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anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam #5 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Flashcards

1
Q

Insertion

A

Generally the part that the muscle moves

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2
Q

Origin

A

Muscle attachment that doesn’t move

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3
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action

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4
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the prime mover

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5
Q

Perimysium

A

thicker connective tissue sheath
Wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

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6
Q

Endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

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7
Q

Epimysium

A

A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle

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8
Q

Neuromuscular junction
Motor end plate

A

The point where a nerve fiber meets any target cell is a synapse when the target cell is a muscle fiber the synapse is also called NMJ

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9
Q

Myoglobin

A

O2 binding protein stores O2

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10
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

Tropomyosin and Troponin

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11
Q

I band

A

The region of a striated muscle sarcomere that contains only thin filaments

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12
Q

Z line/disc

A

A protein band that defines the boundaries of a muscle sarcomere

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13
Q

A band

A

A dark region within a sarcomere that contains thick myosin filaments

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14
Q

Elastic filaments

A

Protein filaments in a sarcomere that stretch from the M-line to the Z-line

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15
Q

Thin filament

A

Made of actin along with the two other regulatory proteins-troponin and tropomyosin

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16
Q

Thick filament

A

Organized bundles of myosin

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber

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18
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks muscle contraction

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19
Q

Troponin

A

Promotes muscle contraction

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20
Q

Actin

A

A protein that is found in all eukaryotic cells

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21
Q

Globular heads

A

Key to muscle contraction
The globular head of myosin is a well conserved protein that extends from myosin filaments and binds actin

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22
Q

Flexed hinge region

A

A flexible amino acid stretch that connects two domains in a protein

23
Q

Cross-bridge cycling

A

A series of events that occurs during muscle contraction
It describes the interaction of actin and myosin within muscle cells.

24
Q

Myosin Binding sites

A

ATP binding site is when myosin binds to ATP at this site which causes myosin to release actin
Actin binding site is when myosin binds to actin at a binding site on the globular actin protein

25
Q

What happens with ACh and Na+ during depolarization of a muscle fiber

A

Na+ channels are open
K+ channels are closed

26
Q

The differences between isometric and isotonic contractions

A

Isometric contractions
no movement occurs tension builds

Isotonic Contractions
movement occurs tension builds and muscle length changes

27
Q

The 3 energy producing pathways, how much ATP they produce, what activities are associated with each pathway

A
  1. Direct phosphorylation
    1 ATP 15 seconds
    hitting a ball diving kicking a ball
  2. Anaerobic pathway
    2 ATP 30 to 60 seconds
    sprinting and running
  3. Aerobic pathway
    32 ATP and hours
    marathon runners and activities longer than 30 mins
28
Q

What events occur during a skeletal muscle contraction What channels are open and closed
What ions are transporting in and out of the cell

A

The action potential is conducted through the T-tubules

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions bind to troponin

Myosin head (cross bridge) binds to the actin

The myosin head pivots and pulls on the actin filament

A new ATP attaches to the myosin head detaches from the actin

29
Q

How is lactic acid produced in the body

A

When cells break down carbohydrates for energy

When oxygen levels are low it is mainly produced in muscle cells and red blood cells

But it can come from any tissue in your body.

30
Q

Why does rigor mortis happens after death

A

Dying muscle cells take on calcium from the extracellular fluid this promotes the formation of myosin cross bridges

Actin myosin binding lack of ATP makes detachment impossible

Results in stiffness of the muscles

Disappears as muscle proteins breakdown 15-25 hours later

31
Q

How is calcium transported during the relaxation and muscle contraction phases

A

During muscle relaxation calcium is pumped back into the SR using ATP

32
Q

What is botox, where it comes from and how it affects the motor end plate

A

A neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Produced from a culture of the hall strain of C botulinum

It blocks the release of acetylcholine

33
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis

A

An autoimmune disease

Antibodies block or destroy ACh receptors

Results in a shortage of ACh receptors

Disease is progressive

Drooping eyelids difficulty swallowing generalized muscle weakness

34
Q

The 3 muscle fiber types and what activities they are responsible for

A

Slow Oxidative Fibers
running a marathon

Fast Oxidative Fibers
sprinting and walking

Fast Glycolytic Fibers
hitting a baseball

35
Q

List events in order

A

The action potential is conducted through the T-tubules

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Calcium ions bind to troponin

Myosin head (cross bridge) binds to the actin

The myosin head pivots and pulls on the actin filament

A new ATP attaches to the myosin; head detaches from the actin.

36
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement decrease angle of joint

37
Q

Extension

A

Bending movement increase angle of joint

38
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit

39
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Lifting the foot superior surface toward shin

40
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Depressing the foot pointing the toes

41
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot turns medially

42
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns laterally

43
Q

Supination

A

Rotate forearm laterally so palm faces anteriorly or superiorly

44
Q

Pronation

A

Rotate forearm medially so palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly

45
Q

Abduction

A

Move a limb away from the midline along frontal plane

46
Q

Adduction

A

Move a limb toward the midline long frontal plane

47
Q

Circumduction

A

Distal end of limb moves in circle

48
Q

Rotation

A

Turn a bone around its own long axis toward or away from midline

49
Q

Protraction

A

Anterior movement in transverse plane moves mandible forward

50
Q

Retraction

A

Posterior movement in transverse plane

51
Q

Elevation

A

Lift a body part superiorly

52
Q

Depression

A

Move elevated body part inferiorly

53
Q

Isometric

A

No movement occurs, tension builds

54
Q

Isotonic

A

Movement occurs tension builds and muscle length changes

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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