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Anatomy and Physiology of speech > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
I OLFACTORY
II OPTIC
III OCULOMOTOR
IV TROCHLEAR
V TRIGEMINAL
VI ABDUCENS
VII FACIAL
VIII VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
X VAGUS
XI SPINAL ACCESSORY
XII HYPOGLOSSAL
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2
Q

12 cranial nerves summary

A

I Olfactory: smell–>sensory
II Optic: vision: eyelid and eyeballs=sensory
III Oculomotor: eyeball=motor
IV Trochlear: eyeball (up and down)=motor
V Trigeminal:mastication and sensation to the mouth=both
VI Abducens: eye balls(running vision)= motor
VII Facial:facial movements, taste, salivary glands=both
VIII Vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance=sensory
IX Glossopharyngeal: taste, velar movements and taste = both
X Vagus: laryngeal movement, laryngeal sensation, heart and stomach= both
XI A spinal: neck movements= motor
XII Hypoglossal: tongue movement=motor

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3
Q

which cranial nerves have sensory FUNCTIONS?

A

I Olfactory: smell
II Optical: vision
VIII Auditory (vestibulocochlear): hearing and balance

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4
Q

Which cranial nerves have motor functions?

A 
III Oculomotor: eyelid and eyeball movement
IV Trochlear: eyeball movement 
VI Abducens: eyeball movement
XI (Spinal) accessory: neck muscle
XII Hypoglossal : tongue movement
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5
Q

Which cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions?

A

V Trigeminal: mastication and sensation to the face
VII Facial: facial movements, taste, salivary glands
IX Glossopharyngeal: velar movements, taste
X Vagus: laryngeal movements, laryngeal sensation, heart & stomach

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6
Q

Explain the term afferent nerve

A

afferent=sensory=up ( ARRIVE) ASCENDING SIGNALS

  • Information from periphery to brain ex: smell, pain
  • neurons located outside of the CNS
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7
Q

Explain the term efferent nerve

A

motor= down and out (EXECUTE) DESCENDING SIGNALS

  • information from the upper motor neurons to the brainstem (lower motor neurons) to the oro-facial muscles.
  • located in the brainstem. .
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8
Q

define the term cranial nerve

A
  • part of the peripheral nervous system
  • provide the head & neck musculature with motor commands, & send sensory information from the head and neck to the brain.
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9
Q

clinical notes of cranial nerve V trigeminal

A

lesion of:

  • main pontine sensory nucleus=IPSILATAREL
  • spinal nucleus & peripheral nerve=TRIMINAL NEURALGIA (pain, demyelination)
  • UMN=minimal bilateral weakness & chewing. JAW JERK REFLEX
  • LMN=jaw DEVIATION on legion side=ATROPHY
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10
Q

clinical notes of cranial nerve VII facial

A

lesions of:
-UMN & corticobulbar tract= CONTRALATERAL PARALYSIS OF LOWER FACE ONLY
-LMN & peripheral nerve : IPSILATERAL PARALYSIS OF THE WHOLE SIDE OF THE FACE
-Any compression of VII=BELL’S PALSY:
LMN & nucleus salivatory;ONE SIDE PARLAYSED UP+DOWN; Hyperacusis (no stapedius reflex absent); Dry eye (parasymathical)
-Sensory nucleus: TASTE FUNCTION
-cortical nucleus: MINIMAL ON TASTE coz of bilateral prejection

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11
Q

clinical notes of cranial nerve XII hypoglossal

A

lesions of:
LMN & peripheral= TONGUE DEVIATION ON SAME SIDE OF LESION ; FLACCID PARALYSIS of the tongue; FASCICULATION; ATROPHY ON WEAK SIDE
-UMN & corticobulbar: TONGUE DEVIATION ON OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE LESION

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12
Q

What is the function of the I Olfactory nerve?

A

SMELL-sensory

tract of axons which terminates in the cortex

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13
Q

What is the function of the II Optical nerve?

A

Vision-sensory

optical tract from the retina to the optic chiasm

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14
Q

What is the function of the III Oculomotor nerve?

A

Motor; UNILATERAL INERVATION of eye lielid movement, PUPIL CONTRICTION, superior colliculus

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15
Q

What is the function of the IV Trochlear nerve?

A

Motor:UNILATERAL INNERVATION of Eyeball UP & DOWN.
-downward/lateral eyeball movement.
inferior colliculus

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16
Q

What is the function of the V Trigemal nerve?

A

Sensory and motor= MASTICATION & SENSATION TO THE FACE.
OPTHALMIC: forehead, eyes, nose (sens)
MAXILLAR: upper lip/teeth, cheeks & palate
MANDIBULAR: tongue, mandible, lower lip/teeth, cheeks, parts of ext. ear
MOTOR FUNCTION: UMN BILATERAL INNERVATION from the cortex to the LMN 50-50 (masseter,temporalis, external/internal pterygoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani)

17
Q

What is the function of the VI Abducens nerve?

A

Unilateral innervation of the muscles that move the eyeball laterally (side to side)

18
Q

What is the function of the VII facial nerve?

A

FACIAL, SALIVARY GLAND
3 nuclei in brainstem
-Motor: innervates all facial muscles Parasympathetic :innervates glands of eyes and under tongue
-Sensory nucleus taste of 1st 2/3rd of tongue
Innervates: bilateral inn. of upper face muscles
unilateral/contralateral motor inn. of lower face (Only contralateral)

19
Q

What is the function of the VIII vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

HEARING AND BALANCE-sensory
oThe spiral ganglion contains the bipolar cells that innervate the cochlea
oThe Scarpa’s ganglion containing the bipolar cells that innervate the labyrinth.

20
Q

What is the function of the IX Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A 
VELAR MOVEMENTS/TASTE: motor-sensory
nuclei in the brainstem
-sensory:2nd&3rd of tongue, afferent part of gag reflex
parasympatic: parotid gland
motor: stylopharyngeus
21
Q

What is the function of the X vagus nerve?

A

motor: bilateral, pharyngeal, laryngeal
parasympathetic: heart, stomach, digestive tract
sensory: pharynx, meninges

22
Q

What is the function of the XI accessory Spinal nerve?

A

neck muscles: Head turn and tilt, sternum and clavicle raise (sternocleidomastoid)
shrugging the shoulders (trapezius)

23
Q

What is the function of the XII Hypoglossal nerve?

A

TONGUE MOVEMENTS-SENSORY

  • INTRINSIC muscles: SHORTENING, concaving,NARROWING, elongating and flattening
  • EXTRINSIC muscles: tongue OUT (genioglossus), UPWARD & BACKWARD drawing (styloglossus) & RETRACTION and depression (hyoglossus)
24
Q

Define Bilateral innervation

A

muscles innervated by cranial nerves that receive fibers from both cerebral hemispheres 50-50

25
Q

Unilateral innervation:

A

cranial nerves receive only information from one hemisphere 80-20.

26
Q

Contralateral innervation:

A

opposites sides

27
Q

Ipsilateral innervation:

A

same sides

28
Q

problems with XII hypoglossal

A

LESIONS
LMN and peripheral : Tongue deviation to the same side of lesion during protrusion; Flaccid paralysis of the tongue; Fasciculation; Atrophy on the weak/paralyzed side
-UMN and corticobulbar : Tongue deviations to the opposite side of the lesion during protrusion

LESIONS
upper=opposite side weak
lower=same side weak
innervates contralateral

29
Q

problems with olfactory

A

-Loss of ABILIITY TO SMELL= boxers due to head injuries (anosmia), unilateral (rarely)-bilateral.
-Causes : Viral infections due to MENIOGIOMA & METASTASIS metastasis
Red flag: complaints of loss of taste; could be an early sign of Parkinson disease

30
Q

problems with the optic nerve

A

problems: hemanopsia & quandratanopsia

31
Q

problems with vestibulocochlear nerve/clinical notes of cranial nerve VIII

A
  • SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS (not conductive) & VERTIGO
  • possible in connection with BALANCE PROBLEMS (often tested in connection with cranial nerves responsible for eye movement).
32
Q

what can cause sensory lesions to the V trigeminal?

A

trauma, tumor metastasis, herpes zoster, trigeminal neuralgia

33
Q

causes of problems with VIII vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Meningitis, ototoxic drugs, head trauma, viral infections, tumors, rarely (CVA)

Anatomy and Physiology of speech (8 decks)

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