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Theories of Personality > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Introduced Phrenology, and 27 organs of the brain

A

Franz Joseph Gall

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2
Q

had a brain injury that changed his personality

A

Phineas Gage

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3
Q

thought body type determined personality; endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph

A

William H. Sheldon

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4
Q

Differences in physiology indicate differences in ________ functioning

A

psychological

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5
Q

The best studies combine ______ reports with _______ tests

A

self

physiological

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6
Q

What is the goal of physiological approaches?

A

try to find physiological factors that influence and are influenced by personality characteristics

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7
Q

What are the pros of measuring electrical responses by using electrodes?

A

noninvasive

no discomfort

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8
Q

What is the con of measuring electrical responses by using electrodes?

A

movement confined

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9
Q

measures electrical impulses generated by movement of muscles

A

facial electromyography

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10
Q

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) measures _________ activity

A

electrodermal

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11
Q

GSR measures responses to what 3 things?

A
  1. sudden noise
  2. pain
  3. high arousal emotions
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12
Q

measure of stress reactivity

A

blood pressure

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13
Q

increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, and cognitive effort

A

heart rate

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14
Q

degree of increase in blood pressure and heart rate under stress

A

cardiac reactivity

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15
Q

Cardiovascular activity is tested with what?

A

backward serial subtraction

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16
Q

People with a type A personality have greater _________

A

reactivity

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17
Q

Electrical activity in the brain is measured with _______

A

electrodes (EEG)

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18
Q

maps structure/function of brain; PET, fMRI

A

brain imaging

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19
Q

Brain imaging measures _______

A

blood flow

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20
Q

hormone associated with risk-taking, sexuality, and dominance

A

testosterone

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21
Q

hormones associated with affiliation and agreeableness

A

progesterone and oxytocin

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22
Q

hormone that increases with distress

A

cortisol

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23
Q

Differences in physiology indicate difference in _______ functioning, and create differences in _________

A

psychological; personality

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24
Q

The relationship between personality and physiology will depend on your ________ to your physiological responses to the environment

A

adaptation

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25
Q

What does the reticular formation detect?

A

changes in physiological arousal

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26
Q

claimed that the Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS) is the gateway from sensation to arousal

A

Eysenck

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27
Q

individuals vary in how much arousal they need to feel comfortable

A

optimal arousal (Hebb)

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28
Q

What are the 2 hypothesized brain systems?

A

behavioral activation system (BAS)

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

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29
Q

brain system responsive to reward; regulates approach behavior; leads to high impulsivity; associated with extraversion

A

behavior activation system (BAS)

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30
Q

brain system responsive to punishment; regulates “avoidance” behavior; leads to high anxiety; associated with neuroticism

A

behavior inhibition system (BIS)

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31
Q

The ______ system (amygdala) produces automatic emotional responses from incoming sensory input

A

limbic

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32
Q

The ___________ allows conscious attempts at emotion regulation

A

prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

The left hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex is associated with ________ motivation and _______ affect.

A

approach

positive

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34
Q

The right hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex is associated with _______ motivation and _________ affect.

A

avoidance

negative affect

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35
Q

BAS sensitivity is associated with ________ and ________

A

impulsivity

reward seeking

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36
Q

BIS sensitivity is associated with _______

A

anxiety

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37
Q

The amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal circuit are associated with what big 5 personality trait?

A

Neuroticism

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38
Q

part of the brain associated with memory; compares current vs. previous experience; OK not OK check

A

hippocampus

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39
Q

greater activation of the cingulate gyrus and dorsal (medial) prefrontal cortex is associated with what big 5 personality characteristic?

A

neuroticism

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40
Q

states that people strive for their optimal level of arousal

A

Hebb’s theory

41
Q

person associated with sensory deprivation research

A

Zuckerman

42
Q

responsible for nerve impulses

A

neurotransmitters

43
Q

enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

44
Q

High sensation seekers have _____ MAO, _______ don’t get broken down as easily, and _______ inhibition of nerve impulses, which leads to _____ self control, which leads to _____ extreme behavior

A 
low
neurotransmitters
less
less
more
45
Q

hormone associated with pleasure and reward

A

dopamine

46
Q

hormone associated with mood

A

serotonin

47
Q

hormone associated with alertness and arousal

A

norepinephrine

48
Q

states that trait levels of neurotransmitters are linked to differences in personality

A

Cloninger’s Tridimensional Model

49
Q

Low _______ –> novelty seeking (OTE)
Low _______ –> harm avoidance (Neuroticism)
Low _______–> reward dependence (conscientiousness)

A

dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine

50
Q

Hormones are likely related to __________

A

personality characteristics

51
Q

trust related hormone

A

oxytocin

52
Q

High levels of ______ are associated with more agreeableness.

A

oxytocin

53
Q

hormone associated with anger and aggression

A

testosterone

54
Q

High levels of ______ are associated with lower agreeableness.

A

testosterone

55
Q

hormone released in response to stress

A

cortisol

56
Q

High levels of ______ are associated with higher neuroticism

A

cortisol

57
Q

Morningness vs. eveningness is due to differences in _________

A

biological rhythms

58
Q

daily cycle of alertness, body temp, etc.

A

circadian rhythm

59
Q

These people have a peak in body temperature and alertness early in the day and get sleepy early

A

morning people

60
Q

These people have a peak in body temperature and alertness later in the day and get sleepy later

A

evening people

61
Q

_______ psychology claims that personality consists of a few general motives

A

motivational

62
Q

give ambiguous stimuli, ask for interpretation, personality shown through response

A

projective techniques

63
Q

Levels of needs can be thought of as ____

A

traits

64
Q

theory that states that needs:
1. organize perception
2. organize action
3. by satisfying them, we reduce but do not eliminate tension
Proposed a list of 11 fundamental human needs organized into 4 categories

A

Murray’s theory of needs

65
Q

Murray’s theory of needs categories:

  1. achievement, exhibition, order
  2. affiliation, nurturance, succor
  3. abasement, aggression, order, blame/avoidance
  4. dominance
A
  1. ambition needs
  2. social affection
  3. social power
  4. status defense
66
Q

a projective test in which participants interpret ambiguous photos and perceive meaning; project own desires, emotions, and needs into story given

A

thematic apperception test (TAT)

67
Q

What is the assumption of the TAT?

A

needs will influence interpretation

68
Q

Projective test scores are not correlated with _____ scores

A

self report

69
Q

measure of implicit motives (unconscious desires/needs)

A

projective

70
Q

measure of explicit motives (reflect self-awareness of conscious motives)

A

self-report

71
Q

predict long term behavior trends (traits)

A

implicit motives

72
Q

predict responses to immediate situations, choices, and attitudes (state)

A

explicit motives

73
Q

internal states that arouse and direct behavior towards a goal; caused by a deficit or lack of a need

A

motives/drives

74
Q

Deprivation of needs leads to states of _____

A

tension

75
Q

Types of Needs:

  1. food/hunger, air/suffocation, water/thirst, sex/lust
  2. autonomy, competence, relatedness
  3. achievement, affiliation/intimacy, power
A
  1. physiological
  2. psychological
  3. social
76
Q

needs based more in biology than psychology; cyclical (triggered by the passage of time)

A

physiological

77
Q

needs based more in psychology than biology; context dependent (triggered by external events)

A

psychological/social

78
Q

needs common to all humans

A

psychological

79
Q

needs distinct between humans

A

social

80
Q

People with high nAch prefer activities that are __________

A

modestly challenging

81
Q

difficulty of behavior (or effort) influences the effort of a consequence

A

incentive-behavior contrast

82
Q

People with high each enjoy tasks in which they are ________ for the outcome; they prefer tasks in which _______ is available

A

personally responsible

feedback

83
Q

degree to which society tolerates failure and error making

A

failure tolerance

84
Q

probability of performing the behavior

A

efficiency outcome

85
Q

probability that behavior will lead to outcome

A

outcome expectancy

86
Q

growing in understanding of the task (incremental)

A

mastery

87
Q

outperform others/show off performance (entity)

A

performance approach

88
Q

not failing (entity)

A

performance avoidance

89
Q

People with high ______ want to influence, impact, and control

A

nPow

90
Q

assertiveness, arguments, government positions, games of chance, and signs of status are all correlates of ______

A

power

91
Q

What is the gender difference in regards to nPow?

A

high nPow men act impulsively and aggressively

92
Q

fear of interpersonal rejection

A

need for affiliation (naïf) or need for approval (nApp)

93
Q

preference for warm, close, communicative interactions

A

need for intimacy (nInt)

94
Q

desire for an answer to a question

A

need for closure

95
Q

enjoyment in thinking, analysis, and problem solving

A

need for cognition

96
Q

says that basic/lower needs must be satisfied first, then move up

A

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

97
Q

According to Roger’s Humanistic Theory, a fully functioning person is moving towards ___________

A

self-actualization

98
Q

must satisfy conditions of worth to be valued

A

conditional postitive regard

99
Q

will be valued no matter what; key to successful development and self actualization

A

unconditional positive regard

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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