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Theories of Personality > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of trait psychology?

A
  1. There are meaningful differences between people (traits)
  2. Traits are stable over time
  3. Traits stay consistent across situations
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2
Q

Broad traits are relatively ______ but trait expression may _______ with time.

A

stable

change

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3
Q

If a trait changes a lot with time, it is ______

A

inconsistent

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4
Q

Solutions to trait stability over time:

  1. Focus on ______ differences between people
  2. Recognize that _________ will be different
A

rank order

manifestation

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5
Q

What was the original idea in the person/situation debate?

A

2 possible explanations for behavior:
personality traits –> behavior
situational factors –> behavior

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6
Q

What is the traditional assumption for the person/situation debate?

A

cross situation consistency

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7
Q

What was Walter Miscel’s famous theory?

A

situationism

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8
Q

Mischel’s theory that if behavior varies most across situations, then situational differences (not traits) determine behavior; traits don’t explain much, we should focus on situations instead

A

Situationism

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9
Q

A single behavior or occasion is more likely to be influenced by ________

A

situation

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10
Q

averaging multiple observations; multiple measures of same behavior

A

aggregation

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11
Q

What was the result of the person situation debate?

A

both sides have tempered views

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12
Q

What is the modern idea in the person/situation debate?

A

Personality and situation interact to produce behavior

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13
Q

situations can provoke out of character behavior

A

situational specificity

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14
Q

In a strong situation, everyone will act ________. In a weak/ambiguous situation everyone will act _________.

A

the same

differently

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15
Q

What is the assumption of measurement ideas?

A

people differ on traits

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16
Q

The trait approach often relies on _____

A

self reports

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17
Q

Participants rush through study and don’t pay attention

A

carelessness

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18
Q

Carelessness, fatigue, acquiescence, social desirability, extreme responding, and faking are all examples of what?

A

response sets

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19
Q

What are the 2 solutions to carelessness?

A
  1. detect using infrequency scale

2. place duplicate items far apart

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20
Q

survey is too long and participants get tired and stop caring

A

fatigue

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21
Q

What are the 3 solutions to fatigue?

A
  1. give participants a break
  2. counterbalance (reverse orders)
  3. keep scales as brief as possible
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22
Q

agreeing, regardless of content

A

acquiescence

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23
Q

What is the solution to acquiescence?

A

reverse key some items

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24
Q

tendency to give endpoint responses

A

extreme responding

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25
Q

What are the 2 solutions to extreme responding?

A
  1. Use ranking scale

2. Use an ipsative/forced-choice scale

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26
Q

Participants try to appear better or worse than reality

A

faking

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27
Q

Participants respond in ways that make them appear likable

A

social desirability (faking good)

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28
Q

What are the 4 solutions to social desirability?

A
  1. ensure anonymity/confidentiality
  2. Ask if participant was honest
  3. measure socially desirable responding and correct
  4. tell participants you’ll check answers using a lie detector
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29
Q

What are the two views on social desirability?

A
  1. Its distortion

2. Reflects personality

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30
Q

Personality traits + job requirements =

A

performance at work

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31
Q

What are the 3 reasons to use personality tests for personnel selection?

A
  1. Identify traits that lead to success
  2. Integrity testing
  3. Negligent hiring
32
Q

designed to assess general honesty/dishonesty; replaced polygraph

A

integrity tests

33
Q

measures physical signs of anxiety

A

polygraph

34
Q

What does the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) do?

A

screens for mental illness

35
Q

Research suggests that some commonly used measures for personnel selection are disadvantageous to some groups

A

race/gender norming

36
Q

What is the solution for race/gender norming?

A

use assessments that do not disparately impact groups

37
Q

Psychological testing may fall under ADA if test could be classified as a ________

A

medical examination

38
Q

personality test: widely used in business settings; assess extraverted/introverted, sensing/intuitive, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving; 16 categories; 4 letter codes; based on Jungian archetypes; used in personnel selection and career advising

A

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

39
Q

What are the 3 criticisms of the MBTI?

A
  1. people are not types
  2. attempts to validate scale have failed or are inadequate
  3. Even Jung thought archetypes did not accurately reflect personality spectrum
40
Q

general statement that could apply to anyone; used in astrology; not scientifically valid

A

Barnum statement

41
Q

How personality changes/stays the same with age

A

personality development

42
Q

Real personality changes are _____ and ______

A

enduring; internal

43
Q

studies that follow a group of people over time

A

longitudinal studies

44
Q

What are the 3 levels of analysis?

A
  1. population level
  2. group differences level
  3. individual differences level
45
Q

changes that apply to almost everyone

A

population level

46
Q

changes that affect certain groups

A

group differences level

47
Q

predicting risk factors for problems later in life

A

individual difference level

48
Q

early assessment of individual differences

A

temperament

49
Q

Stability in temperament _______ as infants mature

A

increases

50
Q

How do we measure temperament?

A

parent reports

51
Q

How could we measure temperament better?

A

activity level via actometer or teacher

52
Q

correlations between different measures at the same time point

A

validity coefficient

53
Q

correlations between same measures at different time points

A

stability coefficient

54
Q

measures activity level

A

actometer

55
Q

observer reports of activity level

A

judge-based

56
Q

At what age is physical aggression at it’s highest?

A

age 2 and early adulthood (for males)

57
Q

At what age is relational aggression at it’s highest and what gender is more prevalent to this kind of aggression?

A

13-16

females

58
Q

Self esteem: _____ at adolescence, ______ during teenage years, _______ at 60-69, and ______ at 80-90

A

high
low
high
low

59
Q

The Big 5 traits have ___ to ____ levels of rank order stability

A

moderate to high

60
Q

Personality tends to become more ______ with age

A

stable

61
Q

Subtle changes in personality occur over time, especially during _____

A

early twenties

62
Q

Conscientiousness and agreeableness show gradual ____ with time, while openness, extraversion, and neuroticism _____ until around 50 years old

A

increase

decrease

63
Q

Self control: ______ from ages 4-18 then _______

A

increases

levels off

64
Q

Differences in self control can have long term impact on ______

A

achievement

65
Q

_______ impulsivity (_____ self control) = lower GPA, more likely to drop out of college, only for students with high SAT scores (intelligent)

A

high

low

66
Q

Personality changes in men:

Sharp ______ in ambition; ______ in autonomy, leadership motivation, achievement, and dominance

A

decrease

increase

67
Q

Personality changes in women:

_______ in femininity from early 40s through early 50s

A

decrease

68
Q

Divorced moms, women without kids, and working moms have ______ in independence

A

increase

69
Q

Traditional homemaker moms show no _____ in independence

A

increase

70
Q

Significant life events can have a dramatic effect on _____

A

personality

71
Q

significant life events that affect a large population can result in ________

A

cohort effects

72
Q

________ (M and F) and ________ (M) at marriage are associated with marital dissatisfaction

A

neuroticism

impulse control

73
Q

________ and ________ have been linked with substance abuse problems and emotional problems

A

neuroticism

impulse control

74
Q

_________ and ________ in adolescence are linked with later life religiousity

A

agreeableness

conscientiousness

75
Q

Associated with better health:
____ extraversion and conscientiousness
____ hostility and neuroticism

A

high

low

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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