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A&P > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

short term memory

long term memory

consolidation by the hippocampus

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2
Q

short term memory

A

working

electrical

stimulating nerve

Na+, K+

changing threshold

wont stick with you

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3
Q

long term memory

A

long term (synaptic) potentiation

time and recall

synapses that stimulated in particular order

structure formed

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4
Q

consolidation by the hippocampus

A

consolidates memories

compacts them

only sorting through same thing

area of brain with kind of info

with “memory loss”

actually, there is just more to sort through

ex) names over here, dates over there, numbers there, events there

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5
Q

basal nuclei

A

produce dopamine (inhibitory NT)- away from threshold- less likely to stimulate motor cortex and neuron

interact with motor areas

motor cortex

thalamus

cerebrum

doesn’t interact with muscle but earlier with the motor cortex

Parkinsons has lack of dopamine- cant stimulate libs to be steady

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6
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

infundibulum

posterior pituitary gland

pineal gland

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7
Q

thalamus

A

Relay information from spinal cord to proper part of brain

Filter out background stuff from sensor information on the way up to the brain

sword’s motor information on the way down

cerebrum→ thalamus

Goes down right portion of spinal cord

for motion intended

ex) right vs left foot

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

temperature regulation

blood vessels

shivering

Cardiovascular responses

Hunger and thirst

Controls activities of pituitary gland

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9
Q

infundibulum

A

Neural messages travel through infundibulum

Connections between pituitary gland and hypothalamus

stem

Substances travel through the blood

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10
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

only part

made of neural tissue

anterior pituitary gland is made of epithelial tissue- not nervous system

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11
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin (sleep)

diencephalon

more during winter (sun going down)

serotonin

CNS NT

not destroyed by enzymes

precursor to melatonin

more melatonin= less serotonin (winter)

related to clinical depression

SAD: seasonal depression

less serotonin in winter

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

treat depression

serotonin in the synapse longer

effects last longer

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12
Q

limbic system

A

includes part of frontal and temporal lobes plus diencephalon

parts of the brain working together

mostly smell

smell and emotions

smell is linked to emotion

interprets info about odors

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13
Q

brainstem

A

basic reflexes- keep alive

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

reticular formation and sleep

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14
Q

midbrain

A

reflex- turning toward sound

following object that goes across field of vision with eyes and head

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15
Q

pons

A

repiration-some

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16
Q

medulla oblongata

A

main respiration

heart rate

blood pressure

timing

contract, turn off

(inhale, exhale)

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17
Q

reticular formation and sleep

A

arousal and wakefulness and alertness

if not “on” -asleep

if damaged- coordination extremely difficult

even to point of walking

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18
Q

cerebellum anatomy

A

gray matter on the surface

white matter on inside/ middle

arbor vitae

peduncles

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19
Q

cerebellum physiology

A

coordination

sensory feedback

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20
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter

“tree of life”

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21
Q

peduncles

A

3 pathways that allow cerebrum to communicate with cerebellum

all 1 way

2 pathways go from brainstem and diencephalon → cerebellum

1 pathways goes from cerebellum → rest of CNS

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22
Q

spinal cord anatomy

A

posterior (dorsal) median sulcus

anterior (ventral) medial fissure

columns of white matter

horns of gray matter

gray commissure

association with spinal nerve

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23
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

divide back part of spinal cord in left and right halves

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24
Q

anterior medial fissure

A

divide front of spinal cord in left and right halves

more pronounced division

“fissure in the front”

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25
Q

columns of white matter

A

white- myelinated

on surface

posterior, lateral, anterior columns

pathways running length of spinal cord

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26
Q

horns of gray matter

A

gray- non myelinated

in center

anterior, lateral, posterior horns that line up with the columns

tails of butterfly at back

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27
Q

gray commissure

A

only area where left and right sides of spinal cord can communicate

no fissure or sulcus

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28
Q

association with spinal nerve

A

dorsal root

dorsal root ganglion

ventral root

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29
Q

dorsal root

A

only sensory nerves

sensory nerve enter spinal cord

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30
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory nerve cell bodies gather in cluster

take up space

bulge

unipolar

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31
Q

ventral root

A

motor nerve leave spinal cord

only motor nerves

cell bodies in gray matter

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32
Q

reflexes

A

reflex arc

the physical component

make reflexes

processed by interneurons

reflex behavior

behavior

unconcious

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33
Q

reflex arc

A

monosynaptic vs polysynaptic

autonomic vs somatic

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34
Q

monosynaptic vs polysynaptic

A

monosynaptic

one synapse

no interneuron

polysynaptic

interneuron

different levels of spinal cord

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35
Q

autonomic vs somatic

A

somatic

skeletal

can consciously control

1 continuous motor neuron cell

autonomic

smooth

cant consciously override

2 motor neurons back to back

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36
Q

reflex behavior

A

patellar reflex

withdraw reflex

crossed extensor reflex

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37
Q

patellar reflex

A

stimulus received by dendrites

stretch in quads due to reflex hammer

reflex

slightly contract quad

doctor looking at timing, force, exaggeration

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38
Q

withdraw reflex

A

pull foot away- need to balance so dont fall

stimulate hamstring of leg that needs to be contracted

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39
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A

somatic reflex

conscious control

stimulating hamstring of contracted leg

inhibit hamstring of other leg

one side stimulated, one side contracted

then, stimulate quadriceps on side of inhibited hamstring and vice versa to keep balance

crossed extensor

straghtening opposite limb

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40
Q

spinal cord tracts

A

located in white matter- columns- all myelinated

gray matter- interneurons

ascending tract

descending tracts

decussation (crossing from one side of body to other)

spinal cord injury- doesn’t have to sever full spinal cord- could lose certain actions and present certain symptoms- helps doctor figure out what part of spinal cord was injured

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41
Q

ascending tract

A

sensory

carry up into brain

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42
Q

descending tracts

A

all motor

carry into muscles

better defended

not as close to surface

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43
Q

decussation (crossing from one side to other)

A

all have to cross

depends on kind of info on where cross

sensory

when enter spinal cord (most)

medulla oblongata (some)

motor

medulla oblongata (most)

point of exit (some)

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44
Q

Peripheral Nerves

A

not brain or spinal cord itself

anatomy

classification of fibers

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45
Q

anatomy of peripheral nerves

A

endoneurium

every nerve fiber covered by connective tissue

myelinates?

perineurium surrounds fascicles

bundles into fascicle

called perineum

epineurium

bundles fascicles

holds fasicles together

outermost covering

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46
Q

classification of peripheral nerve fibers

A

originate from brain (cranial) or spinal cord (spinal)

somatic afferent (sensory) or motor (efferent)

autonomic efferent

visceral afferent

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47
Q

Originate from brain (cranial) or spinal cord (spinal)

A

spinal nerve

originate from spinal cord

cranial nerve

originates from brain/ brainstem

48
Q

somatic afferent (sensory) or motor (efferent)

A

somatic

consciously control

skeletal muscle

skin

efferent

Motor

efferent

to effector

sensory

afferent

49
Q

autonomic efferent

A

not aware of

cant consciously control

ex) small intestine

smooth muscle

50
Q

visceral afferent

A

covering organ

affector

51
Q

3 types of cranial nerves

A

sensory

mixed

obvious sensory function

primary motor

still has sensory function coming from muscle itself

ex) how stretched, tension, ect

52
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory nerves

optic nerves

oculomotor nerves

trochlear nerves

abducens

trigeminal nerves

facial nerves

vestibulocochlear nerves

glossopharyngeal nerves

vagus nerves

accessory nerves

hypoglossal nerves

53
Q

olfactory nerves

A

smell

sensory

limbic system

tied to emotions

54
Q

optic nerves

A

sight - just sensation- no movement

sensory

has a cross

info from right eye goes to left occipital lobe (processed) and vice versa

superimpose image- so no double vision

see depth

55
Q

oculomotor nerves, trochlear nerves, Abducens

A

oculomotor nerves

eye movement

frontal eye field

more responsibility

eyelid control too

primarily motor

trochlear nerves

frontal eye field

eye movement

primarily motor

abducens

eye movement

frontal eye fields

primarily motor

6 skeletal muscles controlled by 3 cranial nerves

56
Q

trigeminal nerves

A

sensations from skin

Ophthalmic division

area around eyes

forehead

skin

mixed

maxillary division

maxilla

cheek

teeth

mixed

mandibular division

mandible

skin

tongue

teeth

muscles of chewing (mastication)

mixed

57
Q

facial nerves

A

facial expression muscles

taste- salivary glands

gustatory reflex

mixed

motor cortex

bells palsy- problems with facial nerves

58
Q

vestibulocochlear nerves

A

vestibular branch

balance

inner ear

sensory

cerebellum

cochlear branch

hearing

inner ear

sensory

temporal lobe

59
Q

glossopharyngeal nerves

A

tongue and throat

swallowing

talking

positioning of food for chewing

taste

mixed

60
Q

vagus nerves

A

leaves brain and goes to organs

autonomic

Heart rate and peristalsis

feedback

motor control

taste

mixed

important with spinal cord injury

this nerve originates in brain and brainstem

so, everything that it controls still functions

unlike with skeletal muscle

61
Q

accessory nerves

A

cranial branch

primarily motor

trapezius, parts of serratus anterior, plus sternocleidomastoid

spinal branch

primarily motor

trapezius, parts of serratus anterior, plus sternocleidomastoid

important for high level spinal cord injury

these nerves come from brain

so, these muscles are not affected

can still hold head up

unlike the rest of the skeletal muscles

62
Q

hypoglossal nerves

A

nerve under tongue

speech, swallowing, positioning of food

throat

primarily motor?

63
Q

describe the location of the occipital bone and list the brain regions protected by this bone

A

Cerebellum, occipital lobe, medulla oblongata

64
Q

Explain why Stacy’s headaches, numbness, and tingling improved as a result of the decompression surgery

A

Decrease pressure, restore cerebral spinal fluid circulation

65
Q

List the layers of the brain meningitis from superficial to deep include in your answer the function of the arachnoid meninges and speculate why the surgeon stretched her arachnoid meninges during the decompression surgery

A

The dura mater was cut, arachnoid mater stretched to make more room in the subarachnoid space

66
Q

Many muscles originate in the occipital bone. What other muscle actions? How does this contribute to her head feeling like 1000 lbs

A

They cut some erector spinae muscles during surgery

67
Q

Compare and contrast the procedures of the two surgeries

A

During the more conservative surgery there was a faster recovery but no protection to the central nervous system using the metal plate and it was temporary only lasting a couple years

68
Q

What is your response to the neurologist opinion that the headaches dizziness as well as tingling and numbness in Stacy’s limbs were unrelated to her chiari condition

A

Symptoms are consistent with Chiari but not exclusive

69
Q

List possible obstacles patients may encounter trying to obtain a second medical opinion and explain why it is vital for Stacy to overcome these obstacles

A

Time, cost, insurance, distance and travel

Stacey needs to overcome these obstacles because her condition is getting worse

70
Q

List Stacy’s signs and symptoms before her surgery. Signs and symptoms and MRI scans indicate regarding the progression of her condition

A

tonsillar herniation

71
Q

What does C3 to T4 mean in the above text

A

Third cervical vertebrae through the fourth thoracic vertebrae

72
Q

What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid and what is the typical sequence of cerebral spinal fluid flow in the central nervous system

A

choroid plexus (make CSF) → ventricles → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations (exit)

73
Q

How is the cerebral spinal fluid interrupted in Stacy’s central nervous system

A

Tonsils are blocking cerebral spinal fluid flow

74
Q

how does the interruption of Stacy’s cerebral spinal fluid impact the neural tissue of the spinal cord

A

increase pressure → nerve damage

75
Q

List the structures that protect the brain from superficial to deep and explain how a full decompression surgery without any protective patches or plates covering their brain could have compromised Stacy’s brain

A

bones→ meninges→ CSF

CNS exposed to injury

76
Q

Describe the signs and symptoms of type 1 Chiari malformation and list Stacy’s signs and symptoms that are consistent with a diagnosis of Chiari malformation

A

Coughing snoozing gagging are all signs and all non-vital reflexes

Headaches balance issues are symptoms

77
Q

Describe syncope and lists some common causes

A

Fainting

Rapid drop in blood pressure

78
Q

Hoffman’s reflex test can be associated with problems involving the corticospinal track what type of information travels the corticospinal tract and how does this relate to Hoffmann’s reflex test

A

Descending tract, control of skeletal muscles

79
Q

Where may Stacy’s abnormal reflexes originate

A

interneuron

80
Q

Define normal reflex

A

Rapid unconscious response to stimulus

81
Q

Describe the syrinx of the spine and compare it to a healthy spinal cord

A

Cerebral spinal fluid accumulation in central canal

enlargement= syrinx

82
Q

Explain why patients with type one Chiari malformation present with cerebellar tonsillar herniation

A

Cranial bone malformation

(It allows for protrusion of cerebellum)

83
Q

what is the normal curvature of the cervical spine and how does this compare to Stacy’s cervical spine

A

concave

Hers is straight

84
Q

What sectional plane did clinicians use to obtain this view of the brain and spinal cord

A

sagittal

85
Q

cerebrum function

A

motor control, conscious thought, problem solving

86
Q

diencephalon function

A

Relay sensor information up and motor information down like a relay station, filter

87
Q

midbrain function

A

Turning towards sound, follow movement

Visual and auditory reflexes

88
Q

pons function

A

respiration

89
Q

Medulla Oblongata function

A

Vital reflexes like heart rate blood pressure and respiration

Nonvital reflexes like sneezing and coughing

90
Q

Cerebellum function

A

Coordination and balance

91
Q

Stations MRI image results indicate abnormalities of the cerebellum of the brain and spinal cord. Vision of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

92
Q

spinal nerves

A

anatomy

nerve plexuses arise from anterior branches

phrenic nerve

intercostal nerves

93
Q

anatomy of spinal nerves

A

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots

dorsal root ganglion

anterior and posterior branches

visceral branches

94
Q

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots of spinal nerves

A

ventral: motor nerves

dorsal: sensory nerves

95
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

where cell bodies come together

96
Q

anterior and posterior branches

A

branches contain both sensory and motor

Posterior muscle and skin at back of body

Anterior at front of body

97
Q

visceral branch of spinal nerves

A

visceral motor neuron

lateral horn: contains cell body

ventral root to internal organs

only thoracic and lumbar nerves

98
Q

nerve plexuses arise from anterior branches of spinal nerves

A

plexus

cervical plexus (C1-C4)

brachial plexus (C5-T1)

lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)

99
Q

plexus

A

Spinal nerve fibers combined to make combinations and go out to body

100
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C4

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

Erector spinae

101
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

Everything in shoulder and arm

102
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

Leads down into legs

sciatica- Compression of vertebrae and nerves

103
Q

phrenic nerve

A

C nerves 3, 4, 5

Controls diaphragm

If injured affects breathing

104
Q

intercostal nerves

A

Muscle groups between ribs

105
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

fibers (all are motor)

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division

Neurotransmitters

106
Q

Fibers of the autonomic nervous system

A

all are motor

Preganglionic

lead to ganglion

myelinated

postganglionic

away from ganglion

not myelinated

107
Q

Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division Of autonomic nervous system

A

HR and BP increase

digestive activity decrease

Relatively short preganglionic fibers

Postganglionic relatively long

Right outside of spinal cord

sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia and trunks

Column of Ganglia in connecting fibers on each side

Collateral ganglia

Pre ganglionic fiber slightly longer

Still have ganglion

adrenal gland

Only exception

Really long preganglionic fiber

The postganglionic fiber is inside of the gland

108
Q

Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division Of autonomic nervous system

A

around sympathetic division

rest and digest

HR and BP decrease

digestive activity increase

Relatively long preganglionic fibers

Short postganglionic fibers

Terminal ganglia

On Target Organ

At end of journey

innervate almost all organs but the effect is different

For heart rate one says to beat faster the other says to beat slower

109
Q

neurotransmitters

A

preganglionic= acetylcholine

both divisions

secreted by cholinergic fiber

postganglionic

acetylcholine

parasympathetic

secreted by cholinergic fiber

norepinephrine

also called noradrenaline

sympathetic

secreted by adrenergic fiber

removed by monoamine oxidase

parasympathetic ganglia close to origin

pre and post secrete acetylcholine

sympathetic

pre secretes acetylcholine

post secretes norepinephrine

how organs know what to do when

110
Q

receptors for neurotransmitters

A

cholinergic

adrenergic

111
Q

Dual innovation

A

receptors for acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Organ gets input from two nervous systems

More fine control

Better than an on and off switch

Effects are opposite

Many organs lack parasympathetic influence (A lack of stimulation equals opposite of sympathetic)

If physically active sympathetic dominates but parasympathetic is still there

If not physically active the opposite occurs

112
Q

autonomic reflexes

A

Autonomic sounds like independent but…

Still under control of the central nervous system

The medulla oblongata- vital/ nonvital

hypothalamus- arousal/ food

limbic system- emotion

cerebral cortex- brain

113
Q

organs only affected by sympathetic/ parasympathetic

A

sympathetic

skin, blood vessels, adrenal glands, kidneys

parasympathetic

spleen

114
Q

because the organs are only affected by one system there is no dual innervation. why?

A

blood vessels

Don’t need something to tell them to relax only to stop contracting

Always have tone

skin

Sweat glands are an on and off switch

The sympathetic nervous system can be turned on and off

Adrenal gland

The Postganglionic neuron is inside- secretes norepinephrine

Secret as a hormone called adrenaline

hormones- travel body

NT- travel only synapse

115
Q

How does organ know

A

Different receptors for neurotransmitter

Different responses

Excitatory vs inhibitory

ex) eye

The sympathetic nerve fiber dilates the eye

The parasympathetic nerve fiber constricts the eye

ex) heart and blood pressure

Blood pressure is important and heart rate is adjusted to maintain the blood pressure

The medulla oblongata is where vital and non-vital centers are so the sympathetic nerve increases heart rate while the parasympathetic decreases heart rate

116
Q

Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

target tissues

Somatic Targets Skeletal muscle

Autonomic targets smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands

response rate- post synaptic potentials (excitatory vs inhibitory)

somatic is excitatory

autonomic And inhibitory

Also does not have to have parasympathetic influence

regulation

somatic is regulated by the Motor Cortex in front of the central cortex

Autonomic is regulated by the motor cortex the medulla obligate (the reflex cortex) limbic system (emotion) and the hypothalamus

neurotransmitters

Somatic: acetylcholine

Cholinesterase removes

Autonomic: acetylcholine and norepinephrine

cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase remove

anatomy

Somatic: conscious

Autonomic: not conscious

receptors

Somatic: cholinergic receptors

autonomic: adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

A&P (5 decks)

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