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Anatomy and Physiology of speech > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

THE 5 LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM

A

parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital and insula.

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2
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Frontal lobe

A

Judgment, reasoning, intellectual functioning, personality, abstract thinking and long term memory.
Alcohol reduces the frontal lobe function, and constant usages of it will have a permanent effect on the frontal lobe.

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Temporal lobe

A

hearing center.

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4
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Parietal lobe

A

body sensation/somatosensory

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5
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE Occipital lobe

A

vision

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE insula

A

programming of speech movement/speech motor control. Allows the muscle of the mouth to move the way you want them to move/sequence of words.
Problems with this lobe apraxia ex: saying POT instead of TOP.

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7
Q

What are the frontal lobes areas? and particular functions?

A

Frontal lobe areas:
•Primary motor area:motorstrip;homunculus
•Premotor area: supplementary motor area and association area planning to make movement
•Broca area: only in one hemisphere and usually left broca’s aphasia: speech non-fluent; comprehension better than production. Problems generating words to communicate.

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8
Q

What are the temporal lobes areas? and particular functions?

A

the primary and secondary area and provides the interpretation of sounds as well as the meaning of the spoken words.
•Wernicke area: (in one sphere usually left) important for integration of sensory input. Depicts phonetics, decode, lexicon.

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9
Q

What are the parietal lobes areas? and particular functions?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex; homunculus. Receives information from receptors located throughout the body
•Secondary somatosensory cortex association area. Receives information that gas already been processed deeper in the brain
•Sensory inputs: deals with shapes, sizes, weight, texture, consistency. These sensory also deal with touch, pressure and position.

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10
Q

What are the occipital lobes areas? and particular functions?

A

Primary visual cortex: receives most direct signal from the eyes recognizes.
•Secondary visual cortex: visual association area; interpretation and discrimination of visual input; understanding the meaning of written words.
A disorder would be when you can see things but not being able to describe them

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11
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFERENCE BETWEEN GREY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER?

A

Firing + information traveling
Fibers that make up the communication link between the neurons, needed for neural function
1.Grey matter: cell bodies/nucleus and neurons
2.White matter: myelinated axons and dendrites; supporting cells.

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ARCUATE FASCICULUS?

A 
Arcuate fasciculus (white): connects Wernicke to broca area; enables to repeat what you hear; also phonological loop.
allows superior & middle frontal gyri to communicate with the temporal, parietal and occipital lobes.
intact language comprehension; Difficulty with word repetition
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13
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CORPUS CALLOSOM?

A

Corpus callosum (white): dendrite connects right hemisphere to left hemisphere.

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14
Q

LIST THE PARTS OF THE BASIL GANGLIA

A 
Involved in the control of movement
•Caudate nucleus
•Globus pallidus
•Puramen
•Subthalamic nucleus
•Substancia nigra
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15
Q

WHAT DISORDERS CAN RESULT FROM LESIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA?

A

Lesions of the basal ganglia can lead to Parkinson disease not enough movement/hypokynesia; Huntington’s chorea: too much movement/hyperkynesia

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16
Q

LABEL MAIN ARTERIES IN THE BRAIN

A

blood supply: heart
aorta;vertebral,basilar artery,posterior cerebral
aorta,common carotid-erternal carotid & internal carotid (anterior & middle cerebral)

17
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CVA/Cerebral Vascular Accidents?

A

1.Thrombotic: blockage due to clot within artery. Stenosis; narrowing of artery builds and stops.
Waste building; High cholesterol, fat, clots?
2.Hemorrhagic: bursting of vessel in brain; congenital; advanced arteriosclerosis; aneurysm/weal point in artery wall.
3.Embolic: blockage of artery from a travelling particleclots move flow and stop
Cholesterol, blood clots, bubble of air, a piece of tumor tissue, a clump of bacteria, bone marrow.

18
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Middle Cerebral artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?

A

most of cerebrum:temporal+ parts of frontal, parietal and occipital
•Contralateral hemilplegia: weakness in one side of the body; face and arms usually more affected than legs.
•Cortical hyporthesia: numbness in the same side of motor control
•Hemianopsia: loss of half of the vision in each eye
•Aphasia: if dominant hemisphere is affected; lexicon destructiondifficulty finding words.
•Visual agnosia: inability to assign meaning to what is being seen.
•Apraxia: difficulty to move mouths for speech.
•Unilateral dysarthia:?articulation disorder caused by nerve damage (stammering, stuttering)

19
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Anterior Cerebral Artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?

A

frontal lobe
•Paralysis: contralateral hemiplegia (paralysis of 1 side of the body) of left only.
•Cognitive; emotional; personality changes: Attention; memory; judgment; reasoning; learning
•Apraxia gait

20
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS ARE OBSERVED WHEN THE Posterior Cerebral Artery is NOT SUPPLYING BLOOD TO THEIR ASSIGNED AREAS IN THE BRAIN?

A

occipital lobe
•Dyslexia, dyscalculia: difficulty reading or recognizing words, difficulties with math.
•Memory impairments, higher cognitive functions: cerebellar functions.
•Hemianopsia:loss of vision field in each eye
•Visual agnosia: Cortical blindness
•Ataxic dysarthria: cerebellar blood supply not coordinated, clumpsy (like drunk)

21
Q

WHAT TRACT INNERVATES THE MUSCLES OF THE LIMBS?

A

The Cortico-Spinal tract(limbs)
•Neurons in primary motor cortex;
•upper motor neurons (UMN)
•Internal capsule
•Medulla oblongata : forms synapses with motor neurons in the gray matter in the spinal cord; Lower Motor Neurons(LMN); 80% cross over to the contralateral side and 20% stay on the same side.
Upper and medulla are needed to create movement

22
Q

WHAT TRACT INNERVATES THE MUSCLES OF THE FACE?

A

The Cortico-Bulbar tract
•Controls movement of face, neck and articulators.
Pathway:
•Primary motor cortex (UMN);Internal capsule;Pons; Cross over to the; contralateral side; Synapse on LMN of cranial nerves; Bilateral connections are present for all cranial motor nuclei except; Lower facial nucleus of VII; Spinal accessory XI; Hypoglossal XII

23
Q

LIST SYMPTOMS OF Lesion to the lower motoneurons

A

a.Flaccidity (no contraction/muscle tone)
b.Muscular weakness
c.Decreased reflexes
d.Fasciculations
e.Muscular atrophy
CVA (stroke; tumor growth) in the brainstem; degenerative diseases (ALS can attack both upper and lower motoneurons); viral infections that attack the lower motoneurons (poliomyelitis)

24
Q

LIST SYMPTOMS OF Lesion to the upper motoneurons

A

a.Spasticity
b.Muscular weakness
c.Increased reflexes
d.Unilateral lesions (paralysis of contralateral sides)
e.Bilateral lesions (paralysis of both sides of the body)
CVA (cortical & subcortical areas not in brainstem) traumatic brain injury, stroke, tumor growth; degenerative

25
Q

define ischemia

A

insufficent supply of blood tissue

26
Q

Define Necrosis

A

Death of tissue cells

27
Q

Define Infarction

A

An area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of ischemia

28
Q

What is the pyramidal system

A

–Skilled , voluntary movements
–Control independent limb movements, particularly hand and finger movements
–Conscious, higher-level control

29
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system

A

–Coordination of basic movements

–Suppression of undesired movements and reflexes

Anatomy and Physiology of speech (8 decks)

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