exam 5 Flashcards
memory
short term memory
long term memory
consolidation by the hippocampus
short term memory
working
electrical
stimulating nerve
Na+, K+
changing threshold
wont stick with you
long term memory
long term (synaptic) potentiation
time and recall
synapses that stimulated in particular order
structure formed
consolidation by the hippocampus
consolidates memories
compacts them
only sorting through same thing
area of brain with kind of info
with “memory loss”
actually, there is just more to sort through
ex) names over here, dates over there, numbers there, events there
basal nuclei
produce dopamine (inhibitory NT)- away from threshold- less likely to stimulate motor cortex and neuron
interact with motor areas
motor cortex
thalamus
cerebrum
doesn’t interact with muscle but earlier with the motor cortex
Parkinsons has lack of dopamine- cant stimulate libs to be steady
Diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
infundibulum
posterior pituitary gland
pineal gland
thalamus
Relay information from spinal cord to proper part of brain
Filter out background stuff from sensor information on the way up to the brain
sword’s motor information on the way down
cerebrum→ thalamus
Goes down right portion of spinal cord
for motion intended
ex) right vs left foot
hypothalamus
temperature regulation
blood vessels
shivering
Cardiovascular responses
Hunger and thirst
Controls activities of pituitary gland
infundibulum
Neural messages travel through infundibulum
Connections between pituitary gland and hypothalamus
stem
Substances travel through the blood
posterior pituitary gland
only part
made of neural tissue
anterior pituitary gland is made of epithelial tissue- not nervous system
pineal gland
melatonin (sleep)
diencephalon
more during winter (sun going down)
serotonin
CNS NT
not destroyed by enzymes
precursor to melatonin
more melatonin= less serotonin (winter)
related to clinical depression
SAD: seasonal depression
less serotonin in winter
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
treat depression
serotonin in the synapse longer
effects last longer
limbic system
includes part of frontal and temporal lobes plus diencephalon
parts of the brain working together
mostly smell
smell and emotions
smell is linked to emotion
interprets info about odors
brainstem
basic reflexes- keep alive
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation and sleep
midbrain
reflex- turning toward sound
following object that goes across field of vision with eyes and head
pons
repiration-some
medulla oblongata
main respiration
heart rate
blood pressure
timing
contract, turn off
(inhale, exhale)
reticular formation and sleep
arousal and wakefulness and alertness
if not “on” -asleep
if damaged- coordination extremely difficult
even to point of walking
cerebellum anatomy
gray matter on the surface
white matter on inside/ middle
arbor vitae
peduncles
cerebellum physiology
coordination
sensory feedback
arbor vitae
white matter
“tree of life”
peduncles
3 pathways that allow cerebrum to communicate with cerebellum
all 1 way
2 pathways go from brainstem and diencephalon → cerebellum
1 pathways goes from cerebellum → rest of CNS
spinal cord anatomy
posterior (dorsal) median sulcus
anterior (ventral) medial fissure
columns of white matter
horns of gray matter
gray commissure
association with spinal nerve
posterior median sulcus
divide back part of spinal cord in left and right halves
anterior medial fissure
divide front of spinal cord in left and right halves
more pronounced division
“fissure in the front”
columns of white matter
white- myelinated
on surface
posterior, lateral, anterior columns
pathways running length of spinal cord
horns of gray matter
gray- non myelinated
in center
anterior, lateral, posterior horns that line up with the columns
tails of butterfly at back
gray commissure
only area where left and right sides of spinal cord can communicate
no fissure or sulcus
association with spinal nerve
dorsal root
dorsal root ganglion
ventral root
dorsal root
only sensory nerves
sensory nerve enter spinal cord
dorsal root ganglion
sensory nerve cell bodies gather in cluster
take up space
bulge
unipolar
ventral root
motor nerve leave spinal cord
only motor nerves
cell bodies in gray matter
reflexes
reflex arc
the physical component
make reflexes
processed by interneurons
reflex behavior
behavior
unconcious
reflex arc
monosynaptic vs polysynaptic
autonomic vs somatic
monosynaptic vs polysynaptic
monosynaptic
one synapse
no interneuron
polysynaptic
interneuron
different levels of spinal cord
autonomic vs somatic
somatic
skeletal
can consciously control
1 continuous motor neuron cell
autonomic
smooth
cant consciously override
2 motor neurons back to back
reflex behavior
patellar reflex
withdraw reflex
crossed extensor reflex
patellar reflex
stimulus received by dendrites
stretch in quads due to reflex hammer
reflex
slightly contract quad
doctor looking at timing, force, exaggeration
withdraw reflex
pull foot away- need to balance so dont fall
stimulate hamstring of leg that needs to be contracted
crossed extensor reflex
somatic reflex
conscious control
stimulating hamstring of contracted leg
inhibit hamstring of other leg
one side stimulated, one side contracted
then, stimulate quadriceps on side of inhibited hamstring and vice versa to keep balance
crossed extensor
straghtening opposite limb
spinal cord tracts
located in white matter- columns- all myelinated
gray matter- interneurons
ascending tract
descending tracts
decussation (crossing from one side of body to other)
spinal cord injury- doesn’t have to sever full spinal cord- could lose certain actions and present certain symptoms- helps doctor figure out what part of spinal cord was injured
ascending tract
sensory
carry up into brain
descending tracts
all motor
carry into muscles
better defended
not as close to surface
decussation (crossing from one side to other)
all have to cross
depends on kind of info on where cross
sensory
when enter spinal cord (most)
medulla oblongata (some)
motor
medulla oblongata (most)
point of exit (some)
Peripheral Nerves
not brain or spinal cord itself
anatomy
classification of fibers
anatomy of peripheral nerves
endoneurium
every nerve fiber covered by connective tissue
myelinates?
perineurium surrounds fascicles
bundles into fascicle
called perineum
epineurium
bundles fascicles
holds fasicles together
outermost covering
classification of peripheral nerve fibers
originate from brain (cranial) or spinal cord (spinal)
somatic afferent (sensory) or motor (efferent)
autonomic efferent
visceral afferent
Originate from brain (cranial) or spinal cord (spinal)
spinal nerve
originate from spinal cord
cranial nerve
originates from brain/ brainstem
somatic afferent (sensory) or motor (efferent)
somatic
consciously control
skeletal muscle
skin
efferent
Motor
efferent
to effector
sensory
afferent
autonomic efferent
not aware of
cant consciously control
ex) small intestine
smooth muscle
visceral afferent
covering organ
affector
3 types of cranial nerves
sensory
mixed
obvious sensory function
primary motor
still has sensory function coming from muscle itself
ex) how stretched, tension, ect
cranial nerves
olfactory nerves
optic nerves
oculomotor nerves
trochlear nerves
abducens
trigeminal nerves
facial nerves
vestibulocochlear nerves
glossopharyngeal nerves
vagus nerves
accessory nerves
hypoglossal nerves
olfactory nerves
smell
sensory
limbic system
tied to emotions
optic nerves
sight - just sensation- no movement
sensory
has a cross
info from right eye goes to left occipital lobe (processed) and vice versa
superimpose image- so no double vision
see depth
oculomotor nerves, trochlear nerves, Abducens
oculomotor nerves
eye movement
frontal eye field
more responsibility
eyelid control too
primarily motor
trochlear nerves
frontal eye field
eye movement
primarily motor
abducens
eye movement
frontal eye fields
primarily motor
6 skeletal muscles controlled by 3 cranial nerves
trigeminal nerves
sensations from skin
Ophthalmic division
area around eyes
forehead
skin
mixed
maxillary division
maxilla
cheek
teeth
mixed
mandibular division
mandible
skin
tongue
teeth
muscles of chewing (mastication)
mixed
facial nerves
facial expression muscles
taste- salivary glands
gustatory reflex
mixed
motor cortex
bells palsy- problems with facial nerves
vestibulocochlear nerves
vestibular branch
balance
inner ear
sensory
cerebellum
cochlear branch
hearing
inner ear
sensory
temporal lobe
glossopharyngeal nerves
tongue and throat
swallowing
talking
positioning of food for chewing
taste
mixed
vagus nerves
leaves brain and goes to organs
autonomic
Heart rate and peristalsis
feedback
motor control
taste
mixed
important with spinal cord injury
this nerve originates in brain and brainstem
so, everything that it controls still functions
unlike with skeletal muscle
accessory nerves
cranial branch
primarily motor
trapezius, parts of serratus anterior, plus sternocleidomastoid
spinal branch
primarily motor
trapezius, parts of serratus anterior, plus sternocleidomastoid
important for high level spinal cord injury
these nerves come from brain
so, these muscles are not affected
can still hold head up
unlike the rest of the skeletal muscles
hypoglossal nerves
nerve under tongue
speech, swallowing, positioning of food
throat
primarily motor?
describe the location of the occipital bone and list the brain regions protected by this bone
Cerebellum, occipital lobe, medulla oblongata
Explain why Stacy’s headaches, numbness, and tingling improved as a result of the decompression surgery
Decrease pressure, restore cerebral spinal fluid circulation
List the layers of the brain meningitis from superficial to deep include in your answer the function of the arachnoid meninges and speculate why the surgeon stretched her arachnoid meninges during the decompression surgery
The dura mater was cut, arachnoid mater stretched to make more room in the subarachnoid space
Many muscles originate in the occipital bone. What other muscle actions? How does this contribute to her head feeling like 1000 lbs
They cut some erector spinae muscles during surgery
Compare and contrast the procedures of the two surgeries
During the more conservative surgery there was a faster recovery but no protection to the central nervous system using the metal plate and it was temporary only lasting a couple years
What is your response to the neurologist opinion that the headaches dizziness as well as tingling and numbness in Stacy’s limbs were unrelated to her chiari condition
Symptoms are consistent with Chiari but not exclusive
List possible obstacles patients may encounter trying to obtain a second medical opinion and explain why it is vital for Stacy to overcome these obstacles
Time, cost, insurance, distance and travel
Stacey needs to overcome these obstacles because her condition is getting worse
List Stacy’s signs and symptoms before her surgery. Signs and symptoms and MRI scans indicate regarding the progression of her condition
tonsillar herniation
What does C3 to T4 mean in the above text
Third cervical vertebrae through the fourth thoracic vertebrae
What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid and what is the typical sequence of cerebral spinal fluid flow in the central nervous system
choroid plexus (make CSF) → ventricles → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations (exit)
How is the cerebral spinal fluid interrupted in Stacy’s central nervous system
Tonsils are blocking cerebral spinal fluid flow
how does the interruption of Stacy’s cerebral spinal fluid impact the neural tissue of the spinal cord
increase pressure → nerve damage
List the structures that protect the brain from superficial to deep and explain how a full decompression surgery without any protective patches or plates covering their brain could have compromised Stacy’s brain
bones→ meninges→ CSF
CNS exposed to injury
Describe the signs and symptoms of type 1 Chiari malformation and list Stacy’s signs and symptoms that are consistent with a diagnosis of Chiari malformation
Coughing snoozing gagging are all signs and all non-vital reflexes
Headaches balance issues are symptoms
Describe syncope and lists some common causes
Fainting
Rapid drop in blood pressure
Hoffman’s reflex test can be associated with problems involving the corticospinal track what type of information travels the corticospinal tract and how does this relate to Hoffmann’s reflex test
Descending tract, control of skeletal muscles
Where may Stacy’s abnormal reflexes originate
interneuron
Define normal reflex
Rapid unconscious response to stimulus
Describe the syrinx of the spine and compare it to a healthy spinal cord
Cerebral spinal fluid accumulation in central canal
enlargement= syrinx
Explain why patients with type one Chiari malformation present with cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Cranial bone malformation
(It allows for protrusion of cerebellum)
what is the normal curvature of the cervical spine and how does this compare to Stacy’s cervical spine
concave
Hers is straight
What sectional plane did clinicians use to obtain this view of the brain and spinal cord
sagittal
cerebrum function
motor control, conscious thought, problem solving
diencephalon function
Relay sensor information up and motor information down like a relay station, filter
midbrain function
Turning towards sound, follow movement
Visual and auditory reflexes
pons function
respiration
Medulla Oblongata function
Vital reflexes like heart rate blood pressure and respiration
Nonvital reflexes like sneezing and coughing
Cerebellum function
Coordination and balance
Stations MRI image results indicate abnormalities of the cerebellum of the brain and spinal cord. Vision of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord
CNS
spinal nerves
anatomy
nerve plexuses arise from anterior branches
phrenic nerve
intercostal nerves
anatomy of spinal nerves
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots
dorsal root ganglion
anterior and posterior branches
visceral branches
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots of spinal nerves
ventral: motor nerves
dorsal: sensory nerves
dorsal root ganglion
where cell bodies come together
anterior and posterior branches
branches contain both sensory and motor
Posterior muscle and skin at back of body
Anterior at front of body
visceral branch of spinal nerves
visceral motor neuron
lateral horn: contains cell body
ventral root to internal organs
only thoracic and lumbar nerves
nerve plexuses arise from anterior branches of spinal nerves
plexus
cervical plexus (C1-C4)
brachial plexus (C5-T1)
lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)
plexus
Spinal nerve fibers combined to make combinations and go out to body
cervical plexus
C1-C4
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
Erector spinae
Brachial plexus
C5-T1
Everything in shoulder and arm
lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
Leads down into legs
sciatica- Compression of vertebrae and nerves
phrenic nerve
C nerves 3, 4, 5
Controls diaphragm
If injured affects breathing
intercostal nerves
Muscle groups between ribs
Autonomic nervous system
fibers (all are motor)
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division
Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division
Neurotransmitters
Fibers of the autonomic nervous system
all are motor
Preganglionic
lead to ganglion
myelinated
postganglionic
away from ganglion
not myelinated
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division Of autonomic nervous system
HR and BP increase
digestive activity decrease
Relatively short preganglionic fibers
Postganglionic relatively long
Right outside of spinal cord
sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia and trunks
Column of Ganglia in connecting fibers on each side
Collateral ganglia
Pre ganglionic fiber slightly longer
Still have ganglion
adrenal gland
Only exception
Really long preganglionic fiber
The postganglionic fiber is inside of the gland
Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division Of autonomic nervous system
around sympathetic division
rest and digest
HR and BP decrease
digestive activity increase
Relatively long preganglionic fibers
Short postganglionic fibers
Terminal ganglia
On Target Organ
At end of journey
innervate almost all organs but the effect is different
For heart rate one says to beat faster the other says to beat slower
neurotransmitters
preganglionic= acetylcholine
both divisions
secreted by cholinergic fiber
postganglionic
acetylcholine
parasympathetic
secreted by cholinergic fiber
norepinephrine
also called noradrenaline
sympathetic
secreted by adrenergic fiber
removed by monoamine oxidase
parasympathetic ganglia close to origin
pre and post secrete acetylcholine
sympathetic
pre secretes acetylcholine
post secretes norepinephrine
how organs know what to do when
receptors for neurotransmitters
cholinergic
adrenergic
Dual innovation
receptors for acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Organ gets input from two nervous systems
More fine control
Better than an on and off switch
Effects are opposite
Many organs lack parasympathetic influence (A lack of stimulation equals opposite of sympathetic)
If physically active sympathetic dominates but parasympathetic is still there
If not physically active the opposite occurs
autonomic reflexes
Autonomic sounds like independent but…
Still under control of the central nervous system
The medulla oblongata- vital/ nonvital
hypothalamus- arousal/ food
limbic system- emotion
cerebral cortex- brain
organs only affected by sympathetic/ parasympathetic
sympathetic
skin, blood vessels, adrenal glands, kidneys
parasympathetic
spleen
because the organs are only affected by one system there is no dual innervation. why?
blood vessels
Don’t need something to tell them to relax only to stop contracting
Always have tone
skin
Sweat glands are an on and off switch
The sympathetic nervous system can be turned on and off
Adrenal gland
The Postganglionic neuron is inside- secretes norepinephrine
Secret as a hormone called adrenaline
hormones- travel body
NT- travel only synapse
How does organ know
Different receptors for neurotransmitter
Different responses
Excitatory vs inhibitory
ex) eye
The sympathetic nerve fiber dilates the eye
The parasympathetic nerve fiber constricts the eye
ex) heart and blood pressure
Blood pressure is important and heart rate is adjusted to maintain the blood pressure
The medulla oblongata is where vital and non-vital centers are so the sympathetic nerve increases heart rate while the parasympathetic decreases heart rate
Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems
target tissues
Somatic Targets Skeletal muscle
Autonomic targets smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands
response rate- post synaptic potentials (excitatory vs inhibitory)
somatic is excitatory
autonomic And inhibitory
Also does not have to have parasympathetic influence
regulation
somatic is regulated by the Motor Cortex in front of the central cortex
Autonomic is regulated by the motor cortex the medulla obligate (the reflex cortex) limbic system (emotion) and the hypothalamus
neurotransmitters
Somatic: acetylcholine
Cholinesterase removes
Autonomic: acetylcholine and norepinephrine
cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase remove
anatomy
Somatic: conscious
Autonomic: not conscious
receptors
Somatic: cholinergic receptors
autonomic: adrenergic and cholinergic receptors
