36
Q

states that neuroticism is caused by easy activation of the brain’s limbic system (more active amygdala); responsible for emotion and fight or flight reaction

A

Eysenck’s biological theory

37
Q

theories stating that neuroticism is caused by the style of information processing and that people high in neuroticism have preferential processing of negative information

A

cognitive theories

38
Q

depression is a ______ model

A

diathesis-stress

39
Q

states that vulnerability depends on cognitive schema and that info about the self, work, and future are distorted by depressive cognitive schema (pessimistic explanatory style)

A

Beck’s cognitive theory

40
Q

small failures seen as a sign of bigger problems

A

overgeneralization

41
Q

jumping to negative conclusions despite evidence

A

arbitrary inferences

42
Q

seeing one’s self as the cause rather than external factors

A

personalizing

43
Q

assuming the worst will happen

A

catastrophizing

44
Q

responding to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression; seen as easily irritated, rude, antagonistic, and uncooperative

A

hostility

45
Q

What 2 Big 5 personality traits lead to hostility when combined?

A

low agreeableness

high neuroticism

46
Q

people with this personality type have achievement strivings and are seen as inpatient, competitive, hostile and are prone to more heart disease

A

Type A personality (cluster of traits)

47
Q

greater incidence of damage to the prefrontal cortex seen amongst violent related to non-violent criminals is an example of?

A

trait self-control

48
Q

narcissistic levels of self-esteem lead to increased ______

A

aggression

49
Q

A lack of empathy, guilt, and embarrassment are associated with ______ traits

A

psychopathic

50
Q

experience emotions strongly; emotionally reactive and variable; typically high in optimal arousal

A

high affect intensity

51
Q

experience emotions mildly; gradual fluctuations and minor reactions

A

low affect intensity

52
Q

frequent postive affect + low affect intensity

A

calm and content

53
Q

frequent positive affect + high affect intensity

A

euphoric and zestful

54
Q

frequent negative affect + low affect intensity

A

melancholic and dejected

55
Q

frequent negative affect + high affect intensity

A

anxious, depressed, and angry (mental health disorders)

56
Q

imposing order on sensory info

A

perception

57
Q

making sense of/explaining events

A

interpretation

58
Q

personal desires; what’s important in life

A

goals

59
Q

these people focus more on details and are better able to screen out distracting information and focus on a task

A

field independent

60
Q

these people look at the big picture; they pay attention to multiple sources of information

A

field dependent

61
Q

What are 2 tests of field dependence?

A
  1. rod and frame test (RFT)

2. embedded figures test (EFT)

62
Q

these students learn more in a media rich environment and can get the main points without being distracted

A

field independent students

63
Q

It is better for a police officer to be field (ind/dep)

A

independent

64
Q

these people are attentive to social cues; oriented towards others; and more aware of the interpersonal context

A

field dependent

65
Q

these people are more interpersonally detached

A

field independent

66
Q

these people prefer social sciences and education majors and are better to see connections between ideas

A

field dependent

67
Q

these people prefer natural sciences, mathematics, and engineering and are better able to focus and have selective attention

A

field independent

68
Q

these people have a high pain tolerance and their nervous system reduces the subjective impact of sensory input

A

reducers

69
Q

these people have a low pain tolerance and the nervous system amplifies the impact of pain

A

augmenters

70
Q

these people seek strong stimulation because they are compensating for lower sensory reactivity; may use/abuse substances to change arousal level

A

reducers

71
Q

states that humans want to understand, predict, and control events; we all have constructs that we think are important when dealing with others; each person constructs his or her own version of reality

A

Kelly’s personal construct theory

72
Q

theories about how other people think, feel, and react

A

personal constructs

73
Q

interpretation of responsibility for events

A

locus of control

74
Q

perception that you lack control over what happens to you

A

external locus of control

75
Q

perception that you are in control and responsible for major life outcomes

A

internal locus of control

76
Q

solving problems to escape aversive noise

A

learned helplessness

77
Q

how people explain (make attributions) about the causes of events

A

explanatory style

78
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of explanatory style?

A
  1. external vs. internal
  2. stable vs. unstable
  3. global vs. specific
79
Q

emphasis on internal, stable, and global causes of negative events; worst outlook; feelings of helplessness and poor adjustment

A

pessimistic style

80
Q

What 3 things make people effective toward goals?

A
  1. set difficult, but realistic goals
  2. be specific
  3. set sub-goals
81
Q

setting goals can help with ______

A

self-efficacy

82
Q

confidence and positive attitudes help people achieve goals; not just ability, but confidence in capability to apply ability

A

self-efficacy

83
Q

deciding when, where, and how you are going to achieve a goal

A

implementation intentions

84
Q

this theory focuses on Entity vs. Incremental theorists

A

mastery orientation theory

85
Q

theory about promotion/prevention focuses

A

theory of regulatory focus

86
Q

focusing on advancement, growth, accomplishments

A

promotion

87
Q

focusing on protection, safety, prevention of negative outcomes

A

prevention

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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