Exam #1 Flashcards
The 11 body systems
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Lymphoid
Respiratory
Urinary
Digestive
Reproduction
Functions of integumentary system
Protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis, cutaneous sensation, and nonverbal communication
Functions of skeletal system
Support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, mineral storage, and electrolyte and acid base balance
Functions of muscular system
Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, and heat production
Functions of nervous system
Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation
Functions of endocrine system
Hormone production, internal chemical communication, and coordination
Functions of Circulatory system
Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, antibodies, fluid, and acid base balance
Functions of lymphoid system
Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, and defense against disease
Functions of respiratory system
Absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance, and speech
Functions of urinary system
Elimination of wastes, regulation of blood volume and pressure, red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance detoxification
Functions of digestive system
Nutrient breakdown and absorption, liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals, synthesis of plasma proteins, disposable of drugs and toxins, hormones, and cleansing of blood
Functions of cardiovascular system
To transport oxygen rich blood and nutrients throughout the body
Levels of organization from smallest to largest
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Define growth
Increase in size of a body part or the organism usually due to increase in cell numbers and/or cell size
Define differentiation
Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function provides for an increase in complexity
Feedback loop parts
Variable
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Variable
The factor or event regulated
Receptor
Detects fluctuations in the variable
Control center
Determines the normal range for the variable analyzes input and determines response
Effector
Provides the response
The difference between positive and negative feedback
When a variable fluctuates from the normal range negative feedback mechanisms resist the change and reverse it back towards the normal but when a variable deviates from the normal a positive feedback mechanism will enhance or exaggerate the stimulus
3 examples of negative feedback loops
Control of body temperature
Control of blood pressure
Control of blood glucose levels
3 examples of positive feedback loops
Blood clotting / platelet plug
Enhancement of labor contractions / increase in force and frequency
Milk let down reflex
Concentration gradient
A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane
What portion of the cell membrane are hydrophobic and which portion is hydrophilic and what are they made of
The cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and the polar head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic which means they are attracted to water and the nonpolar tail of the phospholipids are hydrophobic which means they repel water
Define move down the gradient
It means the substance is moving from high concentration area to low concentration area
What is the fluid called inside the cell and outside the cell
Intracellular fluid is inside the cell and extracellular fluid is outside the cell
Functions of cell membrane proteins
Transport / channels and carriers / moving substances
Receptors / binding sites
Enzymes / catalyst
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment / cytoskeleton
Cell to cell joining / CAMS / desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions
Specificity
The ability of a transporter to move only one type of molecule or only a group of closely related molecules. The transporter cannot just move any type of molecule channels and carriers only allow certain substances in
Saturation
When there is a limited number of carriers a line forms outside of the cell made from substance because too much substance is still inside
Which facilitator protein changes shape
Carriers
The 4 passive transport processes
Simple diffusion
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
The 2 active transport processes
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
The 4 vesicular transport processes
Endocytosis / within the cell
Phagocytosis / cell eating
Pinocytosis / cell cell drinking
Receptor mediated
Exocytosis / getting rid of substance
Tonicity
The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal volume
Assume nonpenetrating solute
Isotonic solution
Same solute/water concentration as inside the cell no change in cell shape
Hypertonic solution
Higher concentration of solute than inside the cell
Cells shrink / crenate
Hypotonic solution
Lower concentration of solute than inside the cell
Cells swell and burst / lyse
Cranial cavity
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above
2 main types of serous membranes
Parietal
Visceral
Parietal membrane function
Visceral function
Smallest living structure and what level of organization we find it
Cells are smallest living structure and its found in the cellular level
Na+-K+pump
- 3 Na+ ions attaches to pump
- Phosphate attached to pump
- Pump changes shape then 3 Na+ ions leave
- 2 K+ ions bind with the pump
- Phosphate group leaves pump
- Pump changes shape and 2 K+ ions enter into the cell
Filtration
Capillary walls uses hydrostatic pressure
High pressure area inside capillary
Low pressure area outside capillary
2 main types of serous membrane
Parietal
Visceral
Parietal function
Body cavity walls
Visceral function
Organs
