exam 3

Question 1

MUSCLES OF THE MANDIBLE function

Answer 1

Jaw stabilizator/opener

. mastication. assists the lips and tongue during speech production.

Question 2

JAW closer MUSCLES/elevate mandible and function

Answer 2

• Masseter: elevates the mandible
• Temporalis: elevates and draw back the mandible
• Internal /medial pterygoid: elevates mandible
• External/lateral pterygoid: protudes mandible

Question 3

JAW opener MUSCLES/lower mandible and function

Answer 3

• Digastricus muscle (anterior belly): pulls the hyoid forward; depresses the mandible if in conjunction with posterior digastricus
• Digastricus muscle (posterior belly): pulls the hyoid back; depresses the mandible if in conjunction with anterior digastricus
• Mylohyoid muscle: Depresses mandible
• Geniohyoid muscle: Depresses mandible

Question 4

The tongue

Answer 4

The tongue is the most important articulator and its musculature is dominated by intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.

Question 5

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 5

To set the basic posture of the tongue, move the tongue as a unit.
Extrinsic: move the tongue where it needs to be

Question 6

Name the extrinsinc muscles of the tongue

Answer 6

• Genioglossus:thickest, fibers: Anterior retracts the tongue/down to teeth; posterior protrude the tongue/stick tongue out, both fibers depress the tongue.
• Hyoglossus: pulls side of the tongue down
• Styloglossus: moves from one corner to other of mouth / both contract draws the tongue back and up–> with palatoglossus
• Palatoglossus: elevates the tongue or depresses the soft palate
• Chondroglossus: depresses the tongue

Question 7

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 7

responsible for fine tuning the articulatory movement.shape the tongue –fine tune movement

Question 8

Name the intrinsinc muscles of the tongue

Answer 8

1. Superior longitudinal: curl up.elevates, , or deviates the tip of the tongue
2. Inferior longitudinal: bend down.Pulls tip of the tongue downward, assists in retraction, and deviates the tongue.
3. Transverse: narrow and long
4. Vertical: flat, thin & wide.Pull the tongue down into the floor of the mouth

Question 9

Explain the elevation of different part of the tongue

Answer 9

• Tip of the tongue: alveolar; retroflex/dental
• Tongue blade: palate-alveolar
• Back of tongue: velopharyngeal

Question 10

Name the muscles of the lips

Answer 10

• obicularis: puckering, putting pressure on front teeth, not to create an overbite
• buccinator:retracts the lips, puts pressure side ways against teeth
• risorus: smiling muscle
• mentalis:pushes lower up, for people with low orbicularis, it is a helper
• levator labii superioris:elevates the upper lips
• depressor labii inferioris:dilates orifice by pulling the lips down and out.

Question 11

SOURCE FILTER THEORY

Answer 11

A voicing sourcing is generated by the vocal folds and routed through the vocal tract where it is shaped into the sound of speech
Production of speech, the larynx is the source; vocal fold vibrates to produce harmonics that are then shaped by the lips and tongue

Question 12

HOW TO INSTRUMENTALLY ASSESS SPEECH MOVEMENT

Answer 12

•X-Ray imaging:2 D (horizontal, vertical)
•Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA):
3 D horizontal, vertical and lateral
•Ultrasonic imaging: info on tongue surface shapes during speech –>kids
•Motion capture Systems: track movement on the surface but not of oral cavity

Question 13

PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase one

Answer 13

1)Oral transport: propel food back, quick phase, velum elevates, tongue pushes upward against the palate and pushes the food backward

Question 14

PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase two

Answer 14

2)Pharyngeal: starts when food passes anterior fallasial pilar, not voluntarily controlled/automatic, goes to auto-pilot from this point.cant stop swallowing , larynx upward, hyoid bone forward to open osephagus .Vocal cords come together to protect airways, and cricorforegusis sphincter relax to allow the stretching of the larynx by moving upward to open up

Question 15

PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase three

Answer 15

3)Esophagus(starts when food enters esophagus and ends when it enters the stomach

Question 16

7.CAUSES OF DYSPHAGIA (difficulty to swallow)

Answer 16

1) Organic: motor problem with tongue movement, pushing food back (oral phase dysphagia) sensory problems, feeling that food gets into your throat , sensation nerve damage that will not bring the info back into the brain-brain damage
2) Functional(without organic cause):Pressure feeling in throat without anything being organically wrong inside

Question 17

8.MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH VELAR MUSCLE

Velar =Velum + Uvula

Answer 17

The velum “curtain” has 4 tissues of layers
•Glandular layer toward the under surface (oral surface) with adipose tissue
•Muscle tissue in the middle layer
•Upper front layer with connecting tissue tendon
•Lower back layer with granular tissue

Question 18

Uvula

Answer 18

The Uvula “little grape”: has a richer vascular system than the velum (soft palate)

Question 19

a)Palatal levator:

Answer 19

pulls velum upward for closure)Veli Palatini

Question 20

b)Palatal tensor:

Answer 20

(doesn’t really tense)Dilates/ opens the Eustachian tubemain actual function.

Question 21

c)Uvulus/Musculus ovulae

Answer 21

(stiffens and provides muscle tone)

Question 22

d)Palatoglossus

Answer 22

:lift the tongue upward, and you fixate the tongue it moves the tongue downward)

Question 23

e)Palatopharyngeus

Answer 23

: (antagonist of palatoglossus)

Question 24

VELOPHARYNGEAL FUNCTION

Answer 24

Ability to open and close velopharyngeal port will affect: speech, swallowing, pressure relief in the middle ear (open EU), breathing (builds air pressure)
•Velum moves upward and backward toward the pharyngeal wall in anticipation of the vowel

Question 25

9.SOUNDS PRODUCED WITH VELOPHARYNGEAL PORT OPEN AND CLOSEdue to muscle interaction

Answer 25

Lateral pharyngeal walls move inward
High vowels have more closure than low vowels
Low: tongue downward, velum upwardless velar closure
High: tongue and velum upwardmore velar closure

Question 26

Adenoids

Answer 26

larger in infantseasier velopharyngeal closure (not much contraction needed) and that is why children sound stuffy and hypo nasal. (sudden hypernasality after surgery)
Adenoids get smaller and smaller/atrophy as we grow older so speech changes to hyper nasalitymore strength and pressure in muscles to contract them to obtain velopharyngeal closure.

Question 27

•For hearing

Answer 27

velum helps with pressure equalization & relievetucking force on eardrum

Question 28

•Snoring:

Answer 28

Laying down causes the velum to flatter around and vibrate and causes snoring, and the tongue falls back and constrict the airway (also sleep apnea). More layer of fat increase
•

Question 29

Studies of velum production

Answer 29

: x-ray imaging (research), direct visualization (movement of velum in pronouncing ‘a’), MRI better (several shot at the time), flexible endoscopy, aeromechanical( pneumotachometer, measure airflow through nose air mask); Acoustical observation ( nasalance measurement

Question 30

10.VELOPHARYNGEAL DISORDERS: organic

Answer 30

1)Organic: Congenital cleft of the hard/soft palate and/or upper lip. Submucuous cleft of the hard/soft palate and/or upper lip. Velar deformation velum too short/large. Trauma, Tumor growth, Neurogenic (stroke, TBI, cerebal palsy, ALS, myasthenia gravix, multiplesceloris).

Question 31

10.VELOPHARYNGEAL DISORDERS : functional

Answer 31

2)Functional: There is no known physical cause, could be seen as a habitual hyper/hyponasality during speech production. in speech in general or only during specific sounds.

Question 32

Consonants

Answer 32

Raspberry help babies to know how much force control and constriction of air they need to produce speech sound. (configuration of the tongue is hard to make-reason kids take a while to produce- r).

Question 33

Vowels

Answer 33

Harder to make than consonant (reason why when you learn a second language later in life, makes it hard to pronounce

Question 34

Consonant production

Answer 34

Manner/place/voicing. Ex: mama said first by babies
FYI speech flows together as a continuous movement
“u” can be produced with/without lip rounding

Question 35

Fast speech

Answer 35

Specific vocal configurations will enhance specific harmonics and damper other.
Fast speech is harder to understand because the sounds are not as distinct as in slower speed

Question 36

Vowels production

Answer 36

Ex: hold nose to find out what velum is doing. Contracted versus flaccid for pressure sound. Constraction of velum, guides air through mouth causing friction.
For vowel production the velum is usually closes air airways.
Low vowels are the first that will have problems and you sound more nasal.

Question 37

Sound filtering

Answer 37

Bilabial: both lips working to make sound ex: b, p, w
Labiodental: lip and teeth ex: v, f