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3403 Radiobiology Physics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In keeping with the ALARA concept, most health care facilities issue dosimetry devices when personnel could receive approx ____ of the annual occupational EfD limit in any month, or approx 0.5 mSv (50 mrem)
A. 25%
B. 10%
C. 5%
D. 1%

A

D. 1%

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2
Q

What different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the OSL dosimeter?
1. aluminium
2. tin
3. copper

A

1, 2, and 3

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3
Q

Diagnostic imaging personnel should wear a personnel dosimeter during routine operations in an imaging facility because the device provides:
1. an indication of an individual’s working habits
2. an indication of working conditions in the facility
3. a way for the employer to determine whether radiation workers are actively engaged in performing a specific number of x-ray procedures during a given period

A

1 and 2 only

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4
Q

After processing, if the average OSL control monitor reading is greater than zero, it indicates:
A. sensitivity of the radiographic film in the dosimeter
B. the presence of impurities in the LiF crystals
C. that the associated group dosimeters may have been exposed to radiation in transit
D. whether filters in the associated group dosimeters are working correctly

A

C. that the associated group dosimeters may have been exposed to radiation in transit

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5
Q

Which of the following imaging professionals most commonly wear TLD ring dosimeters?
A. computed radiography technologists
B. radiographers performing routine imaging in a department
C. nuclear medicine technologists
D. radiographers performing C-arm fluoroscopic procedures in the operating room

A

C. nuclear medicine technologists

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6
Q

Which of the following instruments should be used in a laboratory setting to detect alpha and beta radiation and small amounts of other types of low-level radioactive contamination?
A. ionization chamber-type survey meter
B. proportional counter
C. GM detector
D. DIS dosimeters

A

B. proportional counter

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7
Q

Which of the following devices is used to measure the amount of ionizing radiation to which a TLD ring dosimeter has been exposed by first heating the crystals to free the trapped, highly energized electrons and then recording the amount of light emitted by the crystals (which is proportional to the TLD ring dosimeter exposure)?
A. small ionization chamber
B. laser
C. TLD analyzer
D. sensitometer

A

C. TLD analyzer

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8
Q

In a health care facility, a radiographer’s deep, eye, and shallow occupational exposures, as measured by an exposure monitor, may be found on the:
A. compliance report
B. quality assurance report
C. personnel monitoring report
D. worker’s yearly evaluation

A

C. personnel monitoring report

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9
Q

Each filter in an OSL dosimeter blocks a portion of the radiation-sensitive aluminum oxide and causes a different degree of attenuation for any radiation striking the dosimeter, depending on its:
A. effective atomic number
B. energy
C. light frequency
D. pitch

A

B. energy

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10
Q

which of the following personnel monitoring devices resembles a flash drive in appearance?
A. personnel DIS dosimeter
B. optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter
C. thermoluminescent dosimeter
D. TLD ring dosimeter

A

A. personnel DIS dosimeter

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11
Q

radiation survey instruments measure which of the following?
1. the total quantity of electrical charge resulting from ionization of the gas
2. the rate at which an electrical charge is produced
3. luminescence

A

1 and 2 only

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12
Q

what do ionization chamber-type survey meters, proportional counters, and GM meters have in common?
A. the measure x-radiation and beta radiation only
B. they all can be used to calibrate radiographic and fluoroscopic x-ray equipment
C. they are all used to measure only the radiation dose received outside of protective barriers
D. each contains a gas-filled chamber

A

D. each contains a gas-filled chamber

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13
Q

Which of the following radiation monitors is currently the most commonly used dosimeter for monitoring whole body occupational exposure in diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy?
A. personnel direct ion dosimeter
B. TLD ring dosimeter
C. TLD
D. OSL

A

D. OSL

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14
Q

Which of the following are disadvantages of the TLD ring dosimeter?
1. Thermoluminescence readings will be lost if not carefully recorded
2. calibrated dosimeters must be prepared beforehand and read with each group of TLD dosimeters as they are processed
3. The readout process destroys information stored in the TLD, thus preventing the “read” TLD from serving as a permanent legal record of exposure

A

1, 2, and 3 only

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15
Q

The DIS dosimeter is readout through a:
A. Physical device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection and the data stored electronically at the facility
B. TLD analyzer
C. Monitoring company to which the dosimeters are sent by regular mail
D. darkroom hand-processing procedure

A

A. Physical device such as a universal serial bus (USB) or via wireless connection and the data stored electronically at the facility

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16
Q

The OSL dosimeter uses:
A. An Al2O3 thin layer detector
B. LiF as a sensing material
C. a miniature ionization chamber as a detector
D. radiation dosimetry film as a detector

A

A. An Al2O3 thin layer detector

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17
Q

The ionization chamber-type survey meter measures x-radiation and gamma radiation, and, if equipped with a suitable window, can also record:
A. cell phone conversations
B. alpha radiation
C. beta radiation
D. internet websites

A

C. beta radiation

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18
Q

Monitoring companies send a control monitor to health care facilities along with each batch of dosimeters. The control monitor should be:
A. Given as a monitor to a radiographer who has lost his or her original dosimeter
B. Given as a second monitor to a pregnant radiographer
C. Given as a second monitor to a non-pregnant radiographer working in the operating room
D. Kept in a radiation-free area within the imaging facility

A

D. Kept in a radiation-free area within the imaging facility

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19
Q

Dosimeter readings that exceed a trigger level set by the health care facility are investigated to:
A. ascertain the cause of the reading
B. determine whether wearing the dosimeter was actually necessary
C. find grounds to fire the radiographer
D. increase the workload of the RSO to justify his or her position

A

A. ascertain the cause of the reading

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20
Q

The TLD readout process:
A. destroys the information stored in the TLD
B. saves the information stored in the TLD for future use
C. transfers the information from the TLD to a computer, which reads the dosimeter
D. duplicates the stored information and sends a written report directly to the radiographer

A

A. destroys the information stored in the TLD

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21
Q

An ionization chamber-type survey meter is also referred to as a:
A. cutie pie
B. flux capacitor
C. little rascal
D. warp drive

A

A. cutie pie

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22
Q

The increased sensitivity of the OSL dosimeter makes it ideal for monitoring employees working in low-radiation environments and for:
A. area monitoring of radioisotope storage facilities
B. monitoring of patients with a radioactive implant
C. monitoring of pregnant workers
D. general patient and public monitoring

A

C. monitoring of pregnant workers

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23
Q

The RSO in a health care facility receives and reviews personnel monitoring reports to:
A. assess compliance with ALARA guidelines
B. assess compliance with National Academy of Sciences guidelines
C. gather information to compile a press report
D. meet guidelines established by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)

A

A. assess compliance with ALARA guidelines

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24
Q

Wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the:
A. RSO
B. manager or director of the imaging department
C. chief radiologist
D. individual wearing the device

A

D. individual wearing the device

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25
Q

on termination of employment, a radiographer must receive a copy of:
A. all personal health care records kept by the employer
B. his or her occupational exposure report
C. all employment records
D. incident reports in which the radiographer was involved

A

B. his or her occupational exposure report

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26
Q

personnel dosimeters protect the wearer from exposure to ionizing radiation
true or false

A

false

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27
Q

wearing a personnel dosimeter in a consistent location is the responsibility of the individual wearing the device

true or false

A

true

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28
Q

during lengthy interventional fluoroscopic procedures some health care facilities may prefer to have some diagnostic imaging personnel wear two separate monitoring devices

true or false

A

true

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29
Q

cost is not a factor for health care facilities in selecting personnel dosimeters

true or false

A

false

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30
Q

the DIS dosimeter does not provide an instantaneous readout of dose information by the device wearer via a cell phone application

true or false

A

false

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31
Q

an ionization chamber-type survey meter cannot be used to measure exposures produced by typical diagnostic procedures because the exposure times are too long to permit the meter to respond appropriately

true or false

A

false

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32
Q

when a laser light is incident on the sensing material in the OSL dosimeter, the material becomes luminescent in proportion to the amount of radiation exposure received by the detector

true or false

A

true

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33
Q

with an OSL in-house reader, occupational exposure doses can be determined on the day of occurrence

true or false

A

true

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34
Q

all radiation survey meters are equally sensitive in the detection of ionizing radiation

true or false

A

false

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35
Q

the ionization chamber-type meter is used for radiation protection surveys

true or false

A

true

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36
Q

an OSL dosimeter can only be worn for a period of 1 month

true or false

A

false

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37
Q

in health care facilities that have a well structured radiation safety program, personnel monitoring reports are received and reviewed by the RSO

true or false

A

true

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38
Q

a personnel dosimeter must be able to detect and record both small and large exposures in a consistent and reliable manner

true or false

A

true

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39
Q

the filters in an OSL dosimeter are made of lead, potassium iodide, and zinc

true or false

A

false (aluminum, copper, tin)

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40
Q

ionizing radiation causes some of the physical properties of the LiF crystals in the TLD ring dosimeter to undergo changes

true or false

A

true

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41
Q

when changing employment, the radiation worker must convey the data pertinent to his or her accumulated permanent equivalent dose to the new employer so that this information can be placed on file

true or false

A

true

42
Q

results from personnel monitoring reports once reviewed by the facility’s RSO can be discarded

true or false

A

false

43
Q

in the rate mode, the cutie pie can measure radiation intensities ranging from 10 to several thousand microgray per hour

true or false

A

true

44
Q

the GM survey meter is likely to saturate or jam when it is place in a pulsed high intensity radiation area thereby yielding a false reading

true or false

A

true

45
Q

commercially available lead aprons typically have either 2.5- or 3.25-mm lead equivalent shielding

true or false

A

false

46
Q

humidity, pressure, and normal temperature changes do not affect TLDs

true or false

A

true

47
Q

personnel dosimeter should be reasonably inexpensive to purchase and maintain

true or false

A

true

48
Q

health care facilities must maintain a record of exposure recorded by personnel dosimeters as part of each radiation worker’s employment record

true or false

A

true

49
Q

area monitoring can be accomplished through the use of radiation surgery instruments

true or false

A

true

50
Q

control monitors serve as a basis for comparison with the remaining OSL dosimeters after they have been returned to the monitoring company for processing

true or false

A

true

51
Q

in humans, approx how many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes
A. 300
B. 3000
C. 30,000
D. 300,000

A

C. 30,000

52
Q

the nucleolus contains which of the following
A. centrioles and mitochondria
B. ribonucleic acid and proteins
C. ribosomes and golgi bodies
D. lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

A

B. ribonucleic acid and proteins

53
Q

in the human cell, protein synthesis occurs in which of the following locations?
A. nucleus
B. mitochondria
C. ribosomes
D. endoplasmic reticulum

A

C. ribosomes

54
Q

interphase consists of which of the following phases?
A. M, G1, and S
B. G1, S, and G2
C. S, G2, and M
D. G2, M, and G1

A

B. G1, S, and G2

55
Q

carbohydrates also may be referred to as:
A. lipids
B. nucleic acids
C. hormones
D. saccharides

A

D. saccharides

56
Q

DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by transmitting its genetic code information outside the cell nucleus by reproducing itself into the form of ___________
A. messenger DNA
B. messenger RNA
C. messenger REM
D. transfer RNA

A

B. messenger RNA

57
Q

human cells contains which four major organic compounds?
A. nucleic acids, water, protein, and mineral salts
B. mineral salts, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C. carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and water
D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

D. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

58
Q

which of the following is a process of reduction cell division?
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
C. molecular synthesis
D. amniocentesis

A

B. meiosis

59
Q

which of the following cellular organelles functions as a cellular garbage disposal?
A. endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
C. lysosomes
D. ribosomes

A

C. lysosomes

60
Q

which is the following functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell?
A. centrosomes
B. cell membrane
C. endoplasmic reticulum
D. mitochondria

A

B. cell membrane

61
Q

which of the following are functions of the cell membrane?
1. protecting the contents of the cell from the outside environment
2. controlling the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell
3. allowing penetration by all substances into the cell

A

1 and 2 only

62
Q

lipids are also referred to as:
A. amino acids
B. carbohydrates
C. fats
D. sugars

A

C. fats

63
Q

the primary energy source for the cell is:
A. amino acids
B. glucose
C. protein
D. phosphate

A

B. glucose

64
Q

cytosine bonds only with which of the following nitrogenous organic bases?
A. adenine
B. guanine
C. thymine
D. uracil

A

B. guanine

65
Q

which of the following statements is not true?
A. lysosomes are sometimes referred to as “suicide bags.”
B. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is essential for sustaining life
C. the golgi apparatus or complex is the powerhouse of the cell
D. the nucleus is the “heart” of the cell

A

C. the golgi apparatus or complex is the powerhouse of the cell

66
Q

when ionizing radiation is used for therapeutic purposes to destroy malignant cells, a very significant effort using to the latest advances in imaging and computer treatment planning algorithms is always made to minimize the absorbed dose to healthy surrounding tissue. in radiation therapy, this concept is referred to as a(n):
A. enzyme repair effect
B. therapeutic ratio
C. tissue tolerance effect
D. malignant cell annihilation effect

A

B. therapeutic ratio

67
Q

twenty-two different _______ _______ are involved in protein synthesis
A. amino acids
B. antibodies
C. enzymes
D. hormones

A

A. amino acids

68
Q

the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome is called:
A. gene detecting
B. gene extrapolation
C. gene tracking
D. mapping

A

D. mapping

69
Q

approx 80% to 85% of the weight of the human body is:
A. bone
B. fat like substances
C. mineral salts
D. water

A

D. water

70
Q

meiosis is the process of:
A. converting inorganic substances into organic substances
B. identifying genes in the human genome
C. reduction cell division
D. repairing breaks in DNA

A

C. reduction cell division

71
Q

water performs which of the following functions in the human body?
1. maintains a constant core temperature of 98.6°F (37°C)
2. acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so they can more easily interact and their concentration be regulated
3. lubricates both the digestive system and the skeletal articulations (joints)

A

1, 2, and 3

72
Q

which of the following is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellular fluid?
A. deoxyribose
B. glucose
C. potassium
D. ribose

A

C. potassium

73
Q

the S phase of mitosis is the:
A. pre-DNA synthesis
B. actual DNA synthesis period
C. post-DNA synthesis phase
D. phase when DNA synthesis multiplies by a factor of 4

A

B. actual DNA synthesis period

74
Q

when a cell divides, the genetic-containing material contracts into tiny rod-shaped bodies called:
A. golgi apparatus
B. chromosomes
C. mitochondria
D. nucleotides

A

B. chromosomes

75
Q

nitrogenous base pairs form the:
A. hormones needed by various endocrine glands in the body
B. mitotic spindle
C. steps, or rings, of the DNA ladder-like structure
D. sugars the body needs for energy

A

C. steps, or rings, of the DNA ladder-like structure

76
Q

cells are engaged in an ongoing process of obtaining energy and converting it to support their vital functions

true or false

A

true

77
Q

depending on the cell type, water normally accounts for 25% to 35% of protoplasm

true or false

A

false

78
Q

enzymatic proteins (enzymes) moderate or control the cell’s various physiological activities

true or false

A

true

79
Q

although the skin of the body is the initial barrier to any outside invasion by pathogens or the like, once it has been penetrated, the body’s primary defense mechanism against infection and diseases are the hormones that chemically attack any foreign invaders

true or false

A

false

80
Q

lipids are organic macromolecules

true or false

A

true

81
Q

oxygen bonds attach the nitrogenous bases to each other and join the two side tails of the DNA ladder

true or false

A

false

82
Q

a normal human being has 46 different chromosomes composed of 23 pairs in each somatic (non-reproductive) cell

true or false

A

true

83
Q

taken as a whole genes control the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of parentally shared genetic coding

true or false

A

true

84
Q

all cellular metabolic functions occur in the nucleus

true or false

A

false

85
Q

centrosomes are located in the center of the cell near the nucleus

true or false

A

true

86
Q

chromosomes are composed of protein and the genetic material DNA

true or false

A

true

87
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA) transfers its genetic code to another kind of RNA molecule, called transfer RNA (tRNA)

true or false

A

true

88
Q

the cell membrane is a very thick structure encasing and surrounding the human cell

true or false

A

false

89
Q

metabolism is the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones

true or false

A

true

90
Q

water is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 37°C

true or false

A

true

91
Q

approx 30,000 genes are contained in all 46 human chromosomes

true or false

A

true

92
Q

radiation induced damage to chromosomes may be evaluated during telophase

true or false

A

false (they are evaluated during metaphase)

93
Q

water lubricates the digestive system

true or false

A

true

94
Q

ATP is essential for sustaining life

true or false

A

true

95
Q

sodium (Na) is the primary energy source for the human cell

true or false

A

false

96
Q

the types of proteins that any given cell contains determine the characteristics, or genetics, of that cell

true or false

A

true

97
Q

cells are the basic units of all living matter, but they are not essential for life

true or false

A

false

98
Q

proper cell function enables the body as a whole to maintain homeostasis, or equilibrium

true or false

A

true

99
Q

lipids contains the most carbon of all the organic compounds

true or false

A

false

100
Q

although carbohydrates are found throughout the body, they are most abundant in the spleen and nervous tissue

true or false

A

false (they are most abundant in the liver and muscle tissue)

3403 Radiobiology Physics (8 decks)

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