exam 4 Flashcards
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THE 5 LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM
parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital and insula.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Frontal lobe
Judgment, reasoning, intellectual functioning, personality, abstract thinking and long term memory.
Alcohol reduces the frontal lobe function, and constant usages of it will have a permanent effect on the frontal lobe.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Temporal lobe
hearing center.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Parietal lobe
body sensation/somatosensory
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Occipital lobe
vision
WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE insula
programming of speech movement/speech motor control. Allows the muscle of the mouth to move the way you want them to move/sequence of words.
Problems with this lobe apraxia ex: saying POT instead of TOP.
What are the frontal lobes areas? and particular functions?
Frontal lobe areas:
•Primary motor area:motorstrip;homunculus
•Premotor area: supplementary motor area and association area planning to make movement
•Broca area: only in one hemisphere and usually left broca’s aphasia: speech non-fluent; comprehension better than production. Problems generating words to communicate.
What are the temporal lobes areas? and particular functions?
the primary and secondary area and provides the interpretation of sounds as well as the meaning of the spoken words.
•Wernicke area: (in one sphere usually left) important for integration of sensory input. Depicts phonetics, decode, lexicon.
What are the parietal lobes areas? and particular functions?
Primary somatosensory cortex; homunculus. Receives information from receptors located throughout the body
•Secondary somatosensory cortex association area. Receives information that gas already been processed deeper in the brain
•Sensory inputs: deals with shapes, sizes, weight, texture, consistency. These sensory also deal with touch, pressure and position.
What are the occipital lobes areas? and particular functions?
Primary visual cortex: receives most direct signal from the eyes recognizes.
•Secondary visual cortex: visual association area; interpretation and discrimination of visual input; understanding the meaning of written words.
A disorder would be when you can see things but not being able to describe them
WHAT IS THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN GREY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER?
Firing + information traveling
Fibers that make up the communication link between the neurons, needed for neural function
1.Grey matter: cell bodies/nucleus and neurons
2.White matter: myelinated axons and dendrites; supporting cells.
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS?
Arcuate fasciculus (white): connects Wernicke to broca area; enables to repeat what you hear; also phonological loop. allows superior & middle frontal gyri to communicate with the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. intact language comprehension; Difficulty with word repetition
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSOM?
Corpus callosum (white): dendrite connects right hemisphere to left hemisphere.
LIST THE PARTS OF THE BASIL GANGLIA
Involved in the control of movement •Caudate nucleus •Globus pallidus •Puramen •Subthalamic nucleus •Substancia nigra
WHAT DISORDERS CAN RESULT FROM LESIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA?
Lesions of the basal ganglia can lead to Parkinson disease not enough movement/hypokynesia; Huntington’s chorea: too much movement/hyperkynesia
LABEL MAIN ARTERIES IN THE BRAIN
blood supply: heart
aorta;vertebral,basilar artery,posterior cerebral
aorta,common carotid-erternal carotid & internal carotid (anterior & middle cerebral)
WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CVA/Cerebral Vascular Accidents?
1.Thrombotic: blockage due to clot within artery. Stenosis; narrowing of artery builds and stops.
Waste building; High cholesterol, fat, clots?
2.Hemorrhagic: bursting of vessel in brain; congenital; advanced arteriosclerosis; aneurysm/weal point in artery wall.
3.Embolic: blockage of artery from a travelling particleclots move flow and stop
Cholesterol, blood clots, bubble of air, a piece of tumor tissue, a clump of bacteria, bone marrow.
WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Middle Cerebral artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?
most of cerebrum:temporal+ parts of frontal, parietal and occipital
•Contralateral hemilplegia: weakness in one side of the body; face and arms usually more affected than legs.
•Cortical hyporthesia: numbness in the same side of motor control
•Hemianopsia: loss of half of the vision in each eye
•Aphasia: if dominant hemisphere is affected; lexicon destructiondifficulty finding words.
•Visual agnosia: inability to assign meaning to what is being seen.
•Apraxia: difficulty to move mouths for speech.
•Unilateral dysarthia:?articulation disorder caused by nerve damage (stammering, stuttering)
WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Anterior Cerebral Artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?
frontal lobe
•Paralysis: contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis of 1 side of the body) of left only.
•Cognitive; emotional; personality changes: Attention; memory; judgment; reasoning; learning
•Apraxia gait
WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Posterior Cerebral Artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?
occipital lobe
•Dyslexia, dyscalculia: difficulty reading or recognizing words, difficulties with math.
•Memory impairments, higher cognitive functions: cerebellar functions.
•Hemianopsia:loss of vision field in each eye
•Visual agnosia: Cortical blindness
•Ataxic dysarthria: cerebellar blood supply not coordinated, clumpsy (like drunk)
WHAT TRACT INNERVATES THE MUSCLES OF THE LIMBS?
The Cortico-Spinal tract(limbs)
•Neurons in primary motor cortex;
•upper motor neurons (UMN)
•Internal capsule
•Medulla oblongata : forms synapses with motor neurons in the gray matter in the spinal cord; Lower Motor Neurons(LMN); 80% cross over to the contralateral side and 20% stay on the same side.
Upper and medulla are needed to create movement
WHAT TRACT INNERVATES THE MUSCLES OF THE FACE?
The Cortico-Bulbar tract
•Controls movement of face, neck and articulators.
Pathway:
•Primary motor cortex (UMN);Internal capsule;Pons; Cross over to the; contralateral side; Synapse on LMN of cranial nerves; Bilateral connections are present for all cranial motor nuclei except; Lower facial nucleus of VII; Spinal accessory XI; Hypoglossal XII
LIST SYMPTOMS OF Lesion to the lower motoneurons
a.Flaccidity (no contraction/muscle tone)
b.Muscular weakness
c.Decreased reflexes
d.Fasciculations
e.Muscular atrophy
CVA (stroke; tumor growth) in the brainstem; degenerative diseases (ALS can attack both upper and lower motoneurons); viral infections that attack the lower motoneurons (poliomyelitis)
LIST SYMPTOMS OF Lesion to the upper motoneurons
a.Spasticity
b.Muscular weakness
c.Increased reflexes
d.Unilateral lesions (paralysis of contralateral sides)
e.Bilateral lesions (paralysis of both sides of the body)
CVA (cortical & subcortical areas not in brainstem) traumatic brain injury, stroke, tumor growth; degenerative
