Exam 3 Flashcards
In keeping with the ALARA concept, most health care facilities issue dosimetry devices when personnel could receive approx ____ of the annual occupational EfD limit in any month, or approx 0.5 mSv (50 mrem)
A. 25%
B. 10%
C. 5%
D. 1%
D. 1%
What different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the OSL dosimeter?
1. aluminium
2. tin
3. copper
1, 2, and 3
Diagnostic imaging personnel should wear a personnel dosimeter during routine operations in an imaging facility because the device provides:
1. an indication of an individual’s working habits
2. an indication of working conditions in the facility
3. a way for the employer to determine whether radiation workers are actively engaged in performing a specific number of x-ray procedures during a given period
1 and 2 only
After processing, if the average OSL control monitor reading is greater than zero, it indicates:
A. sensitivity of the radiographic film in the dosimeter
B. the presence of impurities in the LiF crystals
C. that the associated group dosimeters may have been exposed to radiation in transit
D. whether filters in the associated group dosimeters are working correctly
C. that the associated group dosimeters may have been exposed to radiation in transit
Which of the following imaging professionals most commonly wear TLD ring dosimeters?
A. computed radiography technologists
B. radiographers performing routine imaging in a department
C. nuclear medicine technologists
D. radiographers performing C-arm fluoroscopic procedures in the operating room
C. nuclear medicine technologists
Which of the following instruments should be used in a laboratory setting to detect alpha and beta radiation and small amounts of other types of low-level radioactive contamination?
A. ionization chamber-type survey meter
B. proportional counter
C. GM detector
D. DIS dosimeters
B. proportional counter
Which of the following devices is used to measure the amount of ionizing radiation to which a TLD ring dosimeter has been exposed by first heating the crystals to free the trapped, highly energized electrons and then recording the amount of light emitted by the crystals (which is proportional to the TLD ring dosimeter exposure)?
A. small ionization chamber
B. laser
C. TLD analyzer
D. sensitometer
C. TLD analyzer
In a health care facility, a radiographer’s deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposures, as measured by an exposure monitor, may be found on the:
A. compliance report
B. quality assurance report
C. personnel monitoring report
D. worker’s yearly evaluation
C. personnel monitoring report
Each filter in an OSL dosimeter blocks a portion of the radiation-sensitive aluminum oxide and causes a different degree of attenuation for any radiation striking the dosimeter, depending on its:
A. effective atomic number
B. energy
C. light frequency
D. pitch
B. energy
which of the following personnel monitoring devices resembles a flash drive in appearance?
A. personnel DIS dosimeter
B. optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
C. thermoluminescent dosimeter
D. TLD ring dosimeter
A. personnel DIS dosimeter
radiation survey instruments measure which of the following?
1. the total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas
2. the rate at which an electrical charge is produced
3. luminescence
1 and 2 only
what do ionization chamber-type survey meters, proportional counters, and GM meters have in common?
A. the measure x-radiation and beta radiation only
B. they all can be used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment
C. they are all used to measure only the radiation dose received outside of protective barriers
D. each contains a gas-filled chamber
D. each contains a gas-filled chamber
Which of the following radiation monitors is currently the most commonly used dosimeter for monitoring whole body occupational exposure in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy?
A. personnel direct ion dosimeter
B. TLD ring dosimeter
C. TLD
D. OSL
D. OSL
Which of the following are disadvantages of the TLD ring dosimeter?
1. Thermoluminescence readings will be lost if not carefully recorded
2. calibrated dosimeters must be prepared beforehand and read with each group of TLD dosimeters as they are processed
3. The readout process destroys information stored in the TLD, thus preventing the “read” TLD from serving as a permanent legal record of exposure
1, 2, and 3 only
The DIS dosimeter is readout through a:
A. Physical device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection and the data stored electronically at the facility
B. TLD analyzer
C. Monitoring company to which the dosimeters are sent by regular mail
D. darkroom hand-processing procedure
A. Physical device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection and the data stored electronically at the facility
The OSL dosimeter uses:
A. An Al2O3 thin layer detector
B. LiF as a sensing material
C. a miniature ionization chamber as a detector
D. radiation dosimetry film as a detector
A. An Al2O3 thin layer detector
The ionization chamber-type survey meter measures x-radiation and gamma radiation, and, if equipped with a suitable window, can also record:
A. cell phone conversations
B. alpha radiation
C. beta radiation
D. internet websites
C. beta radiation
Monitoring companies send a control monitor to health care facilities along with each batch of dosimeters. The control monitor should be:
A. Given as a monitor to a radiographer who has lost his or her original dosimeter
B. Given as a second monitor to a pregnant radiographer
C. Given as a second monitor to a non-pregnant radiographer working in the operating room
D. Kept in a radiation-free area within the imaging facility
D. Kept in a radiation-free area within the imaging facility
Dosimeter readings that exceed a trigger level set by the health care facility are investigated to:
A. ascertain the cause of the reading
B. determine whether wearing the dosimeter was actually necessary
C. find grounds to fire the radiographer
D. increase the workload of the RSO to justify his or her position
A. ascertain the cause of the reading
The TLD readout process:
A. destroys the information stored in the TLD
B. saves the information stored in the TLD for future use
C. transfers the information from the TLD to a computer, which reads the dosimeter
D. duplicates the stored information and sends a written report directly to the radiographer
A. destroys the information stored in the TLD
An ionization chamber-type survey meter is also referred to as a:
A. cutie pie
B. flux capacitor
C. little rascal
D. warp drive
A. cutie pie
The increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for:
A. area monitoring of radioisotope storage facilities
B. monitoring of patients with a radioactive implant
C. monitoring of pregnant workers
D. general patient and public monitoring
C. monitoring of pregnant workers
The RSO in a health care facility receives and reviews personnel monitoring reports to:
A. assess compliance with ALARA guidelines
B. assess compliance with National Academy of Sciences guidelines
C. gather information to compile a press report
D. meet guidelines established by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
A. assess compliance with ALARA guidelines
Wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the:
A. RSO
B. manager or director of the imaging department
C. chief radiologist
D. individual wearing the device
D. individual wearing the device
on termination of employment, a radiographer must receive a copy of:
A. all personal health care records kept by the employer
B. his or her occupational exposure report
C. all employment records
D. incident reports in which the radiographer was involved
B. his or her occupational exposure report
personnel dosimeters protect the wearer from exposure to ionizing radiation
true or false
false
wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the individual wearing the device
true or false
true
during lengthy interventional fluoroscopic procedures some health care facilities may prefer to have some diagnostic imaging personnel wear two separate monitoring devices
true or false
true
cost is not a factor for health care facilities in selecting personnel dosimeters
true or false
false
the DIS dosimeter does not provide an instantaneous readout of dose information by the device wearer via a cell phone application
true or false
false
an ionization chamber-type survey meter cannot be used to measure exposures produced by typical diagnostic procedures because the exposure times are too long to permit the meter to respond appropriately
true or false
false
when a laser light is incident on the sensing material in the OSL dosimeter, the material becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received by the detector
true or false
true
with an OSL in-house reader, occupational exposure doses can be determined on the day of occurrence
true or false
true
all radiation survey meters are equally sensitive in the detection of ionizing radiation
true or false
false
the ionization chamber-type meter is used for radiation protection surveys
true or false
true
an OSL dosimeter can only be worn for a period of 1 month
true or false
false
in health care facilities that have a well structured radiation safety program, personnel monitoring reports are received and reviewed by the RSO
true or false
true
a personnel dosimeter must be able to detect and record both small and large exposures in a consistent and reliable manner
true or false
true
the filters in an OSL dosimeter are made of lead, potassium iodide, and zinc
true or false
false (aluminum, copper, tin)
ionizing radiation causes some of the physical properties of the LiF crystals in the TLD ring dosimeter to undergo changes
true or false
true
when changing employment, the radiation worker must convey the data pertinent to his or her accumulated permanent equivalent dose to the new employer so that this information can be placed on file
true or false
true
results from personnel monitoring reports once reviewed by the facility’s RSO can be discarded
true or false
false
in the rate mode, the cutie pie can measure radiation intensities ranging from 10 to several thousand microgray per hour
true or false
true
the GM survey meter is likely to saturate or jam when it is place in a pulsed high intensity radiation area thereby yielding a false reading
true or false
true
commercially available lead aprons typically have either 2.5- or 3.25-mm lead equivalent shielding
true or false
false
humidity, pressure, and normal temperature changes do not affect TLDs
true or false
true
personnel dosimeter should be reasonably inexpensive to purchase and maintain
true or false
true
health care facilities must maintain a record of exposure recorded by personnel dosimeters as part of each radiation worker’s employment record
true or false
true
area monitoring can be accomplished through the use of radiation surgery instruments
true or false
true
control monitors serve as a basis for comparison with the remaining OSL dosimeters after they have been returned to the monitoring company for processing
true or false
true
in humans, approx how many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes
A. 300
B. 3000
C. 30,000
D. 300,000
C. 30,000
the nucleolus contains which of the following
A. centrioles and mitochondria
B. ribonucleic acid and proteins
C. ribosomes and golgi bodies
D. lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
B. ribonucleic acid and proteins
in the human cell, protein synthesis occurs in which of the following locations?
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. ribosomes
D. endoplasmic reticulum
C. ribosomes
interphase consists of which of the following phases?
A. M, G1, and S
B. G1, S, and G2
C. S, G2, and M
D. G2, M, and G1
B. G1, S, and G2
carbohydrates also may be referred to as:
A. lipids
B. nucleic acids
C. hormones
D. saccharides
D. saccharides
DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by transmitting its genetic code information outside the cell nucleus by reproducing itself into the form of ___________
A. messenger DNA
B. messenger RNA
C. messenger REM
D. transfer RNA
B. messenger RNA
human cells contains which four major organic compounds?
A. nucleic acids, water, protein, and mineral salts
B. mineral salts, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C. carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and water
D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
which of the following is a process of reduction cell division?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. molecular synthesis
D. amniocentesis
B. meiosis
which of the following cellular organelles functions as a cellular garbage disposal?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. lysosomes
D. ribosomes
C. lysosomes
which is the following functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell?
A. centrosomes
B. cell membrane
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. mitochondria
B. cell membrane
which of the following are functions of the cell membrane?
1. protecting the contents of the cell from the outside environment
2. controlling the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell
3. allowing penetration by all substances into the cell
1 and 2 only
lipids are also referred to as:
A. amino acids
B. carbohydrates
C. fats
D. sugars
C. fats
the primary energy source for the cell is:
A. amino acids
B. glucose
C. protein
D. phosphate
B. glucose
cytosine bonds only with which of the following nitrogenous organic bases?
A. adenine
B. guanine
C. thymine
D. uracil
B. guanine
which of the following statements is not true?
A. lysosomes are sometimes referred to as “suicide bags.”
B. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for sustaining life
C. the golgi apparatus or complex is the powerhouse of the cell
D. the nucleus is the “heart” of the cell
C. the golgi apparatus or complex is the powerhouse of the cell
when ionizing radiation is used for therapeutic purposes to destroy malignant cells, a very significant effort using to the latest advances in imaging and computer treatment planning algorithms is always made to minimize the absorbed dose to healthy surrounding tissue. in radiation therapy, this concept is referred to as a(n):
A. enzyme repair effect
B. therapeutic ratio
C. tissue tolerance effect
D. malignant cell annihilation effect
B. therapeutic ratio
twenty-two different _______ _______ are involved in protein synthesis
A. amino acids
B. antibodies
C. enzymes
D. hormones
A. amino acids
the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome is called:
A. gene detecting
B. gene extrapolation
C. gene tracking
D. mapping
D. mapping
approx 80% to 85% of the weight of the human body is:
A. bone
B. fat like substances
C. mineral salts
D. water
D. water
meiosis is the process of:
A. converting inorganic substances into organic substances
B. identifying genes in the human genome
C. reduction cell division
D. repairing breaks in DNA
C. reduction cell division
water performs which of the following functions in the human body?
1. maintains a constant core temperature of 98.6°F (37°C)
2. acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so they can more easily interact and their concentration be regulated
3. lubricates both the digestive system and the skeletal articulations (joints)
1, 2, and 3
which of the following is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellular fluid?
A. deoxyribose
B. glucose
C. potassium
D. ribose
C. potassium
the S phase of mitosis is the:
A. pre-DNA synthesis
B. actual DNA synthesis period
C. post-DNA synthesis phase
D. phase when DNA synthesis multiplies by a factor of 4
B. actual DNA synthesis period
when a cell divides, the genetic-containing material contracts into tiny rod-shaped bodies called:
A. golgi apparatus
B. chromosomes
C. mitochondria
D. nucleotides
B. chromosomes
nitrogenous base pairs form the:
A. hormones needed by various endocrine glands in the body
B. mitotic spindle
C. steps, or rings, of the DNA ladder-like structure
D. sugars the body needs for energy
C. steps, or rings, of the DNA ladder-like structure
cells are engaged in an ongoing process of obtaining energy and converting it to support their vital functions
true or false
true
depending on the cell type, water normally accounts for 25% to 35% of protoplasm
true or false
false
enzymatic proteins (enzymes) moderate or control the cell’s various physiological activities
true or false
true
although the skin of the body is the initial barrier to any outside invasion by pathogens or the like, once it has been penetrated, the body’s primary defense mechanism against infection and diseases are the hormones that chemically attack any foreign invaders
true or false
false
lipids are organic macromolecules
true or false
true
oxygen bonds attach the nitrogenous bases to each other and join the two side tails of the DNA ladder
true or false
false
a normal human being has 46 different chromosomes composed of 23 pairs in each somatic (non-reproductive) cell
true or false
true
taken as a whole genes control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of parentally shared genetic coding
true or false
true
all cellular metabolic functions occur in the nucleus
true or false
false
centrosomes are located in the center of the cell near the nucleus
true or false
true
chromosomes are composed of protein and the genetic material DNA
true or false
true
messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers its genetic code to another kind of RNA molecule, called transfer RNA (tRNA)
true or false
true
the cell membrane is a very thick structure encasing and surrounding the human cell
true or false
false
metabolism is the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones
true or false
true
water is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 37°C
true or false
true
approx 30,000 genes are contained in all 46 human chromosomes
true or false
true
radiation induced damage to chromosomes may be evaluated during telophase
true or false
false (they are evaluated during metaphase)
water lubricates the digestive system
true or false
true
ATP is essential for sustaining life
true or false
true
sodium (Na) is the primary energy source for the human cell
true or false
false
the types of proteins that any given cell contains determine the characteristics, or genetics, of that cell
true or false
true
cells are the basic units of all living matter, but they are not essential for life
true or false
false
proper cell function enables the body as a whole to maintain homeostasis, or equilibrium
true or false
true
lipids contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds
true or false
false
although carbohydrates are found throughout the body, they are most abundant in the spleen and nervous tissue
true or false
false (they are most abundant in the liver and muscle tissue)
