Exam 4 Flashcards
Efferent vessels carrying blood AWAY from the heart?
Arteries
Affarent vessels carrying blood TOWARD the heart.
Veins
Microscopic vessels connecting small arteries to small veins
Capillaries
Inside the blood verssel. Simple squamous tissue or endothelium, continuous with the endocardium
Tunica interna
the thickest, smooth muscle, collagen and elastiv tissue. Produces vasomotion: vasconstruction and vasodilation
Tunica media
Loose connective tissue, anchors vessels, and allows small nerves, lymphatic nerves, and smaller blood vessels to reach tissues of large vessels
Tunica externa
Large vessels that have their own network of small vessels
vaso vasorum
Why are arteries considered to be the resistance vessels of the cardiovascular systme?
Because they are relatively strong, resilient tissue structure that resists the high blood pressure within.
Biggest arteries, absorb some pressure but also maintain it. Ex. Aorta
Conducting (elastic) arteries
Midsized arteries that distribute blood to specific organs. Ex. femoral artery
Distributing (muscular) arteries
Smallest arteries; less than .1mm in diameter; arterioles are smallest example and do not have specific names
Resistance arteries
Short vessels linking arterioles and capillaries
metarterioles
An abnormal widening or balloning of a portion of artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel
Aneurysm
Baroreceptors in internal carotoid artery wall; flossopharyngeal nerve transmits signals to vasometor and cardiac centers of brainstem
Carotid sinuses
Chemoreceptors near branch point of common carotid artery; vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves transmit signals to respiratory centers of the brain
Carotid bodies
Chemoreceptors in aortic arch; like carotid bodies, they signal respiratory centers of the brain
Aortic bodies
Exchange vessels; nutrients, waste, and hormones, move between blood and tissue fluid
Capillaries
Endothelial cells joined by tight junctions, but some intercellular clefts present
Continuous capillary
Endothelial cells have filtration pores facillitating exchange
Fenestrated capillary
Irregular, tortuous passages with wide gaps between endothelial cells
Sinusoid (discontinuous capillary)
What are the 3 routes that materials can travel through a capillary wall?
The intercullar clefts, the filteration pores, and through endothelial cytoplasm by trtanscytosis or diffusion
When a tissue is _____, precapillary sphincters relax (open) and capillaries fill with blood
Active
When a tissue is ______, precapillary sphincters close and blood flows from metarteriole to thouroughfare channel
Inactive
At rest what % of blood is found in the systemic veins?
64%
Veins are regarderd as the ________ of the cardiovascular system because they are relatively thin-walled and flaccid. They contain most of the blood?
Capacitance vessels
15um to 1mm in diamter; very porous, allow for exchange
postcapillary venules
Greater than 1 mm in diameter and have smooth muscle in wall (tunica media)
Muscular venules
Up to 10 mm diamerter, Individually named, and contains valves
Medium veins
Large lumens, very thin walls, no smooth muscle
Venous sinuses
Diameters greater than 15mm, have smooth muscle in all tunics
Large veins
What is simple path?
Artery to capillary to vein
What is portal system?
Sequence of two capillary beds
What is anastomosis
vessel merger without intervining capillary bed
What is the most common vascular disease?
Atherosclerosis;
What are the functions of lymphatic systems?
Recover fluid lost from blood capillaries; guard against pathogens, absorb lipids from small intestine
What are the components of lymphatic system?
Lymoh fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic organs
A clear colorless fluid, similar to blood plasma; low in proteins, supplies lymphocytes to bloodstream,
Lymph
Loosely connected overlapping endothelial cells
Lymphatic capillaries
What is the flow of lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries –> collecting vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> collecting ducts –> subclavian vein
Named by location: jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intercostal, intestinal, and lumbar
Lymphatic Trunks
Convergence of trunks in right thoracic cavity
Right lymphatic duct
Begins at cisterna chyli of abdomen
Thoracic duct
What is the flow of lymph aided by?
rhythmic contraction of lymphatic vessels
What lymphatic cells attack and kill cells and provide immunological surveillance?
Natual killer (NK) cells
Lymphatic cells that are thymus dependent. include Cytoxic, Helper, Regulatory and memory
T lymphocytes (T cells)
Cells that differentiate into plasma cells– connective tissue cells that secrete defensive proteins called antibodies
B lymohocytes (B cells)
Develop from monocytes and display antigens to T cells
macrophages
Branched Macrophages; found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs
Dendritic cells
Stationary cells; stroma of lymphatic organs
Reticular cells
Aggregations of lymphatictes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs
Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissues
What is prevalent in passages of respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
MALT; mucosa-associated lyphatic tissue)
What are regarded as primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and Thymus
Why are the red bone marrow and thymus regarded as primary lymphatic organs?
because they are the sites where B and T lymphocytes become immunocompetent
What are the secondary Lymphatic organs>
lymphnodes, tonsils, and spleen
What is the site of hemopoiesis?
red bone marrow
What does the red bone marrow do?
Supplies lymphocytes and other blood cells; reticular cells secrete colony-stimulating factors for leukocyte production
What is a bilobed organ located between the sternum and aortic arch?
The Thymus
What does the Thymus do?
houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones
What seals off blood vessels and secrete chemical messengers promoting development of T cells?
Reticular epithelial cells
What is the presence of thymus in a newborn necessary for development?
Immunity
At what age does the thymus start shrinking?
15
what are the most numerous lymphatic organs that are bean shped and less than 3 cm long
Lymph nodes
What are the two functions of lymph nodes?
to cleanse the lymph and to act as a site of T and B cell activation
What are some physical traits of the lymoh nodes?
outer cortex and inner medulla
What leads to the node but few leave?
Afferent vessels lead, efferent leave
What locations are nodes concentrated in?
cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal and meseteric, inguinal, and popliteal
What are the patches of lymphatic tissue at entrance of pharynx?
tonsils
What are the three setsx of tonsils?
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsiles, and lingual tonsils
What is the largest lymphatic organ measuring up to 12 cm long?
Spleen
What is the concentration of erythrocytes?
red pulp
What consists of lymphocytes and macrophages/
white pulp
A population of disease-fighting cells that reside in the mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and other localities in the body?
Immune system
What are two types of nonspecific defenses in the immune system>
Barriers to invasion by skin and mucous membranes and general actions against pathogens that penetrate
What is the specific immunity defense?
Ability to defeat and remember specific pathogens based on their antigens
What are the two forms of specefic immunity
Humoral and cellular
What is Humoral immunity?
Done by B lymphocytes and antibodies; antibodies are secreted by plasma cells and circulate freely in body fluids
What is cellular immunity?
Done by cytotoxic T cells; after developing in thymus, they are distributed widely, especially to lyph nodes; T cells attack enemy cells with lethal hit of toxic chemicals
With age, what happens to the quantity of red marrow, lymphatic tissue, and thymic hormones?
It declines.
What is a result of fewer T cells due to decline in red marrow
slower response to antigens, inreased risk of cancer
What does poorer discrimination in antigens result in?
increase in autoimmune disease incidence
What are exaggerated immune responses?
Allergies
What are the functions of the Respiratory system?
Gas exchange
Communication
Olfaction
Control pH of body
Aids in regulation of blood pressure by assisting angiotension II production
Helps create pressure gradients for flow of lymph and venous blood
Expulsion of abdominal contents
Division of the respiratory system that consists of passages that serve only for airflow, without the exchange of gasses.
Conducting division
Divsion that consists of gas exchange areas
Respiratory division
The airway from the nose through the larynx is often called the ?
upper respiratory tract
The regions from the trachae through the lungs compose the?
lower respiratory tract
What are the functions of the nose?
it warms, cleanses, and humidifies air; it detcts odors in the airstream; and it serves as a resonating chamber that amplifies the voice
What is the chamber just inside the nostril?
vestibule
septal cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone?
Nasal septum
The Pharynx, or throat, has three divisions:?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What is posterior to choanae and soft palate, houses pharyngeal tonsil, and is pseudostratified epithelium?
Nasopharynx
What is posterior to root of tongue, entry from mouth is through fauces, stratified squamous epithelium?
Oropharynx
What is form tip of epiglottis to esophagus and stratified squamous epithelium?
Laryngopharynx
What is the voice box, keeps food out of the airway with epiglottis?
The Larynx
What is one of the prominent cartilages on the larynx?
thyroid cartilage on anterior aspect
What does the larynx house inside?
the vocal cords and vestibular folds
What is known as the “windpipe”
The trachae
The trachae is a tube lying ____ to esophagus?
anterior
What are the c-shaped rings made of?
hyaline cartilage
What is trachealis?
smooth muscle on posterior aspect
What is internal median ridge on lowest tracheal cartilage?
Carina
What happens at the inferior end of trachae?
splits to form two main bronchi
What is the outermost connective tissue connecting trachae to neighboring organs
Adventitia
The lungs have a _____ apex, and _____ base.
superior; inferior
The costal surface is pressed against?
the rib cage
The midiastinal surface exhibits a slit called?
hilum
The hilum which receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves constitute the ____ of the lung?
Root
The left lung has an indention called the _____ where the heart presses against it?
cardiac impression with notch
Lobes are separated by what?
fissures
The Left lung has how many lobes>
2
The right lung has how many lobes?
3
Each lung contains a branching sysstem of air tubes called?
the bronchial tree
Bronchus is wider and more vertical that the left one
main bronchus
How many total secondary (lobar) bronchi are there?
5, one for each lobe
What are all bronchi lined by?
ciliated pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
What is the size of a bronchiole?
1mm or less in diameter
A bronchiole ventilates what?
a pulomonary lobule
Each bronchiole splits into over how many bronchioles?
50
What are the final branches of the conducting zone?
terminal bronchioles
What do respiratory bronchioles have?
alveoli
What are alveolar ducts?
elongated passages
What are clustered around atrium?
Alveolar sacs
What are 95% surface area; respiratory membrane is site of gas exchange–consists of type 1 cell and capillart cell
Squamous (type 1) alveolar cells
What is 5% of surface area, outnumber type 1 cells, produce a surfactant, and repair alveolar epithelium
Great (type II) alverolar cells
Each lung is enfolded in a two-layered seous membrane
the pleura
The layer on the lung surface
visceral pleura
Layer on inner surface of rib cage
parietal pleura
Space between the parietal and visceral pleurae which contains pleural fluid is called the?
Pleural cavity
What are the three functions of pleurae and pleral fluid?
Reduction of friction, creation of a pressure gradient, compartmentalization.
What is the prime mover for pulmonary ventilation?
Diaphragm
Contraction= ____; Relaxes for _____
inspiration; expiration
What is the primary respiratory pacemaker>
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
What signals VRG to modify breathing>
Dorsal respiratory group
Signals DRG and VRG to modify breathing?
Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)
Brainstem neurons that respond to pH of CSF?
Central chemoreceptors
Neurons in wall of aorta and carotoid arteries that respond to pH, O2, and CO2, content of blood
Peripheral chemoreceptors
The central receptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, stretch receptors in respiratory system, irritant receptors, and higher brain centers are part of what?
Respiratory input sources
When does fetal breathing begin by?
11 weeks; amniotic fluid is inhaled and exhaled
What do restrictive disorders do?
Stiffen lungs and reduce compliance (ease of inflation)
Obstuctive disorders do what?
narrow the airways and interfere with airflow
What is ingestion?
Intake of food
What is digestion?
mechanical and chemical breakdown
Whaqt is Absorption?
Uptake of nutrients
What is compaction?
Absorption of water and consolidation of indigestible residue
What is defication?
elimination of feces
What is the digestive tract?
A muscular tube extending from mouth to anus.
What are the tissue layers from the inner to outer surface?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
What does the mucosa layer containg?
Epithelioum, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
What does the Muscularis externa layer contain?
Circular layer and longitudinal layer
What does the serosa layer contain?
Areolar tissue and mesothelium
Which layer has loose connective tissue with vessels and nerves?
submucosa
Which layer has smooth muscle for propulsion and mixing. Also inner circular layer and outer longitudal layer?
Muscularis externa
Which layer has areolar tissue topped with simple squamous mesothelium?
Serosa
Foregut, Midgut, hindgut, and hepatic portal system are part of what?
Circulation of digestive system
What contains the esophageal arteries and celiac trunk?
Foregut
What contains the superior mesentric artery?
Midgut
What contains the inferior mesentric artery?
Hindgut
What happens in the Hepatic Portal System
- small intestine absorbs products of digestion.
- Nutrient molecules travel in the hepatic portal vein to liver.
- Liver monitors blood content
- Blood enters general circulation by way of the hepatic way of the hepatic vein
What are connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place?
Mesentaries
Two layered membranes that may hang freely or connect organs together or to abdominal wall
Posterior and anterior mesenrary
Extends from lesser curvature of stimach to liver
Lesser omentum
Hangs down like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature
Greater omentum
Mesentary of the colon
Mesocolon
What is the mouth known as?
the oral cavity
What is the median fold attaching each lip to gum?
Labial frenulum
What is the space just inside the lips and cheeks?
Vestibule
What is the vallate, foliate, and fungiform part of?
Lingual papillae
What is the attachment to the floor of the mouth
Lingual frenulum
What are the teeth collectively called?
Dentition
Chisel-like cuttin teeth used to bite off a peice of food?
Incisors
Pointed and act to puncture and shred food.
Canines
Crush and grind food?
Molars and premolars
How many deciduous teeth do we have?
20
How many permanent teeth?
32
What surrounds the neck of the tooth?
gingiva
What covers the crown of the tooth?
enamel
What are the extrinsic salivary glands?
Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
Which gland is near the ear and duct opens at 2nd upper molar?
Parotid
Which gland in uner the jaw and opens at lower central incisors?
Submanibular
Which glad in under the tongue and has several duct openings under tongue?
Sublingual
What do the intrinsic salivary glands include?
many small lingual, labial, and buccal glands
What does saliva contain?
Water (97-99.5%) Amylase and lipase mucus lysozyme immunolobulin a electrolytes
What do the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx do?
Pass food
What do the walls of the Oropharynx and laryngopharynx contain?
skeletal muscle; deep longitudinal layer and superficial circular layer
The esophagus is posterior to the what?
trachae
Where does the esophagus start?
behind the larynx
What does the esophagus pass through?
esophageal hiatus of diaphram
Where does the esophagus end?
at lower esophageal sphincter located at the cardiac oritce to stomach
what is deglutition?
Swallowing; coordinated by swallowing center of medulla
The stomach is divided into 4 regions:
the cardiac region, the fundic region, The body, and the plyoric region
what are longitdinal folds in empty stomach?
Gastric rugae
Microscopic anatomy of stomach
Mucous cells (mucus) Regenerative cells (new cells) parietal cells (HCI, intrinsic factor,Ghrelin) chief cells (pepsinogen, gastric lipase) enteroendocrine cells (hormones)
Stomach protection from self-digestion: (3 things)
Mucus coat-think, highly alkaline
Tight junctions between epithelial cells prevent seepage of gastric juice
Epithlial cells are frequently replaced (they live only 2 to 6 days)
What is the first 25 cm of small intestine; circular folds;receives and mixes stomach contents, pancreatic juice, and bile; major duodenal papilla for bile and pancreatic ducts; minor duodenal papilla for accessory pancreatic duct; duodenojejunal flexure
Duodenum
1.0 to 1.7 m; mostly umbilical region; most digestion and absorption occur here; prominent circular folds, red color.
Jejunum
1.6 to 2.7 m; sparse folks, pink color; Peyer patches; illeocecal junction
lleum
What is part of the microscopic anatomy of small intesting?
Villi, Intestinal crypts (goblet and absorptive cells). Duodenal (Brunner) glands
A villus is covered with two kinds of epitheleal cells?
enterocytes and goblet cells
Seen deep in intestinal crypts are what?
Paneth cells that secrete lysozyme
In the large intestine, what is a pouch in the lower right abdominal quadrant?
Cecum
What is attactched to the Cecum at it’s lower end?
Appendix - a blind tube
What is the portion of the large intestinge between the ileocecal junction and the rectum?
The colon
The colon is divided into 4 parts:
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
Which region of the colon is on the right side of the body and makes a 90 degree turn at the Right coloc flexure?
Ascending Colon
Which part of the colon makes a 90 degree downward turn at the left colic flexure?
Transverse colon
Which region of colon passes down the left side of the body
descending colon
Which region of colon is S-shaped?
Sigmoid colon
What part of the large intestine has transverse rectal folds (valves) and retains feces?
Rectum
The final 3 cm of the large intestine is what?
Anal canal
Anal columns are longitudal rdiges with depressions between them called what?
anal sinuses
The muscle tone of the Taeniae cole contracts the colon lengthwise and causes its wall to bulge forming pouches called what?
Haustra
The epithelium of the large intestine is mostly what?
simple coulumnar with the exception of the anal canal that has stratified squamous
The large intestine has intestinal crypts but no ____ or ____/
villi or circular folds
The large intestine has abundant?
lymphatic tissue
The mucosa is specialized for what of the large intestine?
Fluid and electrolyte absorption
What is the body’s largest gland?
The Liver
What is the digestive function of the liver?
Bile production
What is derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin?
biliruben
The bacterial of the large intestine metabolize bilirubin to ____?
urobiliogen, where the brown color comes from in feces
What do bile acids/lecithin do?
emulsify fats
What is part of the gross anatomy of the liver?
Lobes, Falciform ligament, Porta heaptis, and round ligament.
What separates the right lobe from the left lobe in the liver?
falciform ligament
What is the area between the quadrate and caudate lobes?
Porta hepatis
What is a remnant of umbilical vein?
Round ligament
What are small cylinders with central vein, radiating plates of hepatocytes?
Hepatic lobules
What do hepatic macrophages do?
clean blood
What brings nutrient-rich blood from veins of GI tract to liver?
Hepatic portal vein
What brings arterial blood?
Hepatic artery
What is the route the arterial blood follows?
Aorta>celiac trunk > common hepatic a. > hepatic artery proper > hepatic a.
What exit from top of liver and empty into inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
What is the sac on the underside of liver; stores and concentrates bile, has a fundus and cervix; and has a cystic duct?
gallbladder
Two hepatic ducts merge to form the what?
common hepatic duct
The common hepatic duct merges with cystic duct to from what?
bile duct
Bile duct merges with main pancreatic duct to form what?
hepatopancreatic ampulla at major duodenal papilla
A spongy digestive gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach?
The pancreas
The pancreas is _____ what to the stomach?
retroperitoneal – posterior to stomach
The head of the pancreas is near ____?
the deodenum
The endocrine inslets secrete what?
insulin and glucagon
What are the branching ducts of the pancreas>
Pancreatic duct, Accessory pancreatic duct
What are the functions of kidneys?
filter blood plasma and excrete wastes
regulate blood volume and blood pressure
regulate osmolarity
regulate electrolyte and acid base balance
secrete erythropoiten for red blod cell production
help synthaxize vitamin D for calcium homeostasis
Clear hormones and drugs; detoxify free radicals
Help support blood glucose levels during starvation
What is extracting wase from body fluids and eliminating them?
excretion
The most abundant of nitrogen waste is what?
Urea - highly soluble, most common in mammals
What is a condition developed from dysfunction of kidneys?
Azotemia - urea concentration in the blood is abnormally high
The kidneys are positioned against ______ abdominal wall?
posterior
The right kidney is ____ than the left?
Lower
What is the hilum of the kidney?
a slit where it receives the renal nerves, blood vessels, lynphatics, and ureter
What are the 3 layers of protection of a kidney?
Renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and fibrous capsule
What is a cavity with vessels and urine-collecting structures?
Renal sinus
What is the outer zone of the kidney?
renal cortex
What is the inner xone of the kidney?
renal medulla
What are extensions of the cortex called?
renal columns - project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6 to 10 renal pyramaids
What wraps renal artery?
Renal plexus of nerves and ganglia
The renal plexus includes what?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and pain fibers
The nephron consists of two principal parts: ?
The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
Which filters blood plasma?
renal copruscle
Which converts filterate into urine
renal tubule
What is a tube that extends 25 cm from kidney to bladder?
ureter tube
Ureters have a three layered wall:?
mucosa - has transitional epithelium
Muscularis - multiple layers of smooth muscle
Adventia - connective tissue binding to surrounding organs
What is a sac of the pelvic cavity?
Bladder
What is a muscular layer in the bladder?
Detrusor
What wrinkles of mucosa?
Rugae
What i the triangular region on floor of bladder defined by two ureter inlets and one uretha outlet?
Trigone
What are the secondary sex organs of male?
ducts, glands, penis
What are the secondary sex organs of female?
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
The scrotum is dicided into right and left compartments by an internal ____?
median septum
What is the perineal raphe
and external seam
What is a bundle of lymphatic vessels, testicular nerves, fibrouse connective tissue, and a sperm duct?
a spermatic cord
The scrotum has 3 mechanisms for regulating the temperature of the testes: ?
cremaster muscle - elevates testes
Dartos muscle - smooth muscle, wrinkles scrotum
Pampiniform plexus - vein network of spermatic cord
What are the connective tissues of the testes?
tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
There are hundreds of lobules in the testes that contain one to three what?
seminiferous tubules
What are seminiferous tubules?
slender ducts in which the sperm are produced
What is between the seminiferous tubules?
Interstitial cells - source of testosterone
Where do the sperm mature?
rete testis
What is the process of sperm production?
spermatogenesis
First step of spermatogenesis is that Type A undergoes ______, forming Type A and on Type B spermatogonium
mitosis
What happens in 2nd step of spermatogenesis?
Type B sperm because primary spermatocyte
In step 3 of spermatogenesis, the primary sperm undergoes ____ , forming two ______?
meiosis II forming two haploid secondary spermatocytes
The secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II forming _____?
four haploid spermatids
What happens in the final step of spermatogenesis?
the spermatids differentiate into sperm (spermiogenesis)
What does the head of a sperm contain?
nucleus, acrosome- lysosome, and flagellar basal body
What does the tail of the sperm contain?
midpiece- many mitochondria, principle piece, and endpiece
Which duct arises from the posterior side of testis and carry sperm to epididymis?
Efferent ductules
Which duct contains a head, body, and tail and is sperm storage and maturation
Epididymis
Which duct is a long tube with smooth m. in wall and the last portion ampulla is widened
Ductus (vas) deferens
The duct that passes through prostate gland, where the DD mets the seminal vesicle; Empties into uretha?
Ejaculatory duct
What are the three regions of the male uretha?
Prostatic, membranous, spongy (penil)
What are the three sets of accessory glands in the male reproductive system?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Which pair of glands are posterior to bladder and empty into ejaculatory duct?
Seminal vesicles
Which gland surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts and empties into urethra?
Prostate gland
Which pair of glands are near base of penis and sevretes clear fluid that neutralizes urethra, lubricates head?
Bulbourethral glands
What does Semen contain?
2-5 ml per ejaculation 10% sperm 30% prostatic fluid 60% seminal vesicle fluid sperm coutn about 50 to 120 million/ml
Half of the penis is what?
Internal root
The other half of penis is what?
Shaft and glands
What is the prepuce?
the foreskin
What forms the erectile tissue?
Corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, and internal pudendal artery
what is the capsule of the ovaries called?
Tunica albuginea
The interior of the ovary is divided into what?
a central medulla and cortex
What does the cortex contain?
ovarian follicles, which contains egg and supporting follicular cells
What are the connective tissue legaments of the ovaries?
Ovarian ligament, Suspensory , mesocarium and broad
Which ligament has a medial attachment to the ovary?
Ovarian
Which ligament has a lateral attachment to pelvic wall?
Suspensory
Which ligament has an anterior peritoneal anchor?
mesovarium
Which ligament is vertically oriented sheet of pertoneum
Broad ligament
The ovary receives blood from two arteries: ?
the ovarian branch of uterine artery and ovarian artery
Egg production is called?
oogenesis
The primary oocyte (diploid) completes meiosis I forming what?
one secondary oocyte and one polar body (haploid)
The secondary oocyte is ovulated and will complete meiosis II if what?
fertilized
The stages of oogenesis are accompanied by what?
folliculogenesis - a series of changes in the follicle cycle
The primary oocyte is initially enclosed in a primordial follicle which is
egg and one layer of follicular cells
What is the primary follicle
larger egg, one layer of cubodial follicular celss
What is secondary follicle
larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells
What is tertiary follicle
contains fluid filled pockets or a single fluid filled antrum among granulosa cells
Mature (graafian) follicle
large blister bulging from ovary
Ovulation of secondary oocyte from mature follicle occurs around what day of menstrual cycle?
day 14
What does a collapsed follicle become?
corpus luteum
If there is no pregnancy, it involutes and becomes what?
corpus albicans - a scar
What are uterine tubes also called?
oviducts or fallopian tubes
Where does the uterine lead from?
Leads from the ovary to the uterus and is ciliated
What projects from infundibulum toward the ovary?
Fimbriae
What is the middle segment of the uterine tube?
ampulla
What is the segment near the uterus that is narrower?
Isthmus
What is the thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina and usually tilts forward over the urinary bladder?
The Uterus
The uterus has three sections: ?
Fundus, body, cervix
What does the uterine wall consist of?
Perimetrium - external serosa
Myometrium - smooth muscle
Endometrium - functional layer, basal layer
Which layer of the endometrium regenerates new lining?
Basal layer
Which layer of the endometrium is superficial and sheds with the period?
Functional layer
What are the ligaments of the Uterus?
Broad, Cardinal. Uterosacral, Round
Which ligament of the uterus contains the mesoalpinx and mesometrium
Broad
Which ligament is lateral from cervix to pelvic wall
Cardinal
Which ligament of the uterus is on the posterior side
Uterosacral
Which ligament of the uterus is on the anterior surface?
Round
What is the blood supply of the uterus?
Uterine artery branches to acuate glands
What is the prolferative phase?
lining is rebuilt after menstruation
What is the Secretory phase?
Lining thickens by secretion (not mitosis)
What is the Menstrual phase>
After ischemia, menstrual fluid is discharged vaginally
What has a thin distensible wall of mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
Vagina
What are fornices?
superior extensions around cervix
What are frictional ridges at the lower end of the vagina?
vaginal rugae
What is the membrane across the opening of the vagina?
Hymen
What is metaplasia?
the transformation of one tissue type to another
What are the tissue changes in the vagina?
simple cubodial to stratified squamous
What is considered the external genitalia?
Vulva
What is the anterior mound of adipose tissue
mons pubis
What are thick folds between thighs
Labia majora
What are the jairless, thin, medial folds?
Labia minora
What is the area enclosed by labia minora?
Vestibule
Erectile; area of sexual stimulation
clitoris
Erectile tissues deep to labia majora/
Vestibular bulbs
Which glands provide lubrication?
Greater and lesser vestibular and Paraurethral glands
What attaches the dermis to fascia of pectoralis major m. of the breast?
Suspensory ligaments
What is each lobe of the mammory gland drained by?
a lactiferous duct
