Exam 5 Flashcards
(321 cards)
1
Q
What do nervous system functions include?
A
Sensory functions
Integrative
Motor planning
2
Q
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for brain and spinal cord?
A
CNS
3
Q
Which division is responsible for nerves and ganglia?
A
PNS
4
Q
What are 3 physiolgical properties of a neuron?
A
Excitability, conductivity, secretion
5
Q
Sensory Afferent neurons ..,,
A
Detect stimuli
6
Q
Interneurons (association neurons) …
A
Receive signals from other neurons and make decisions about response
7
Q
Motor (efferent) neurons…
A
Send signals to muscles to provide response
8
Q
What is the control center of the neuron?
A
Neurosoma
9
Q
What had compartmentalized ER?
A
Nissl bodies
10
Q
What part if the neuron receives signals?
A
Dendrites
11
Q
What part if the neuron sends action potentials?
A
Axons
12
Q
What is the complex of branches at axons distal end?
A
Terminal arborization
13
Q
What is the ending of an axon branch that communicates with another cell?
A
Synaptic knob
14
Q
A neuron with many dendrites, one axon?
A
Multipolar
15
Q
A neuron with one dendrite, one axon?
A
Bi polar
16
Q
A neuron with no dendrites and has one axon?
A
Unipolar
17
Q
A neuron with many dendrites and no axons?
A
Anaxonic
18
Q
Of the CNS glia, Oligodendrocytes do what?
A
Myelinate to assist conductivity
19
Q
What do the ependymal cells do?
A
Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
20
Q
Why do microglia do?
A
Help in defense and disposal
21
Q
What do astrocytes do?
A
Provide support and nourishment
22
Q
Of the PNS glia, what does the Schwann cells do?
A
Myelinate to assist conduction
23
Q
What do the satellite cells do?
A
Provide support and nourishment
24
Q
What makes up the fatty white matter of CNS?
A
Oligodendrocytes
25
What are fiber segments covered by myelin?
Internodes
26
What are fiber segments with gaps in myelin?
Nodes of ranvier
27
What is the outermost layer of a Schwann cell?
Neuralemma
28
Signal conduction speed depends on two factors:
Diameter of fiber (larger = faster)
| Presence it myelin (myelinated are fster)
29
Cut nerve fibers can regenerate if what?
Nerve cell bodies remain intact
30
Which cells secrete nerve growth factors?
Schwann cells
31
Can CNS neurons regenerate?
No
32
Meeting point of neuron and other cell?
Synapse
33
Adjacent cells joined by gap junctions
Ions diffuse from cell to cell
Quick transmission
No integration or decision-making
Electrical Synapse
34
What are the first embryonic traces of CNS?
Neural plate
| Neural groove with neural folds
35
By 4 weeks, a hollow channel is created known as the what?
neural tube
36
The neural tube has three anterior bulges;?
Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
37
What happens in the 5th week of development?
Secondary vesicles
38
Which neural tube defects affects one to a few vertibrae and causes no functional problems?
Spina bifida occulta
39
Which neural tube defect is more severe and causes a sac to protrude from spice?
Spina bifida cystica
40
In what NTD causes a small brain?
microcephaly
41
In what NTD causes no brain
anecephaly
42
What bypathologist removed Albert Einsteins brain after 7 hours of deat?
Thomas Stoltz Harvey
43
What was found in Albert Einsteins brain that could have enabled his intelligence?
increased number of glial cells
44
What forms myelin in the spinal cord?
Oligodendrocytes
45
The automic nervous system is also called the?
visceral motor division
46
What divivsion tends to prepare the body for action?
symoathetic
47
Nerves are _____ of the organ system?
organs
48
What are examples of effectors of the nervous system?
Glands
49
What division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine?
visceral motor
50
About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are what?
Association
51
WHat are the most common type of neurons?
Multipolar
52
The myelin sheath is formed by?
cells
53
The mechanism by which nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural _____?
coding
54
What are four functions of the spinal cord?
Conductivity
Neural integration
Locomotion
Reflexes
55
Sensory information _____ in the spinal cord.
Ascends
56
Motor function ________ in the spinal cord.
Descends
57
What is neural integration?
Processing of info from diverse sources
58
Why is locomotion?
Central patterns generators coordinate simple repetitive movements
59
What is an involuntary stereotyped response to stimuli?
Reflexes
60
What are the regions of the spinal cord?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
61
Spinal enlargements are in which two regions?
Cervical and lumbar
62
Tough outer layer; epideral space
Dura mater= dura sheath
63
Middle layer; subarachnoid space with cerebral spinal fluid.
Arachnoid matter
64
Delicate inner layer; coccygeal and denticulate ligaments
Pia matter
65
```
-What contains little myelin
–Two posterior (dorsal) horns
–Two anterior (ventral) horns
–Two lateral horns within thoracic and lumbar regions
–Connected by a gray commisure
```
Gray matter
66
–Myelinated axons
–Three pairs of columns (funiculi). Each column is divided in tracts (fasciculi)
•Posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) columns
White matter
67
What do ascending tracts do?
carry sensory info to brain, whereas descending tracts carry motor info from brain
68
Many tracts cross the midline at a what?
Decussation
69
If a tract crosses the midline then it's origin is ____ to it's destination.
Contralateral
70
If a tract does not cross midline then it's origin is _______ to it's destination?
Ipsilateral
71
What does the1st order neuron do?
conducts the stimulus to the spinal cord or brainstem.
72
What does the 2nd order neuron do?
conducts the stimulus to the thalamus (at the upper end of the brainstem)
73
What does the 3rd neuron do?
Conducts the stimulus to cerebral cortex
74
Which tract carries signal from the midthoracic and lower parts of the body?
gracile fasciculus
75
which tract joins the gracile tract at T6 and carries signals from the upper limbs and chest?
Cuneate fasciculus
76
Both ascending posterior column tracts contain what?
1st order neurons sensing body position, discrimitive touch, and pressure on the side of the body
77
What tract ascends in the anterior and lateral columns to end in the thalmus?
spinothalamic tract
78
What does the spinothalamix tract contain?
second order neurons sensing pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and light and crude touch from contralateral sensory neurons
79
What lacks the fine discrimination and doesnt generally give enough info to the brain to enable it ro recognise a familiar object by touch alone?
Crude (protopathic) touch
80
What does the spicoreticular tract do?
carries pain signals from tissue injure
81
Corticospinal tracts carry signals for precise limb movements from what?
motor cortex ( upper motoe neurons)
82
What do descending tracts do?
carry motor signals down the brainstem and spinal cord.
83
The upper neuron of the descending tract has what?
the soma in the cerebral cortex
84
The lower motor neuron contains what?
the axon in the brainsem or spinal cord
85
Where does the axon of the lower motor neuron end?
in the muscle or target organ
86
What is a nerve?
several axons wrapped by connective tissure
87
Endoneurium wraps what?
one axon
88
Perineurium wraps what?
a fascicle of axons
89
Epineurium wraps what?
entire nerve
90
Carry sensory signals from receptors to the CNS
Afferent fibers
91
Carry motor signals from the CNS to effectors
Efferent fibers
92
Innervate skin, skeletal muchles, bones, and joints?
Somatic fibers
93
Innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera
Visceral fibers
94
Innervate widespread organs such as muscles skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels
General fibers
95
Innervate more localized organs in the head, including the eyes, ears, olfactory and tase receptors, and muscles of chewing, swallowing, and facial expression
Special fibers
96
What is a ganglion?
a cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS
97
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
98
How many of each spinal nerves are in each region of Thoracis, lumber, sacral, coccygeal?
12,5,5,1 respectively
99
what do plexuses do?
receive fibers from anterior rami and give rise to peripheral nerves
100
The Cervical plexus is?
in neck
101
the brachial plexus is in?
shoulder
102
the lumbar plexus is in
lower back
103
the sacral plexus is
below lumbar
104
the coccygeal plexus is
lower sacrum and coccyx
105
What is a dermatome map?
diagram of the areas of skin innervated by each spinal nerve
106
Each spinal nerve except ______ receives a sensory input from a specific area of skin called dermatome?
C1
107
How is spinal nerve damaged assesd?
By testing the dermatomes, by pinpricks and noting the areas where the patient has no sensation
108
What are properties of a reflex?
requires stimulation
quick
involuntary
stereotyped
109
What is a visceral reflex?
Glans. cardiac muscle. and smooth muscle
| controlled by autonomic nervous system
110
What is a somatic reflex?
Skeletal muscles
| controlled by somatic nervous system
111
What is an ipsilateral reflex?
sensory input and motor output on same side
112
What is a contralateral reflex?
sensory imput from opposite side as motor output
113
What is intersegmental reflex?
sensory signal in one lever; motor output at a higher or lower level
114
syndrome of paralysis and absence of reflexes after transection of cord
Spinal shock
115
dangerous drop in blood pressure due to lack of sympathetic nervous system activity
Neurogenic shock
116
– paralysis of both lower limbs due to lesions from T1 to L1
Paraplegia
117
paralysis of all four limbs due to lesions above C5
quadriplegia
118
paralysis on one side of body usually due to stroke or brain lesions
Hemiplegia
119
The Brain si divided kinto 3 major regions: ?
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and brainstem
120
Which region of the brain consists of two cerebral hemispheres, gyri (folds), and a longitudal fissure?
Cerebrum
121
Which region of the brain is marked by gyri, sulci, and fissures?
Cerebellum
122
Which region of the brain is the smallest of all and its major components are the diencephalon, midbrain, pons,and medulla oblongota. This part of the brain is crucial for survival
Brainstem
123
What is the outer part (cortex) of cerebrum and of cerebellum, as well as deep nuclei. It is the site of the neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses.
Gray matter
124
Deep in the brain and is composed of tracts or bundles of myelinated axons
White Matter
125
Within the cranium the dura mater has two layers: ?
Periosteal layer and meningeal layer
126
In some places, the layers separate to form dural sinuses. These sinuses are?
Superior sagittal sinus and Transverse sinus
127
In some places, dural sheets occupy spaces separating majr parts of the brain. What are these called and which parts do they separate?
Falx cerebri separate between hemispheres
| Tentorium cerebelli separate between cerebrum and cerebellum
128
What are the three meninges?
Dura matter - yough, outer layer
Arachnoid mater - transparent, middle layer
Pia mater - delicate, inner layer
129
The brain has four interior chambers called what?
ventricles
130
The largest two ventricles are what and form what?
lateral ventricles which form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere
131
Each lateral ventricle is connected to what?
the third ventricle which contains the cerebral aqueduct
132
the cerebral aqueduct leads to what?
The fourth ventricle - whcih forms the central canal and contains the choroid plexus
133
What does the central canal located in the fourth ventricle of the brain extend through?
medulla oblongata into the spinal chord
134
What is covered by ependymal cells and produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Choroid plexus - similar to histollogicall to the fetus choroum
135
What is a clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and calas of the CNS and bathes its external surface?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
136
What is the CSF produced by?
choroid plexus within ventricles
137
What does the CSF flow within?
ventricles, canals and in subarachnoid space around CNS
138
What is CSF absorbed by?
arachnoid granulations into blood of superior sagittal sinus
139
What does CSF provide?
buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability
140
The brain is how much of body weight?
2%
141
The brain receives ___% of blood and uses __% of oxygen?
15% blood; 20% oxygen
142
What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
seals capillaries in brain tissues and have tight junctions between endothelial cells
143
What is the blood- CSF barrier?
Seals chororod plexus within brain ventricles and has tight junctions between ependymal cells
144
Patches in regions of 3rd and 4th ventricles that lack BBB allow brain to monitor blood chemistry
Circumventricular organs (CVO)
145
What is developed from the myelencephalon?
Medulla Oblongata
146
The medulla oblongata begins where and extends to what?
Begins at the foramen magnum andextends to pons
147
The medulla contains several nuclei, three important ones are what?
Cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center
148
Anterior surface contains what physica traits?
Pyramaids (medial) and Olives (lateral)
149
The corticospinal tract of the interior structure does what?
controls muscles below the neck
150
The inferior olivary nucleus does what?
receives signals from many levels of the brain and relays them to the cerebellum
151
The reticular formation is involved in what?
many physiological functions of the body
152
The gracile and cuneate nuclei do what?
convey signals to the cerebrum and one's conscious awareness
153
What does the tectospinal tract do?
mediated movements of neck and head
154
The posterior spinocerebellar tract is?
sensory info for the cerebellum
155
What developes from metencephalon?
Pons
156
Anterior surface contains what?
large bulge
157
Posterior aspect contains what?
peduncles that attach to cerebellum
158
Internally Pons contain parts of what?
several tracts and nerves
159
What develops from mesencephalon?
Midbrain
160
What is the tectum of the midbrain?
a rooflike region posterior to the aqueduct
161
The tectum exhibits what?
corpora quadrigemina - four bulges consisting of superior and inferior collicul
162
The superior colliculi contains what functions?
Vision attention tracking movements of objects and reflexively turning the head and eyes in response to stimuli
163
What does the inferior colliculi do?
receive and process auditory input from lower levels of the brainstem and relay it to toher parts of the brain.
164
What is the IC sensitive to?
time delays between sounds heard by the two ears, and aid locating the source of sound
165
The cerebral peducles contain what
Tegmentum with red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Cerebral crura anchor cerebrum to brainstem
166
Main function of tegmentum is what?
Fine motor control
167
The substantia nigra does what?
improves motor performance by supessing unwanted muscles contractions.
168
The cerebral crura do?
Anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem
169
What is a web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem?
Reticular Formation
170
What are the functions of reticular formation?
somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciouslness and habituation
171
What is a narrow wormlike bridge that connects the cerebellar hemispheres?
Vermis
172
What is folia?
slender, parallel folds located in each hemispere.
173
The cerebellum has a surface cortex of what?
gray matter and a deeper layer of white matter.
174
What is arbor vitae?
a branching fern-like pattern in the white matter
175
In each hemisphere there are 4 masses of gray matter called what?
Deep nuclei
176
What kind of cells are contained in the gray matter of the cerebellum?
Numerous granule cells and large Purkinje cells
177
What are the functions of Medulla oblongata?
Centers for circulatory and respiratory control
| sensory and motor functions for head and neck
178
What are functions for Pons
facial sensation and expression
| control of chewing, respiration, and sleep
179
What are the functions for midbrain>
Red nucleus and substantia nigra for motor control
Central gray for pain awareness
superior coliculus for visual attention
inferior colliculus for auditory attention
180
Functions for reticular formation?
Sleep and consciousness
| varied sensory, motor, and involuntary functions
181
Whaqt are functions for cerebellum?
Muscular coordination and fine motor control
| varied cognitive functions
182
What is part of the forebrain and has three divisions that surround the third ventricle
Diencephalon
183
What are the three divisions of diencephalon?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
184
What is an ovoid mass that makes up 4/5ths of diencephalon?
Thalamus
185
In about 2/3 rds of people the two thalami are joined medially by a narrow?
intermediate amss
186
The thalamus is involved in what?
sensation, movement, memory, and emotion
187
The Thalamus is known as what?
"Gateway to the cerebral cortex"
188
What extends from optic chiasm to mammillary bodies?
hypothalamus
189
The hypothalamus is the major control center of what?
autonoic nervous system and endocrine system
190
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
hormone secretion, autonomic effects, thermoregulation. food and water intake, sleep and cicradian rhythms, emotional responses, and memory
191
What consist mainly of kthe pineal gland, the habenula, and a think roof over the 3rd ventricle?
Epithalamus
192
What derives from embyonic telencephalon of forebrain?
Cerebrum
193
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by what?
a longitudinal fissure
194
The cerebral hemisphers are connected by what?
corpus callosum
195
What produces the large surface area?
Gyri and sulci
196
Which lobe extends from frontal bone to central sulcus?
Frontal Lobe
197
What is the frontal lobe concerned with?
cognition, speech, and motor control
198
Which lobe extends from central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus?
Parietal lobe
199
What is the importance of the parietal lobe?
interprets signals of general senses and taste
200
Which lobe extends from parieto-occipital sulcus to occipital bone
Occipital lobe
201
Function of the Occipital lobe?
principal visual center
202
Which lobe extends from temporal bone to lateral sulcus?
Temporal lobe
203
Main fuction on Temporal lobe?
Hearing, smell, learninbg, and memory
204
What is from deep to lateral sulcus?
Insula
205
What is function of insula?
Taste, visceral sensation, and language
206
What do the projection tracts of the cerebral white matter do?
travel vertically to carry info between cerebrum and rest of body
207
What are the commissural tracts of the cerebral white matter?
commissures cross between two hemispheres
208
What is the largest commissural tract?
corpus callosum
209
What are the Association tracts?
connect regions within same hemisphere
210
What is the surface of the hemisphers?
cerebral cortex
211
What percentage does the cerebral cortex make up of brain?
40%
212
What are cells with several short dendrites and no axon?
stellate cells
213
Stellate cells are the local processing of what?
sensory info
214
What are triangle shaped with apex pointing to brain surface anbd outputs neurons of cerebrum?
Pyramidal cells
215
What is "recently" evolved and contains six layers?
Neocortex
216
Prominent parts of this include: cingulate gyrus, hoppocampus, and amygdala
The limbic system
217
What are important functions of the limbic system?
emotion and learning
218
What are masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the whiter matter, lateral to the thalamus?
basal nuclei
219
The basal nuclei consist of at least three brain centers: ?
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
220
The basal nuclei is involved in what?
motor control
221
What is the first cortical region to receive input for that sense?
Primary sensory cortex
222
What isses projection fibers to distribute motor commands?
Primary motor cortex
223
Any cortical are that is not primary?
Association cortex
224
The association cortex is involved with integration functions such as what>
interpretation of sensations, though, memory, and motor planning.
225
The association area of the frontal lobe is a very important center of cognitive and emotional funtion, it is the ?
prefontal cortex
226
Vision deals with what?
Occipital lobe and primary visual cortex
227
Hearing deals with what/,.
Temporal lobe and insula and primary auditory cortex
228
Equlibrium deals with what?
cerebellum and several brainstem nuclei
229
Taset deals with what>
parietal lobe and primary gustatory cortex
230
Smell deals with what?
temporal and frontal lobes and orbitofrontal cortex
231
Postcentral gyrus is primary what?
somatosensory cortex
232
Precentral gyrys is primary what?
primary motor cortex
233
What is responsible for the recognition of spoken and written language, lying posterior to the lateral sulcus usually in the left hemisphere
The Wernicke area.
234
What area is responsible for the speech. It comes from the Wernicke area and is located inferior prefrontal cortex of the same hemi?
The Broca area
235
There are several areas involved with emotions, but the _____ is a moajor component.
Amygdala.
236
The amyghala outputs to what?
the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex
237
What is the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge?
congnition
238
What are the two types of memory?
procedural and declarative
239
What is retention of motor skills such as tie shous, play violin, ride a bike?
Procedural
240
Retention of events and facts that one can put into words
declarative
241
What kind of memories does the amygdala create?
emotional memoires
242
The hippocampus consolidates what kind of memories?
declarative long-term memories
243
What is the difference in functions for each hemisphere?
cerebral lateralization
244
One hemisphere, usually the left is called the ?
categorical hemisphere
245
The categorical hemisphere is specialized for what?
spoken and written language
246
Uusally the right hemisphere is called ?
representational hemisphere
247
The representational hemisphere perceives info in a more hollstic way, allowing for what?
imagination and insight as well as musical and artistic skills
248
OLd OPie OCcassionally TRies TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe, And HYPOactive - (List of cranial nerves)
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
249
What is a sensory nerve for vision?
Optic nerve
250
What is a sensory nerve for smell?
olfactory nerve
251
A motor nerve for eye movement?
oculomotor nerve or trochlear nerve or abducens nerve
252
A mixed nerve for sensation of the face and control of chewing movements?
Trigeminal nerve
253
A mixed nerve for sensastion of taste and control of expreessions, and facial secretions
Facial nerve
254
A sensory nerve for hearing and equilibrium?
vestibulocochlear nerve
255
a mixed nerve with diverse sensory and motor function for head, neck, and thorax
glossopharyngeal nerve
256
a mixed nerve for taste and gastrointestinal sensation, and control of various organs
vagus nerve
257
a motor nerve for swallowing, head, neck and shoulder movements
accessory nerve
258
a motor nerve controlling movements of the tounge
hypoglossal nerve
259
Which disorder: Recent event of memory loss
reduced attention span, disorentation
atrophy of gyri of cerebral cortex and hippocampus
Alzheimer disease
260
Which disorder: AKA paralysis agitans
loss of motor function
degeneartaion of dopamine-releasing cells from substantia nigra
Parkinson disease
261
What are chemical messengers that are sevreted into the blood stream?
hormones
262
Hormones stimulate response in what?
distant targets
263
Compared to Exocrine glands, endocrine glands are?
ductless and secrete internally
264
Compared to the nervous system, endocrine effects tend to be _____?
slower and more sustained
265
Endocrine messengers can affect wider variety of what?
more distant targets
266
The two systems (Nervous & endocrine) coordinate responses, and some cells are called?
neuroendocrine cells
267
Major organs of the Endocrine System include:
Pineal, hypothalamus,pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, parathyroid glands, and Gonads
268
What is flattened funnel shape and above and behind optic chiasm
Hypothalamus
269
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
270
Which part of the piruitary gland is the interior three quaters.
Adenohypophysis
271
The adenohypophysis has 2 parts: ?
anterior lobe called pars distalis and the pars tuberalis
272
What are hormone secreting cells in the adenhypophysis?
acidophils and basophils
273
Which part of the pituitary is the posterior one-quater
neurohypophysis
274
What are the three parts of the neurohypophysis?
posterior lobe, stalk (infundibulum), and median eminence
275
The Adenohypophysis consists of a hypophyseal portal system, which is what?
a blood vessel connection to hypothalamus
276
Consists of nervous tissue that includes axons of hypothalamic neurons form hypothalamo-hypopseal tract
neurohypophysis
277
The pineal gland is at the roof of what ventricle?
Third
278
The pineal gland is at the posterior end of what>
corpus callosum
279
Secretion of the pineal gland peaks at what age range?
1-5 years
280
The pineal gland shrinks by __% at puberty?
75%
281
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Melatonin
282
What is a bilobed gland, in mediasinum, superior to heart?
Thymus
283
Maturation of what cells occur in the thymus?
white blood cells (T cells)
284
What stimulates the development of lymphatic organs and T cells?
Hormones
285
What is the largest endocrine gland in adults?
Thyroid
286
The thyroid consists of two lobes joined by what?
Isthmus
287
The thyroid is composed mostly of sacs called what?
thyroid follicles
288
Thyroid hormone (TH) is both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which all do what?
Raises metabolic rate
289
Which glands contain 4 small ovoid glands?
Parathyroid Glands
290
The parathyroid glands are in the neck, usually on the _______ side of thyroid.
posterior sided
291
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by chief cells to raise what?
Calcium in blood
292
Which glands are superior to kidnets?
Adrenal glands
293
The adrenal medulla is how much of the gland?
10-20%
294
Chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and ?
dopamine
295
The adrenal medualla raises what?
metabolic rate
296
What makes up 80-90% of the adrenal gland?
adrenal cortex
297
What is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa
298
What is the intermediate, thisck layer of the adrenal cortex?
zona fasciculata
299
What is the deepest cortical layer of the zona reticularis?
deepest cortical layer
300
Epinephrine is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It has many function in the body including: ?
regulating heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts.
301
Epinephrine release is a crucial component of what?
fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
302
What organ is below and behind the stomach?
The pancreas
303
What are dispersed clusters of cells with endocrine functions?
Pancreatis islets
304
Glucagon causes rise in blood sugar?
Alpha cells
305
Insulin causes absorption of blood sugar
Beta cells
306
Somatostatin regulates speed of digestion
Delta cells
307
pancreatic polypeptide inhibits digestive secretions of bile and pancreatic juice
PP cells
308
Gastrin stimulates stomach activities
G cells
309
In the Ovaries, inhibin inhibits what?
FSH secretion
310
In the Testes, in sustentacular cells inhibin inhibits what?
FSH secretion
311
Endocrine glands develop from what?
epithelia
312
In the pituitary, adenohypophysis develops from what?
ectoderm of pharynx
313
Neurohypophysis develops from what?
a bud off hypothalamus
314
The thryoid grows from what>
floor of pharynx, migrates posteriorly
315
which glands all shrink in size early in life?
adrenal, thymus, and pineal glands
316
Insulin secretion and effectiveness declines when?
in old age
317
Ovarian decline at menopause increase risk of what?
cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and dementa
318
Thyroid effectiveness declines in what?
elderly
319
What can endemic goiter result from?
hyposecretion of thyroid hormone.
320
Cortisol hypersecretion disrupts carb and protein metabolism causing what?
Cushing syndrome
321
Severe iodine deficiency can cause what?
hypothyroidism and even developmental brain disorders and sever goiter
