Exam 5

Question 1

What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

Answer 1

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, to biosphere;

Question 2

What is the difference between physiology and anatomy?

Answer 2

Physiology studies function, while anatomy studies structure

Understanding both is crucial for comprehending how organisms work.

Question 3

What are the four human tissue types?

Answer 3

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

Each type has distinct structures and functions.

Question 4

What is an example of a tissue from each of the four human tissue types?

Answer 4

• Epithelial: skin
• Connective: bone
• Muscle: cardiac muscle
• Nervous: neuron

These examples represent the diversity of tissue functions.

Question 5

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation

Epithelial tissue serves as a barrier and interface with the environment.

Question 6

What is another name for fat tissue?

Answer 6

Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue plays a role in energy storage and insulation.

Question 7

What is the most abundant tissue in most animals?

Answer 7

Connective tissue

Connective tissue supports, binds, and protects other tissues.

Question 8

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Answer 8

Tendons connect muscles to bones, while ligaments connect bones to bones

Both are types of connective tissue but serve different functions.

Question 9

What are the functions of the various human organ systems?

Answer 9

Support, movement, circulation, respiration, digestion, reproduction, and regulation

Each organ system works together to maintain homeostasis.

Question 10

Give an example of an organ from the respiratory system.

Answer 10

Lungs

The lungs are essential for gas exchange.

Question 11

What are the four stages of food processing?

Answer 11

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

These stages are crucial for nutrient acquisition.

Question 12

Where does digestion begin?

Answer 12

In the mouth

Digestion begins with mechanical and chemical processes.

Question 13

Where does the majority of digestion occur?

Answer 13

In the small intestine

The small intestine is specialized for nutrient breakdown and absorption.

Question 14

Where does the majority of absorption occur?

Answer 14

In the small intestine

The small intestine has a large surface area for efficient nutrient uptake.

Question 15

Where is water primarily absorbed in the digestive system?

Answer 15

In the large intestine

The large intestine reclaims water from indigestible food.

Question 16

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 16

To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing

The epiglottis is a flap that ensures food passes into the esophagus.

Question 17

What do gastric glands secrete?

Answer 17

Digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid

These secretions aid in the digestion of food in the stomach.

Question 18

What roles do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play in digestion?

Answer 18

• Liver: produces bile
• Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes
• Gallbladder: stores bile

These organs collaborate to facilitate digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 19

Why are some nutrients referred to as ‘essential’?

Answer 19

They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet

Essential nutrients are critical for various bodily functions.

Question 20

What mineral is needed for proper functioning of nerves, muscles, and bones?

Answer 20

Calcium

Calcium is vital for muscle contraction and nerve signaling.

Question 21

What is the most significant type of malnutrition on a global basis?

Answer 21

Protein-energy malnutrition

This type of malnutrition affects millions worldwide.

Question 22

What are the different regions of the digestive tube?

Answer 22

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus

Each region has specialized functions in the digestive process.

Question 23

What is the difference between a closed circulatory system and an open circulatory system?

Answer 23

Closed circulatory systems have blood contained within vessels, while open systems have blood that bathes organs directly

Closed systems are more efficient for transporting nutrients and gases.

Question 24

What are the functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Answer 24

• Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
• Veins: carry blood to the heart
• Capillaries: facilitate exchange of substances

These blood vessels form a network that supports circulation.

Question 25

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 25

To defend the body against infections and foreign substances

White blood cells are crucial components of the immune system.

Question 26

What types of behavior can improve cardiovascular health?

Answer 26

• Regular exercise
• Healthy diet
• Avoiding tobacco
• Managing stress

These behaviors contribute to overall cardiovascular fitness.

Question 27

What types of behavior can harm cardiovascular health?

Answer 27

• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Poor diet
• Excessive alcohol consumption

These behaviors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Question 28

What is the method of gas exchange in earthworms?

Answer 28

Through their moist skin

Earthworms rely on diffusion for gas exchange.

Question 29

What structure do insects use for breathing?

Answer 29

Tracheae

Tracheae are a network of air tubes that deliver oxygen directly to tissues.

Question 30

How is human breathing regulated?

Answer 30

By the respiratory center in the brain

The brain monitors carbon dioxide levels to regulate breathing rate.

Question 31

How is oxygen transported throughout the body?

Answer 31

Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

Hemoglobin increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Question 32

Define homeostasis.

Answer 32

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

Homeostasis is crucial for the survival of organisms.

Question 33

Define diuretic.

Answer 33

A substance that promotes the production of urine

Diuretics are often used to manage fluid balance.

Question 34

Define neuron.

Answer 34

A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses

Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system.

Question 35

Define digestion.

Answer 35

The process of breaking down food into smaller components for absorption

Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical processes.

Question 36

Define vitamins.

Answer 36

Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal metabolic functions

Vitamins are essential for various biochemical processes.

Question 37

Define leukemia.

Answer 37

A type of cancer that affects blood cells

Leukemia results in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

Question 38

Define atherosclerosis.

Answer 38

A condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries

Atherosclerosis can lead to cardiovascular diseases.

Question 39

Define anemia.

Answer 39

A condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

Anemia can result in fatigue and weakness.

Question 40

Define bronchi.

Answer 40

The main passageways that branch from the trachea into the lungs

Bronchi lead to smaller bronchioles for air distribution.

Question 41

Define alveoli.

Answer 41

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

Alveoli increase the surface area for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Question 42

Define breathing.

Answer 42

The process of inhaling and exhaling air

Breathing is essential for gas exchange in organisms.