Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose–response relationship.

  • threshold, linear
  • threshold, nonlinear
  • nonthreshold, linear
  • nonthreshold, nonlinear
A

threshold, nonlinear

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2
Q

Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?

  • None; all are considered to be of equal importance.
  • Cataract formation
  • Cancer
  • Embryologic or birth defects
A

Cancer

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3
Q

In which of the following human populations is the risk of causing radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?

  1. All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv
  2. Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
  3. Atomic bomb survivors
A

1 only

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4
Q

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans

  • Prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects.
  • Prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects.
  • Prove conclusively that radiation does not cause genetic effects.
  • Are both contradictory and inconclusive.
A

Are both contradictory and inconclusive.

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5
Q

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population, the risk is considered to be

  • quadratic.
  • relative.
  • absolute.
  • excess.
A

relative.

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6
Q

What do agents such as specific chemicals, viruses, and ionizing radiation have in common?

  • They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.
  • They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired.
  • They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
  • Nothing
A

They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.

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7
Q

Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure?

  1. X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes.
  2. Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry.
  3. Natural background radiation.
A

1, 2, and 3

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8
Q

After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries, resulting from the accidental overdose of iodine-131. _______________ was administered to children as a substitute to block the gland’s uptake of iodine-131.

  • Ibuprofen
  • Potassium iodide
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Potassium bromide
A

Potassium iodide

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9
Q

The term linear non-threshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is

  • inversely proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
  • inversely proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
  • directly proportional to the square of the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
  • directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.
A

directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero.

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10
Q

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called

  • molecular mutations.
  • chromosome mutations.
  • molecular mutations.
  • point mutations.
A

point mutations.

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11
Q

Which of the following terms involves a random effect of ionizing radiation?

  • Early tissue reactions
  • Change in white blood cell count
  • Stochastic event
  • Reddening of the skin
A

Stochastic event

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12
Q

Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission?

  • NRC
  • NCRP
  • FDA
  • ICRP
A

NRC

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13
Q

Determine the cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 46 years old.

  • 46 mSv
  • 4.6 mSv
  • 4600 mSv
  • 460 mSv
A

460 mSv

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14
Q

The main function of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is to

  1. inspect imaging facilities.
  2. oversee the nuclear energy industry.
  3. regulate imaging facilities
A

2 only

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15
Q

The effective dose (EfD) limiting system supersedes

  • the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981.
  • all Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations.
  • the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system.
  • all Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations.
A

the maximum permissible dose (MPD) system.

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16
Q

The ALARA concept adopts an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between

  • ionizing radiation and potential risk
  • ionizing and nonionizing radiation.
  • radiation dose and health - - care spending.
A

ionizing radiation and potential risk

17
Q

If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn, a higher dose of radiation will cause the skin burn to be more severe; however, a dose below the threshold level for skin burn will

  • demonstrate this effect to a much greater degree.
  • demonstrate this effect to a lesser degree.
  • not demonstrate the effect.
  • demonstrate this effect to moderate degree.
A

not demonstrate the effect.

18
Q

The cumulative effective dose (CumEfD) limit does not include

  1. exposure acquired as a consequence of a radiation worker undergoing medical imaging procedures.
  2. radiation exposure from natural background radiation.
  3. radiation exposure received while radiographers perform imaging procedures on patients.
A

1 and 2 only

19
Q

The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitor readings in excess of allowable limits belongs to the

  • designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.
  • director of human resources of a health care facility.
  • radiologic technologist in charge of quality control.
  • hospital administrator.
A

designated radiation safety officer of a health care facility.

20
Q

Effective dose (EfD) limits may be specified for

  1. whole-body exposure.
  2. partial-body exposure.
  3. exposure of individual organs.
A

1, 2, and 3