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BIOL 2401 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Efferent vessels carrying blood AWAY from the heart?

A

Arteries

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2
Q

Affarent vessels carrying blood TOWARD the heart.

A

Veins

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3
Q

Microscopic vessels connecting small arteries to small veins

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Inside the blood verssel. Simple squamous tissue or endothelium, continuous with the endocardium

A

Tunica interna

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5
Q

the thickest, smooth muscle, collagen and elastiv tissue. Produces vasomotion: vasconstruction and vasodilation

A

Tunica media

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6
Q

Loose connective tissue, anchors vessels, and allows small nerves, lymphatic nerves, and smaller blood vessels to reach tissues of large vessels

A

Tunica externa

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7
Q

Large vessels that have their own network of small vessels

A

vaso vasorum

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8
Q

Why are arteries considered to be the resistance vessels of the cardiovascular systme?

A

Because they are relatively strong, resilient tissue structure that resists the high blood pressure within.

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9
Q

Biggest arteries, absorb some pressure but also maintain it. Ex. Aorta

A

Conducting (elastic) arteries

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10
Q

Midsized arteries that distribute blood to specific organs. Ex. femoral artery

A

Distributing (muscular) arteries

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11
Q

Smallest arteries; less than .1mm in diameter; arterioles are smallest example and do not have specific names

A

Resistance arteries

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12
Q

Short vessels linking arterioles and capillaries

A

metarterioles

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13
Q

An abnormal widening or balloning of a portion of artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel

A

Aneurysm

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14
Q

Baroreceptors in internal carotoid artery wall; flossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to vasometor and cardiac centers of brainstem

A

Carotid sinuses

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15
Q

Chemoreceptors near branch point of common carotid artery; vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves transmit signals to respiratory centers of the brain

A

Carotid bodies

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors in aortic arch; like carotid bodies, they signal respiratory centers of the brain

A

Aortic bodies

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17
Q

Exchange vessels; nutrients, waste, and hormones, move between blood and tissue fluid

A

Capillaries

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18
Q

Endothelial cells joined by tight junctions, but some intercellular clefts present

A

Continuous capillary

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19
Q

Endothelial cells have filtration pores facillitating exchange

A

Fenestrated capillary

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20
Q

Irregular, tortuous passages with wide gaps between endothelial cells

A

Sinusoid (discontinuous capillary)

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21
Q

What are the 3 routes that materials can travel through a capillary wall?

A

The intercullar clefts, the filteration pores, and through endothelial cytoplasm by trtanscytosis or diffusion

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22
Q

When a tissue is _____, precapillary sphincters relax (open) and capillaries fill with blood

A

Active

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23
Q

When a tissue is ______, precapillary sphincters close and blood flows from metarteriole to thouroughfare channel

A

Inactive

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24
Q

At rest what % of blood is found in the systemic veins?

A

64%

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25
Q

Veins are regarderd as the ________ of the cardiovascular system because they are relatively thin-walled and flaccid. They contain most of the blood?

A

Capacitance vessels

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26
Q

15um to 1mm in diamter; very porous, allow for exchange

A

postcapillary venules

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27
Q

Greater than 1 mm in diameter and have smooth muscle in wall (tunica media)

A

Muscular venules

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28
Q

Up to 10 mm diamerter, Individually named, and contains valves

A

Medium veins

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29
Q

Large lumens, very thin walls, no smooth muscle

A

Venous sinuses

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30
Q

Diameters greater than 15mm, have smooth muscle in all tunics

A

Large veins

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31
Q

What is simple path?

A

Artery to capillary to vein

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32
Q

What is portal system?

A

Sequence of two capillary beds

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33
Q

What is anastomosis

A

vessel merger without intervining capillary bed

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34
Q

What is the most common vascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis;

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35
Q

What are the functions of lymphatic systems?

A

Recover fluid lost from blood capillaries; guard against pathogens, absorb lipids from small intestine

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36
Q

What are the components of lymphatic system?

A

Lymoh fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs

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37
Q

A clear colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma; low in proteins, supplies lymphocytes to bloodstream,

A

Lymph

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38
Q

Loosely connected overlapping endothelial cells

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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39
Q

What is the flow of lymph?

A

Lymphatic capillaries –> collecting vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> collecting ducts –> subclavian vein

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40
Q

Named by location: jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intercostal, intestinal, and lumbar

A

Lymphatic Trunks

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41
Q

Convergence of trunks in right thoracic cavity

A

Right lymphatic duct

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42
Q

Begins at cisterna chyli of abdomen

A

Thoracic duct

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43
Q

What is the flow of lymph aided by?

A

rhythmic contraction of lymphatic vessels

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44
Q

What lymphatic cells attack and kill cells and provide immunological surveillance?

A

Natual killer (NK) cells

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45
Q

Lymphatic cells that are thymus dependent. include Cytoxic, Helper, Regulatory and memory

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

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46
Q

Cells that differentiate into plasma cells– connective tissue cells that secrete defensive proteins called antibodies

A

B lymohocytes (B cells)

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47
Q

Develop from monocytes and display antigens to T cells

A

macrophages

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48
Q

Branched Macrophages; found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs

A

Dendritic cells

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49
Q

Stationary cells; stroma of lymphatic organs

A

Reticular cells

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50
Q

Aggregations of lymphatictes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs

A

Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissues

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51
Q

What is prevalent in passages of respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts

A

MALT; mucosa-associated lyphatic tissue)

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52
Q

What are regarded as primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow and Thymus

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53
Q

Why are the red bone marrow and thymus regarded as primary lymphatic organs?

A

because they are the sites where B and T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

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54
Q

What are the secondary Lymphatic organs>

A

lymphnodes, tonsils, and spleen

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55
Q

What is the site of hemopoiesis?

A

red bone marrow

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56
Q

What does the red bone marrow do?

A

Supplies lymphocytes and other blood cells; reticular cells secrete colony-stimulating factors for leukocyte production

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57
Q

What is a bilobed organ located between the sternum and aortic arch?

A

The Thymus

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58
Q

What does the Thymus do?

A

houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones

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59
Q

What seals off blood vessels and secrete chemical messengers promoting development of T cells?

A

Reticular epithelial cells

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60
Q

What is the presence of thymus in a newborn necessary for development?

A

Immunity

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61
Q

At what age does the thymus start shrinking?

A

15

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62
Q

what are the most numerous lymphatic organs that are bean shped and less than 3 cm long

A

Lymph nodes

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63
Q

What are the two functions of lymph nodes?

A

to cleanse the lymph and to act as a site of T and B cell activation

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64
Q

What are some physical traits of the lymoh nodes?

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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65
Q

What leads to the node but few leave?

A

Afferent vessels lead, efferent leave

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66
Q

What locations are nodes concentrated in?

A

cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal and meseteric, inguinal, and popliteal

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67
Q

What are the patches of lymphatic tissue at entrance of pharynx?

A

tonsils

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68
Q

What are the three setsx of tonsils?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsiles, and lingual tonsils

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69
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ measuring up to 12 cm long?

A

Spleen

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70
Q

What is the concentration of erythrocytes?

A

red pulp

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71
Q

What consists of lymphocytes and macrophages/

A

white pulp

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72
Q

A population of disease-fighting cells that reside in the mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and other localities in the body?

A

Immune system

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73
Q

What are two types of nonspecific defenses in the immune system>

A

Barriers to invasion by skin and mucous membranes and general actions against pathogens that penetrate

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74
Q

What is the specific immunity defense?

A

Ability to defeat and remember specific pathogens based on their antigens

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75
Q

What are the two forms of specefic immunity

A

Humoral and cellular

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76
Q

What is Humoral immunity?

A

Done by B lymphocytes and antibodies; antibodies are secreted by plasma cells and circulate freely in body fluids

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77
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Done by cytotoxic T cells; after developing in thymus, they are distributed widely, especially to lyph nodes; T cells attack enemy cells with lethal hit of toxic chemicals

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78
Q

With age, what happens to the quantity of red marrow, lymphatic tissue, and thymic hormones?

A

It declines.

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79
Q

What is a result of fewer T cells due to decline in red marrow

A

slower response to antigens, inreased risk of cancer

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80
Q

What does poorer discrimination in antigens result in?

A

increase in autoimmune disease incidence

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81
Q

What are exaggerated immune responses?

A

Allergies

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82
Q

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange
Communication
Olfaction
Control pH of body
Aids in regulation of blood pressure by assisting angiotension II production
Helps create pressure gradients for flow of lymph and venous blood
Expulsion of abdominal contents

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83
Q

Division of the respiratory system that consists of passages that serve only for airflow, without the exchange of gasses.

A

Conducting division

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84
Q

Divsion that consists of gas exchange areas

A

Respiratory division

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85
Q

The airway from the nose through the larynx is often called the ?

A

upper respiratory tract

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86
Q

The regions from the trachae through the lungs compose the?

A

lower respiratory tract

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87
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

it warms, cleanses, and humidifies air; it detcts odors in the airstream; and it serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice

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88
Q

What is the chamber just inside the nostril?

A

vestibule

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89
Q

septal cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone?

A

Nasal septum

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90
Q

The Pharynx, or throat, has three divisions:?

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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91
Q

What is posterior to choanae and soft palate, houses pharyngeal tonsil, and is pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Nasopharynx

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92
Q

What is posterior to root of tongue, entry from mouth is through fauces, stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Oropharynx

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93
Q

What is form tip of epiglottis to esophagus and stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Laryngopharynx

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94
Q

What is the voice box, keeps food out of the airway with epiglottis?

A

The Larynx

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95
Q

What is one of the prominent cartilages on the larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage on anterior aspect

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96
Q

What does the larynx house inside?

A

the vocal cords and vestibular folds

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97
Q

What is known as the “windpipe”

A

The trachae

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98
Q

The trachae is a tube lying ____ to esophagus?

A

anterior

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99
Q

What are the c-shaped rings made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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100
Q

What is trachealis?

A

smooth muscle on posterior aspect

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101
Q

What is internal median ridge on lowest tracheal cartilage?

A

Carina

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102
Q

What happens at the inferior end of trachae?

A

splits to form two main bronchi

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103
Q

What is the outermost connective tissue connecting trachae to neighboring organs

A

Adventitia

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104
Q

The lungs have a _____ apex, and _____ base.

A

superior; inferior

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105
Q

The costal surface is pressed against?

A

the rib cage

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106
Q

The midiastinal surface exhibits a slit called?

A

hilum

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107
Q

The hilum which receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves constitute the ____ of the lung?

A

Root

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108
Q

The left lung has an indention called the _____ where the heart presses against it?

A

cardiac impression with notch

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109
Q

Lobes are separated by what?

A

fissures

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110
Q

The Left lung has how many lobes>

A

2

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111
Q

The right lung has how many lobes?

A

3

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112
Q

Each lung contains a branching sysstem of air tubes called?

A

the bronchial tree

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113
Q

Bronchus is wider and more vertical that the left one

A

main bronchus

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114
Q

How many total secondary (lobar) bronchi are there?

A

5, one for each lobe

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115
Q

What are all bronchi lined by?

A

ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium

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116
Q

What is the size of a bronchiole?

A

1mm or less in diameter

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117
Q

A bronchiole ventilates what?

A

a pulomonary lobule

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118
Q

Each bronchiole splits into over how many bronchioles?

A

50

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119
Q

What are the final branches of the conducting zone?

A

terminal bronchioles

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120
Q

What do respiratory bronchioles have?

A

alveoli

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121
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

elongated passages

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122
Q

What are clustered around atrium?

A

Alveolar sacs

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123
Q

What are 95% surface area; respiratory membrane is site of gas exchange–consists of type 1 cell and capillart cell

A

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

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124
Q

What is 5% of surface area, outnumber type 1 cells, produce a surfactant, and repair alveolar epithelium

A

Great (type II) alverolar cells

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125
Q

Each lung is enfolded in a two-layered seous membrane

A

the pleura

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126
Q

The layer on the lung surface

A

visceral pleura

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127
Q

Layer on inner surface of rib cage

A

parietal pleura

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128
Q

Space between the parietal and visceral pleurae which contains pleural fluid is called the?

A

Pleural cavity

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129
Q

What are the three functions of pleurae and pleral fluid?

A

Reduction of friction, creation of a pressure gradient, compartmentalization.

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130
Q

What is the prime mover for pulmonary ventilation?

A

Diaphragm

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131
Q

Contraction= ____; Relaxes for _____

A

inspiration; expiration

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132
Q

What is the primary respiratory pacemaker>

A

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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133
Q

What signals VRG to modify breathing>

A

Dorsal respiratory group

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134
Q

Signals DRG and VRG to modify breathing?

A

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

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135
Q

Brainstem neurons that respond to pH of CSF?

A

Central chemoreceptors

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136
Q

Neurons in wall of aorta and carotoid arteries that respond to pH, O2, and CO2, content of blood

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

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137
Q

The central receptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch receptors in respiratory system, irritant receptors, and higher brain centers are part of what?

A

Respiratory input sources

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138
Q

When does fetal breathing begin by?

A

11 weeks; amniotic fluid is inhaled and exhaled

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139
Q

What do restrictive disorders do?

A

Stiffen lungs and reduce compliance (ease of inflation)

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140
Q

Obstuctive disorders do what?

A

narrow the airways and interfere with airflow

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141
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Intake of food

142
Q

What is digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown

143
Q

Whaqt is Absorption?

A

Uptake of nutrients

144
Q

What is compaction?

A

Absorption of water and consolidation of indigestible residue

145
Q

What is defication?

A

elimination of feces

146
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

A muscular tube extending from mouth to anus.

147
Q

What are the tissue layers from the inner to outer surface?

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

148
Q

What does the mucosa layer containg?

A

Epithelioum, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

149
Q

What does the Muscularis externa layer contain?

A

Circular layer and longitudinal layer

150
Q

What does the serosa layer contain?

A

Areolar tissue and mesothelium

151
Q

Which layer has loose connective tissue with vessels and nerves?

A

submucosa

152
Q

Which layer has smooth muscle for propulsion and mixing. Also inner circular layer and outer longitudal layer?

A

Muscularis externa

153
Q

Which layer has areolar tissue topped with simple squamous mesothelium?

A

Serosa

154
Q

Foregut, Midgut, hindgut, and hepatic portal system are part of what?

A

Circulation of digestive system

155
Q

What contains the esophageal arteries and celiac trunk?

A

Foregut

156
Q

What contains the superior mesentric artery?

A

Midgut

157
Q

What contains the inferior mesentric artery?

A

Hindgut

158
Q

What happens in the Hepatic Portal System

A
  1. small intestine absorbs products of digestion.
  2. Nutrient molecules travel in the hepatic portal vein to liver.
  3. Liver monitors blood content
  4. Blood enters general circulation by way of the hepatic way of the hepatic vein
159
Q

What are connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place?

A

Mesentaries

160
Q

Two layered membranes that may hang freely or connect organs together or to abdominal wall

A

Posterior and anterior mesenrary

161
Q

Extends from lesser curvature of stimach to liver

A

Lesser omentum

162
Q

Hangs down like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature

A

Greater omentum

163
Q

Mesentary of the colon

A

Mesocolon

164
Q

What is the mouth known as?

A

the oral cavity

165
Q

What is the median fold attaching each lip to gum?

A

Labial frenulum

166
Q

What is the space just inside the lips and cheeks?

A

Vestibule

167
Q

What is the vallate, foliate, and fungiform part of?

A

Lingual papillae

168
Q

What is the attachment to the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual frenulum

169
Q

What are the teeth collectively called?

A

Dentition

170
Q

Chisel-like cuttin teeth used to bite off a peice of food?

A

Incisors

171
Q

Pointed and act to puncture and shred food.

A

Canines

172
Q

Crush and grind food?

A

Molars and premolars

173
Q

How many deciduous teeth do we have?

A

20

174
Q

How many permanent teeth?

A

32

175
Q

What surrounds the neck of the tooth?

A

gingiva

176
Q

What covers the crown of the tooth?

A

enamel

177
Q

What are the extrinsic salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual

178
Q

Which gland is near the ear and duct opens at 2nd upper molar?

A

Parotid

179
Q

Which gland in uner the jaw and opens at lower central incisors?

A

Submanibular

180
Q

Which glad in under the tongue and has several duct openings under tongue?

A

Sublingual

181
Q

What do the intrinsic salivary glands include?

A

many small lingual, labial, and buccal glands

182
Q

What does saliva contain?

A 
Water (97-99.5%)
Amylase and lipase
mucus
lysozyme
immunolobulin a
electrolytes
183
Q

What do the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx do?

A

Pass food

184
Q

What do the walls of the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx contain?

A

skeletal muscle; deep longitudinal layer and superficial circular layer

185
Q

The esophagus is posterior to the what?

A

trachae

186
Q

Where does the esophagus start?

A

behind the larynx

187
Q

What does the esophagus pass through?

A

esophageal hiatus of diaphram

188
Q

Where does the esophagus end?

A

at lower esophageal sphincter located at the cardiac oritce to stomach

189
Q

what is deglutition?

A

Swallowing; coordinated by swallowing center of medulla

190
Q

The stomach is divided into 4 regions:

A

the cardiac region, the fundic region, The body, and the plyoric region

191
Q

what are longitdinal folds in empty stomach?

A

Gastric rugae

192
Q

Microscopic anatomy of stomach

A 
Mucous cells (mucus)
Regenerative cells (new cells)
parietal cells (HCI, intrinsic factor,Ghrelin)
chief cells (pepsinogen, gastric lipase)
enteroendocrine cells (hormones)
193
Q

Stomach protection from self-digestion: (3 things)

A

Mucus coat-think, highly alkaline
Tight junctions between epithelial cells prevent seepage of gastric juice
Epithlial cells are frequently replaced (they live only 2 to 6 days)

194
Q

What is the first 25 cm of small intestine; circular folds;receives and mixes stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile; major duodenal papilla for bile and pancreatic ducts; minor duodenal papilla for accessory pancreatic duct; duodenojejunal flexure

A

Duodenum

195
Q

1.0 to 1.7 m; mostly umbilical region; most digestion and absorption occur here; prominent circular folds, red color.

A

Jejunum

196
Q

1.6 to 2.7 m; sparse folks, pink color; Peyer patches; illeocecal junction

A

lleum

197
Q

What is part of the microscopic anatomy of small intesting?

A

Villi, Intestinal crypts (goblet and absorptive cells). Duodenal (Brunner) glands

198
Q

A villus is covered with two kinds of epitheleal cells?

A

enterocytes and goblet cells

199
Q

Seen deep in intestinal crypts are what?

A

Paneth cells that secrete lysozyme

200
Q

In the large intestine, what is a pouch in the lower right abdominal quadrant?

A

Cecum

201
Q

What is attactched to the Cecum at it’s lower end?

A

Appendix - a blind tube

202
Q

What is the portion of the large intestinge between the ileocecal junction and the rectum?

A

The colon

203
Q

The colon is divided into 4 parts:

A

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

204
Q

Which region of the colon is on the right side of the body and makes a 90 degree turn at the Right coloc flexure?

A

Ascending Colon

205
Q

Which part of the colon makes a 90 degree downward turn at the left colic flexure?

A

Transverse colon

206
Q

Which region of colon passes down the left side of the body

A

descending colon

207
Q

Which region of colon is S-shaped?

A

Sigmoid colon

208
Q

What part of the large intestine has transverse rectal folds (valves) and retains feces?

A

Rectum

209
Q

The final 3 cm of the large intestine is what?

A

Anal canal

210
Q

Anal columns are longitudal rdiges with depressions between them called what?

A

anal sinuses

211
Q

The muscle tone of the Taeniae cole contracts the colon lengthwise and causes its wall to bulge forming pouches called what?

A

Haustra

212
Q

The epithelium of the large intestine is mostly what?

A

simple coulumnar with the exception of the anal canal that has stratified squamous

213
Q

The large intestine has intestinal crypts but no ____ or ____/

A

villi or circular folds

214
Q

The large intestine has abundant?

A

lymphatic tissue

215
Q

The mucosa is specialized for what of the large intestine?

A

Fluid and electrolyte absorption

216
Q

What is the body’s largest gland?

A

The Liver

217
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

Bile production

218
Q

What is derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin?

A

biliruben

219
Q

The bacterial of the large intestine metabolize bilirubin to ____?

A

urobiliogen, where the brown color comes from in feces

220
Q

What do bile acids/lecithin do?

A

emulsify fats

221
Q

What is part of the gross anatomy of the liver?

A

Lobes, Falciform ligament, Porta heaptis, and round ligament.

222
Q

What separates the right lobe from the left lobe in the liver?

A

falciform ligament

223
Q

What is the area between the quadrate and caudate lobes?

A

Porta hepatis

224
Q

What is a remnant of umbilical vein?

A

Round ligament

225
Q

What are small cylinders with central vein, radiating plates of hepatocytes?

A

Hepatic lobules

226
Q

What do hepatic macrophages do?

A

clean blood

227
Q

What brings nutrient-rich blood from veins of GI tract to liver?

A

Hepatic portal vein

228
Q

What brings arterial blood?

A

Hepatic artery

229
Q

What is the route the arterial blood follows?

A

Aorta>celiac trunk > common hepatic a. > hepatic artery proper > hepatic a.

230
Q

What exit from top of liver and empty into inferior vena cava?

A

Hepatic veins

231
Q

What is the sac on the underside of liver; stores and concentrates bile, has a fundus and cervix; and has a cystic duct?

A

gallbladder

232
Q

Two hepatic ducts merge to form the what?

A

common hepatic duct

233
Q

The common hepatic duct merges with cystic duct to from what?

A

bile duct

234
Q

Bile duct merges with main pancreatic duct to form what?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla at major duodenal papilla

235
Q

A spongy digestive gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The pancreas

236
Q

The pancreas is _____ what to the stomach?

A

retroperitoneal – posterior to stomach

237
Q

The head of the pancreas is near ____?

A

the deodenum

238
Q

The endocrine inslets secrete what?

A

insulin and glucagon

239
Q

What are the branching ducts of the pancreas>

A

Pancreatic duct, Accessory pancreatic duct

240
Q

What are the functions of kidneys?

A

filter blood plasma and excrete wastes
regulate blood volume and blood pressure
regulate osmolarity
regulate electrolyte and acid base balance
secrete erythropoiten for red blod cell production
help synthaxize vitamin D for calcium homeostasis
Clear hormones and drugs; detoxify free radicals
Help support blood glucose levels during starvation

241
Q

What is extracting wase from body fluids and eliminating them?

A

excretion

242
Q

The most abundant of nitrogen waste is what?

A

Urea - highly soluble, most common in mammals

243
Q

What is a condition developed from dysfunction of kidneys?

A

Azotemia - urea concentration in the blood is abnormally high

244
Q

The kidneys are positioned against ______ abdominal wall?

A

posterior

245
Q

The right kidney is ____ than the left?

A

Lower

246
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

a slit where it receives the renal nerves, blood vessels, lynphatics, and ureter

247
Q

What are the 3 layers of protection of a kidney?

A

Renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and fibrous capsule

248
Q

What is a cavity with vessels and urine-collecting structures?

A

Renal sinus

249
Q

What is the outer zone of the kidney?

A

renal cortex

250
Q

What is the inner xone of the kidney?

A

renal medulla

251
Q

What are extensions of the cortex called?

A

renal columns - project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6 to 10 renal pyramaids

252
Q

What wraps renal artery?

A

Renal plexus of nerves and ganglia

253
Q

The renal plexus includes what?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and pain fibers

254
Q

The nephron consists of two principal parts: ?

A

The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

255
Q

Which filters blood plasma?

A

renal copruscle

256
Q

Which converts filterate into urine

A

renal tubule

257
Q

What is a tube that extends 25 cm from kidney to bladder?

A

ureter tube

258
Q

Ureters have a three layered wall:?

A

mucosa - has transitional epithelium
Muscularis - multiple layers of smooth muscle
Adventia - connective tissue binding to surrounding organs

259
Q

What is a sac of the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder

260
Q

What is a muscular layer in the bladder?

A

Detrusor

261
Q

What wrinkles of mucosa?

A

Rugae

262
Q

What i the triangular region on floor of bladder defined by two ureter inlets and one uretha outlet?

A

Trigone

263
Q

What are the secondary sex organs of male?

A

ducts, glands, penis

264
Q

What are the secondary sex organs of female?

A

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

265
Q

The scrotum is dicided into right and left compartments by an internal ____?

A

median septum

266
Q

What is the perineal raphe

A

and external seam

267
Q

What is a bundle of lymphatic vessels, testicular nerves, fibrouse connective tissue, and a sperm duct?

A

a spermatic cord

268
Q

The scrotum has 3 mechanisms for regulating the temperature of the testes: ?

A

cremaster muscle - elevates testes
Dartos muscle - smooth muscle, wrinkles scrotum
Pampiniform plexus - vein network of spermatic cord

269
Q

What are the connective tissues of the testes?

A

tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

270
Q

There are hundreds of lobules in the testes that contain one to three what?

A

seminiferous tubules

271
Q

What are seminiferous tubules?

A

slender ducts in which the sperm are produced

272
Q

What is between the seminiferous tubules?

A

Interstitial cells - source of testosterone

273
Q

Where do the sperm mature?

A

rete testis

274
Q

What is the process of sperm production?

A

spermatogenesis

275
Q

First step of spermatogenesis is that Type A undergoes ______, forming Type A and on Type B spermatogonium

A

mitosis

276
Q

What happens in 2nd step of spermatogenesis?

A

Type B sperm because primary spermatocyte

277
Q

In step 3 of spermatogenesis, the primary sperm undergoes ____ , forming two ______?

A

meiosis II forming two haploid secondary spermatocytes

278
Q

The secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II forming _____?

A

four haploid spermatids

279
Q

What happens in the final step of spermatogenesis?

A

the spermatids differentiate into sperm (spermiogenesis)

280
Q

What does the head of a sperm contain?

A

nucleus, acrosome- lysosome, and flagellar basal body

281
Q

What does the tail of the sperm contain?

A

midpiece- many mitochondria, principle piece, and endpiece

282
Q

Which duct arises from the posterior side of testis and carry sperm to epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules

283
Q

Which duct contains a head, body, and tail and is sperm storage and maturation

A

Epididymis

284
Q

Which duct is a long tube with smooth m. in wall and the last portion ampulla is widened

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

285
Q

The duct that passes through prostate gland, where the DD mets the seminal vesicle; Empties into uretha?

A

Ejaculatory duct

286
Q

What are the three regions of the male uretha?

A

Prostatic, membranous, spongy (penil)

287
Q

What are the three sets of accessory glands in the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

288
Q

Which pair of glands are posterior to bladder and empty into ejaculatory duct?

A

Seminal vesicles

289
Q

Which gland surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts and empties into urethra?

A

Prostate gland

290
Q

Which pair of glands are near base of penis and sevretes clear fluid that neutralizes urethra, lubricates head?

A

Bulbourethral glands

291
Q

What does Semen contain?

A 
2-5 ml per ejaculation
10% sperm
30% prostatic fluid
60% seminal vesicle fluid
sperm coutn about 50 to 120  million/ml
292
Q

Half of the penis is what?

A

Internal root

293
Q

The other half of penis is what?

A

Shaft and glands

294
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

the foreskin

295
Q

What forms the erectile tissue?

A

Corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, and internal pudendal artery

296
Q

what is the capsule of the ovaries called?

A

Tunica albuginea

297
Q

The interior of the ovary is divided into what?

A

a central medulla and cortex

298
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

ovarian follicles, which contains egg and supporting follicular cells

299
Q

What are the connective tissue legaments of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian ligament, Suspensory , mesocarium and broad

300
Q

Which ligament has a medial attachment to the ovary?

A

Ovarian

301
Q

Which ligament has a lateral attachment to pelvic wall?

A

Suspensory

302
Q

Which ligament has an anterior peritoneal anchor?

A

mesovarium

303
Q

Which ligament is vertically oriented sheet of pertoneum

A

Broad ligament

304
Q

The ovary receives blood from two arteries: ?

A

the ovarian branch of uterine artery and ovarian artery

305
Q

Egg production is called?

A

oogenesis

306
Q

The primary oocyte (diploid) completes meiosis I forming what?

A

one secondary oocyte and one polar body (haploid)

307
Q

The secondary oocyte is ovulated and will complete meiosis II if what?

A

fertilized

308
Q

The stages of oogenesis are accompanied by what?

A

folliculogenesis - a series of changes in the follicle cycle

309
Q

The primary oocyte is initially enclosed in a primordial follicle which is

A

egg and one layer of follicular cells

310
Q

What is the primary follicle

A

larger egg, one layer of cubodial follicular celss

311
Q

What is secondary follicle

A

larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells

312
Q

What is tertiary follicle

A

contains fluid filled pockets or a single fluid filled antrum among granulosa cells

313
Q

Mature (graafian) follicle

A

large blister bulging from ovary

314
Q

Ovulation of secondary oocyte from mature follicle occurs around what day of menstrual cycle?

A

day 14

315
Q

What does a collapsed follicle become?

A

corpus luteum

316
Q

If there is no pregnancy, it involutes and becomes what?

A

corpus albicans - a scar

317
Q

What are uterine tubes also called?

A

oviducts or fallopian tubes

318
Q

Where does the uterine lead from?

A

Leads from the ovary to the uterus and is ciliated

319
Q

What projects from infundibulum toward the ovary?

A

Fimbriae

320
Q

What is the middle segment of the uterine tube?

A

ampulla

321
Q

What is the segment near the uterus that is narrower?

A

Isthmus

322
Q

What is the thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina and usually tilts forward over the urinary bladder?

A

The Uterus

323
Q

The uterus has three sections: ?

A

Fundus, body, cervix

324
Q

What does the uterine wall consist of?

A

Perimetrium - external serosa
Myometrium - smooth muscle
Endometrium - functional layer, basal layer

325
Q

Which layer of the endometrium regenerates new lining?

A

Basal layer

326
Q

Which layer of the endometrium is superficial and sheds with the period?

A

Functional layer

327
Q

What are the ligaments of the Uterus?

A

Broad, Cardinal. Uterosacral, Round

328
Q

Which ligament of the uterus contains the mesoalpinx and mesometrium

A

Broad

329
Q

Which ligament is lateral from cervix to pelvic wall

A

Cardinal

330
Q

Which ligament of the uterus is on the posterior side

A

Uterosacral

331
Q

Which ligament of the uterus is on the anterior surface?

A

Round

332
Q

What is the blood supply of the uterus?

A

Uterine artery branches to acuate glands

333
Q

What is the prolferative phase?

A

lining is rebuilt after menstruation

334
Q

What is the Secretory phase?

A

Lining thickens by secretion (not mitosis)

335
Q

What is the Menstrual phase>

A

After ischemia, menstrual fluid is discharged vaginally

336
Q

What has a thin distensible wall of mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

A

Vagina

337
Q

What are fornices?

A

superior extensions around cervix

338
Q

What are frictional ridges at the lower end of the vagina?

A

vaginal rugae

339
Q

What is the membrane across the opening of the vagina?

A

Hymen

340
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

the transformation of one tissue type to another

341
Q

What are the tissue changes in the vagina?

A

simple cubodial to stratified squamous

342
Q

What is considered the external genitalia?

A

Vulva

343
Q

What is the anterior mound of adipose tissue

A

mons pubis

344
Q

What are thick folds between thighs

A

Labia majora

345
Q

What are the jairless, thin, medial folds?

A

Labia minora

346
Q

What is the area enclosed by labia minora?

A

Vestibule

347
Q

Erectile; area of sexual stimulation

A

clitoris

348
Q

Erectile tissues deep to labia majora/

A

Vestibular bulbs

349
Q

Which glands provide lubrication?

A

Greater and lesser vestibular and Paraurethral glands

350
Q

What attaches the dermis to fascia of pectoralis major m. of the breast?

A

Suspensory ligaments

351
Q

What is each lobe of the mammory gland drained by?

A

a lactiferous duct

BIOL 2401 (6 decks)

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