Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theories of Personality > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 areas of the biological domain?

A
  1. genetic
  2. physiological
  3. evolutionary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

all of our 20-30 thousand genes

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

attempt to improve the human gene pool

A

eugenics movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are idealogical concerns centered around?

A

equality and fairness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What three things do behavioral genetics determine?

A
  1. what percent of trait differences is due to genetics/environment?
  2. how do genes and environment interact?
  3. which aspects of environment are important?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how much variation of an individual difference is explained by genetics

A

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how much variation of an individual difference is due to environment

A

environmentality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

genes indirectly code for physical/personality traits

A

the human genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 2 things are behavioral geneticists attempting to determine?

A

percentage of variance

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

degree to which a characteristic is due to genes vs. environment

A

percentage of variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

observed variance in a group that can be accounted for by genetic difference across individuals

A

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

amount of variance attributed to genetic variance

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

observed variance in characteristic

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Influence of genes and environment is only relevant to ______ level variation

A

group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heritability does not apply to ________ variance

A

individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heritability is not ________ or ________, it is dependent upon ______ and ______

A

constant; precise; population; time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Heritability coefficients reflect ______ on a characteristic

A

variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

heritability studies do not tell us what is _______

A

heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is environment?

A

non-genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

selective breeding only works if a trait is _____

A

heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if a trait is heritable, then the degree of genetic relatedness should correspond with ________

A

trait similarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the problem with family studies?

A

families often share genetics and environment, so influences are confounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the goal of twin studies?

A

to estimate heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins then differences are due to _______

A

heritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

changes in gene similarity due to cell replication

A

copy number variations (CNVs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

differences in genes caused by mutations occurring during development

A

genetic mutation variations (GMVs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do adoption studies look at?

A

trait similarity between adopted children and adoptive vs. genetic parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the ideal study for studying genetics and environment?

A

adopted twins reared separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the pro of adoption studies?

A

shared environment without shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the con of adoption studies?

A

are adopted kids and adoptive parents representative of the general population?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the problem with adoption studies?

A

selective placement of adopted children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the heritability of the Big 5?

A

about 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sexual orientation has an estimated _______ heritability

A

20-50%

34
Q

What accounts for differences across studies?

A

measurement issues

35
Q

The medial pre optic hypothalamus is ______ in gay men compared to straight men

A

smaller

36
Q

______ of genes can turn on/off certain genes

A

methylation

37
Q

What is the heritability of traditionalism? Job preference?

A

59%; 71%

38
Q

What attitudes show little to no heritability?

A

belief in God

attitudes towards racial integration

39
Q

What three things are drinking and smoking related to?

A

sensation seeking
extraversion
neuroticism

40
Q

How much heritability does alcoholism and smoking addiction have?

A

36-56%

41
Q

features that both subjects are exposed to

A

shared

42
Q

features that one subject is exposed to but the other isn’t

A

nonshared

43
Q

What are the 2 issues concerning genes and environment?

A

genotype-environment interaction

genotype-environment correlation

44
Q

people with different genes react differently to certain environments; individual differences interact with environment to affect performance

A

genotype-environment interaction

45
Q

parents provide both genes and environment

A

passive genotype-environment correlation

46
Q

others in environment respond to genes

A

reactive genotype-environment correlation

47
Q

person with certain genes seeks out a particular environment

A

active genotype-environment correlation

48
Q

What is the goal of molecular genetics?

A

to identify specific genes associated with personality traits

49
Q

The _______ gene has a weak relationship to novelty seeking (risk taking) and deals with dopamine regulation

A

DRD4

50
Q

What is the complication of the DRD4 gene?

A

many other genes may influence trait expression

51
Q

in any population there is natural variation, but some variations will be more adaptive for the environment

A

evolution

52
Q

Adaptiveness influences evolutionary fitness in what 2 ways?

A
  1. increases chances of survival

2. increases reproductive success

53
Q

evolutionarily derived traits are passed on through reproduction

A

sexual selection

54
Q

What 3 things make for good adaptation?

A
  1. efficiency
  2. precision
  3. reliability
55
Q

adaptions tend to _______ rather than______

A

avoid the worst

attempt at perfection

56
Q

the importance of avoiding crucial mistakes

A

error management theory; based on signal detection theory

57
Q

What is the take home point of error management theory?

A

evolution will select for avoiding the worst mistakes

58
Q

byproducts of adaptations

A

exaptations

59
Q

characteristics that are neutral (or negative) with respect to survival/reproduction

A

evolutionary noise

60
Q

schizophrenic characteristics co-evolved with higher cognitive/affective systems associated with sociality

A

social brain hypothesis

61
Q

delusions and hallucinations could lead to the perception that a person has special psychic characteristics

A

social advantage hypothesis

62
Q

schizophrenic genes code for an advantage with regard to disease resistance

A

physiological advantage hypothesis

63
Q

reasoning from observations to theory

A

inductive reasoning

64
Q

reasoning from theory to prediction to observation

A

deductive reasoning

65
Q

humans formed cultural groups because humans alone are not successful

A

theory of reciprocal altruism

66
Q

one major difference in humans that might lead to different selection pressures

A

group differences level

67
Q

What is the male’s biggest problem when it comes to reproduction? Female?

A

male: not enough mates
female: choosing the wrong mate

68
Q

What is the most adaptive mistake of males concerning mating? females?

A

males: not mating when opportunity is available
females: mating with someone unwilling and able to provide

69
Q

Men are ____ secessionists, while women are ____ selectionists

A

r; k

70
Q

differences in what men and women are more jealous of

A

paternity certainty

71
Q

What are the 2 classes of sexual selection pressures for mating?

A

intersexual competition

intrasexual competition

72
Q

preferences of one sex for characteristics in the opposite sex

A

intersexual competition

73
Q

competition between members of the same sex for mates of the opposite sex

A

intrasexual competition

74
Q

differential reproductive success for males and females may account for group level sex differences in personality

A

effective polygyny

75
Q

differences in reproductive success can lead to big differences across sexes

A

sexual dimorphism

76
Q

Adaptations for ______ competition will often depend on the _______ preferences

A

intrasexual; intersexual

77
Q

A tendency may exist, but if environment does not put pressure/give opportunity for trait expression, it will not be expressed

A

environmental triggers

78
Q

what is inherited is not always the trait, but perhaps the motivation

A

contingencies among traits

79
Q

mate selection strategies rely on intersexual and intrasexual competitive forces

A

frequency dependent selection

80
Q

different environmental pressures can lead to a maintenance of variation

A

balancing selection

81
Q

ability to detect certain personality characteristics and make alliances could be beneficial

A

difference detecting mechanisms

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions