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3403 Radiobiology Physics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

X-rays are a form of non-ionizing radiation
(true or false)

A

false

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2
Q

The millisievert (mSv) is the SI sub-unit of EfD
(true or false)

A

true

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3
Q

The ability of x-rays to cause injury in normal biological tissue just became apparent recently
(true or false)

A

false

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4
Q

A threshold exists for radiation-induced malignant disease
(true or false)

A

false

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5
Q

The basic principles of time, distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of both the patient and the radiographer
(true or false)

A

true

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6
Q

Manmade radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation
(true or false)

A

false

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7
Q

Diagnostic efficacy is not an important part of radiation protection in the healing arts
(true or false)

A

false

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8
Q

BERT ( Background Equivalent Radiation Time) is a:
- Method of optimizing radiation protection.
- Radiation unit.
- Radiation quantity.
- Method of comparison

A

Method of comparison

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9
Q

Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that:
- They have no other options.
- They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis.
- The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause pain or discomfort
- The potential benefit obtained is greater than the risk involved

A

The potential benefit obtained is greater than the risk involved

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10
Q

Which of the following terms is an attempt to provide a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans?
- Absorbed dose
- Diagnostic efficacy
- Effective dose
- Exposure

A

Effective dose

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11
Q

Electromagnetic radiation travels or propagates through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy called a photon. This dual nature is referred to as:

A

wave-particle duality

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12
Q

Terrestrial radiation includes which of the following sources?
- Airport surveillance systems and electron microscopes
- Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth
- The sun and beyond the solar system
- Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests in which detonation occurred above ground

A

Long-lived radioactive elements such as uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-232 that are present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth

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13
Q

Cosmic radiation occurs in which two forms?
- Solar and manmade
- Artificial and galactic
- Natural background and artificial
- Solar and galactic

A

Solar and galactic

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14
Q

Through which of the following routes can radon enter houses?

  1. Crawl spaces under living areas
  2. Floor drains and sump pumps
  3. Porous cement block foundations
A

1, 2, and 3

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15
Q

When exposed to high radon levels in the home, which of the following groups of people have the highest risk of developing lung cancer?
- Adults from 20-30 years of age
- Nonsmokers
- Smokers
- Teenagers

A

Smokers

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16
Q

Which of the following helps shield the global population from exposure to essentially all high-energy, bombarding cosmic rays?
- Fog
- Smog
- Clouds
- Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth

A

Atmosphere and magnetic field of the Earth

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17
Q

Which of the following are forms of electromagnetic radiation?

  1. Microwaves
  2. Visible light
  3. X-rays
  4. Gamma rays
  5. Ultraviolet radiation
A

1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

18
Q

What is the most common unit of measure of equivalent dose?
- Milligray
- Coulomb per kilogram
- Millisievert
- Microsievert

A

Millisievert

19
Q

In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with:

A

shorter wavelengths and higher energies

20
Q

Which of the following radiation quantities use the same unit of measure?

  1. Effective dose and equivalent dose
  2. Exposure and effective dose
  3. Absorbed dose and equivalent dose
A

1 only

21
Q

a patient may choose to assume a relatively small statistical risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for a physician to obtain essential diagnostic medical information when:
1. illness occurs
2. injury occurs
3. a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is called for

A

1, 2, and 3

22
Q

effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation defines:
a. diagnostic efficacy
b. optimization
c. radiation protection
d. reference values

A

c. radiation protection

23
Q

which of the following is a method that can be used to answer patients’ questions about the amount of radiation received from a radiographic procedure?
a. ALARA concept
b. BERT
c. PULSE
d. EPA

A

b. BERT

24
Q

the term optimization for radiation protection (ORP) is synonymous with which of the following?
a. as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)
b. background equivalent radiation time (BERT)
c. effective does (EfD
d. diagnostic efficacy (DE)

A

a. as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)

25
Q

monitoring and reporting of patient does for CT and interventional procedures can lead to:
a. an invasion of patient privacy
b. an increase in patient radiation dose
c. a reduction in patient dose
d. elimination of the need for imaging equipment radiation safety features

A

c. a reduction in patient dos

26
Q

the amount of ionization procedure in the air when ionizing radiation is present is known as:
a. absorbed dose
b. effective dose
c. efficacy
d. exposure

A

d. exposure

27
Q

the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines defines which of the following terms?
a. radiation protection
b. radiographic pathology
c. effective diagnosis
d. diagnostic efficacy

A

d. diagnostic efficacy

28
Q

the millisievert (mSv) is equal for:
a. 1/10 of a sievert
b. 1/100 of a sievert
c. 1/1000 of a sievert
d. 1/10,000 of a sievert

A

c. 1/1000 of a sievert

29
Q

an effective radiation safety program requires a firm commitment to radiation safety by:
1. facilities providing imaging services
2. radiation workers
3. patients

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d 1, 2, and 3

A

a. 1 and 2 only

30
Q

if a child receives a dose of radiation in a CT scan where adult protocols are used, the child, because of being smaller in size, will receive a:
a. lethal dose of radiation
b. higher effective dose than would an adult, but the image produced will appear to be of acceptable quality
c. lower effective dose than would an adult, and the image produced will be of acceptable quality
d. severe radiation burns

A

b. higher effective dose than would an adult, but the image produced will appear to be of acceptable quality

31
Q

the amount of radiation actually received by a patient from a diagnostic x-ray procedure may be indicated in terms such as:
1. entrance skin exposure (ESE), which includes skin and glandular dose
2. bone marrow dose
3. gonadal dose

a. 1 and 2 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

d. 1, 2, and 3

32
Q

which of the following processes is the foundation for imaging of the interaction of x-rays with human tissue?
a. ionization
b. linear acceleration
c. particle emission
d. radioactive decay

A

a. ionization

33
Q

why are the long-term effects, such as an increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population living near Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant, unable to be accurately determined?
a. after the tsunami, winds carried all the radiation back out to sea
b. it was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received
c. radiation from the crippled reactors was negligible
d. radiation levels exceeded the reading scales on the instruments used to measure population exposure

A

b. it was extremely difficult to measure the amounts of radiation people received

34
Q

according to the most recent available data from 2016, what is the radiation dose from natural background radiation attributed to exposure from radon and thoron?
a. 0.3 mSv
b. 1.5 mSv
c. 2.3 mSv
d. 5.5 mSv

A

c. 2.3 mSv

35
Q

which of the following are natural sources of ionizing radiation?
a. medical x-radiation and cosmic radiation
b. radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body
c. radioactive elements in the human body and a diagnostic x-ray machine
d. radioactive fallout and environs of atomic energy plants

A

b. radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body

35
Q

an equivalent dose as low as 250 mSv delivered to the whole body may cause which of the following within a few days?
a. and increase in the number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
b. a substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body’s primary defense against disease
c. a drop immediately to zero in the lymphocyte count
d. a large increase in the number of platelets

A

b. a substantial decrease within a few days in the number of lymphocytes or white blood cells that are the body’s primary defense against disease

36
Q

how is actual radiation dose to the global population from atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing received?
a. it is received all at once within a short period of time after such a test
b. it is received in large quantities within a period of 2 years after such a test
c. it is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates
d. no fallout from such testing is ever received

A

c. it is not received all at once but instead is delivered over a period of years at changing dose rates

37
Q

as of 2016, which of the following is the total average annual radiation equivalent dose from medical, human-made, and natural?
a. 1.5 mSv per year
b. 2.3 mSv per year
c. 3.1 mSv per year
d. 5.5 mSv per year

A

d. 5.5 mSv per year

38
Q

the russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the chernobyl power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of:
1. breast cancer cases
2. leukemia cases
3. prostate cancer cases

a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

A

b. 2 only

39
Q

which of the following is recognized as the main adverse health effect from the 1986 chernobyl nuclear power accident?
a. increase in the incidence of leukemia in adults
b. increase in the incidence of leukemia in children
c. increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in adults
d. increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents

A

d. increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents

3403 Radiobiology Physics (8 decks)

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