exam 3 Flashcards
ready for exam
MUSCLES OF THE MANDIBLE function
Jaw stabilizator/opener
. mastication. assists the lips and tongue during speech production.
JAW closer MUSCLES/elevate mandible and function
- Masseter: elevates the mandible
- Temporalis: elevates and draw back the mandible
- Internal /medial pterygoid: elevates mandible
- External/lateral pterygoid: protudes mandible
JAW opener MUSCLES/lower mandible and function
- Digastricus muscle (anterior belly): pulls the hyoid forward; depresses the mandible if in conjunction with posterior digastricus
- Digastricus muscle (posterior belly): pulls the hyoid back; depresses the mandible if in conjunction with anterior digastricus
- Mylohyoid muscle: Depresses mandible
- Geniohyoid muscle: Depresses mandible
The tongue
The tongue is the most important articulator and its musculature is dominated by intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
To set the basic posture of the tongue, move the tongue as a unit.
Extrinsic: move the tongue where it needs to be
Name the extrinsinc muscles of the tongue
- Genioglossus:thickest, fibers: Anterior retracts the tongue/down to teeth; posterior protrude the tongue/stick tongue out, both fibers depress the tongue.
- Hyoglossus: pulls side of the tongue down
- Styloglossus: moves from one corner to other of mouth / both contract draws the tongue back and up–> with palatoglossus
- Palatoglossus: elevates the tongue or depresses the soft palate
- Chondroglossus: depresses the tongue
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
responsible for fine tuning the articulatory movement.shape the tongue –fine tune movement
Name the intrinsinc muscles of the tongue
- Superior longitudinal: curl up.elevates, , or deviates the tip of the tongue
- Inferior longitudinal: bend down.Pulls tip of the tongue downward, assists in retraction, and deviates the tongue.
- Transverse: narrow and long
- Vertical: flat, thin & wide.Pull the tongue down into the floor of the mouth
Explain the elevation of different part of the tongue
- Tip of the tongue: alveolar; retroflex/dental
- Tongue blade: palate-alveolar
- Back of tongue: velopharyngeal
Name the muscles of the lips
- obicularis: puckering, putting pressure on front teeth, not to create an overbite
- buccinator:retracts the lips, puts pressure side ways against teeth
- risorus: smiling muscle
- mentalis:pushes lower up, for people with low orbicularis, it is a helper
- levator labii superioris:elevates the upper lips
- depressor labii inferioris:dilates orifice by pulling the lips down and out.
SOURCE FILTER THEORY
A voicing sourcing is generated by the vocal folds and routed through the vocal tract where it is shaped into the sound of speech
Production of speech, the larynx is the source; vocal fold vibrates to produce harmonics that are then shaped by the lips and tongue
HOW TO INSTRUMENTALLY ASSESS SPEECH MOVEMENT
•X-Ray imaging:2 D (horizontal, vertical)
•Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA):
3 D horizontal, vertical and lateral
•Ultrasonic imaging: info on tongue surface shapes during speech –>kids
•Motion capture Systems: track movement on the surface but not of oral cavity
PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase one
1)Oral transport: propel food back, quick phase, velum elevates, tongue pushes upward against the palate and pushes the food backward
PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase two
2)Pharyngeal: starts when food passes anterior fallasial pilar, not voluntarily controlled/automatic, goes to auto-pilot from this point.cant stop swallowing , larynx upward, hyoid bone forward to open osephagus .Vocal cords come together to protect airways, and cricorforegusis sphincter relax to allow the stretching of the larynx by moving upward to open up
PHASE OF THE SWALLOWING PROCESS DESCRIPTION: phase three
3)Esophagus(starts when food enters esophagus and ends when it enters the stomach
7.CAUSES OF DYSPHAGIA (difficulty to swallow)
1) Organic: motor problem with tongue movement, pushing food back (oral phase dysphagia) sensory problems, feeling that food gets into your throat , sensation nerve damage that will not bring the info back into the brain-brain damage
2) Functional(without organic cause):Pressure feeling in throat without anything being organically wrong inside
8.MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH VELAR MUSCLE
Velar =Velum + Uvula
The velum “curtain” has 4 tissues of layers
•Glandular layer toward the under surface (oral surface) with adipose tissue
•Muscle tissue in the middle layer
•Upper front layer with connecting tissue tendon
•Lower back layer with granular tissue
Uvula
The Uvula “little grape”: has a richer vascular system than the velum (soft palate)
a)Palatal levator:
pulls velum upward for closure)Veli Palatini
b)Palatal tensor:
(doesn’t really tense)Dilates/ opens the Eustachian tubemain actual function.
c)Uvulus/Musculus ovulae
(stiffens and provides muscle tone)
d)Palatoglossus
:lift the tongue upward, and you fixate the tongue it moves the tongue downward)
e)Palatopharyngeus
: (antagonist of palatoglossus)
VELOPHARYNGEAL FUNCTION
Ability to open and close velopharyngeal port will affect: speech, swallowing, pressure relief in the middle ear (open EU), breathing (builds air pressure)
•Velum moves upward and backward toward the pharyngeal wall in anticipation of the vowel
9.SOUNDS PRODUCED WITH VELOPHARYNGEAL PORT OPEN AND CLOSEdue to muscle interaction
Lateral pharyngeal walls move inward
High vowels have more closure than low vowels
Low: tongue downward, velum upwardless velar closure
High: tongue and velum upwardmore velar closure
Adenoids
larger in infantseasier velopharyngeal closure (not much contraction needed) and that is why children sound stuffy and hypo nasal. (sudden hypernasality after surgery)
Adenoids get smaller and smaller/atrophy as we grow older so speech changes to hyper nasalitymore strength and pressure in muscles to contract them to obtain velopharyngeal closure.
•For hearing
velum helps with pressure equalization & relievetucking force on eardrum
•Snoring:
Laying down causes the velum to flatter around and vibrate and causes snoring, and the tongue falls back and constrict the airway (also sleep apnea). More layer of fat increase
•
Studies of velum production
: x-ray imaging (research), direct visualization (movement of velum in pronouncing ‘a’), MRI better (several shot at the time), flexible endoscopy, aeromechanical( pneumotachometer, measure airflow through nose air mask); Acoustical observation ( nasalance measurement
10.VELOPHARYNGEAL DISORDERS: organic
1)Organic: Congenital cleft of the hard/soft palate and/or upper lip. Submucuous cleft of the hard/soft palate and/or upper lip. Velar deformation velum too short/large. Trauma, Tumor growth, Neurogenic (stroke, TBI, cerebal palsy, ALS, myasthenia gravix, multiplesceloris).
10.VELOPHARYNGEAL DISORDERS : functional
2)Functional: There is no known physical cause, could be seen as a habitual hyper/hyponasality during speech production. in speech in general or only during specific sounds.
Consonants
Raspberry help babies to know how much force control and constriction of air they need to produce speech sound. (configuration of the tongue is hard to make-reason kids take a while to produce- r).
Vowels
Harder to make than consonant (reason why when you learn a second language later in life, makes it hard to pronounce
Consonant production
Manner/place/voicing. Ex: mama said first by babies
FYI speech flows together as a continuous movement
“u” can be produced with/without lip rounding
Fast speech
Specific vocal configurations will enhance specific harmonics and damper other.
Fast speech is harder to understand because the sounds are not as distinct as in slower speed
Vowels production
Ex: hold nose to find out what velum is doing. Contracted versus flaccid for pressure sound. Constraction of velum, guides air through mouth causing friction.
For vowel production the velum is usually closes air airways.
Low vowels are the first that will have problems and you sound more nasal.
Sound filtering
Bilabial: both lips working to make sound ex: b, p, w
Labiodental: lip and teeth ex: v, f
