Exam #1 Blood Flashcards
AP2
Polycythemia
Abnormal red blood count number
thick blood and increases viscosity
Leukemia
Abnormal amount of white blood cells produced new white blood cells not functioning correctly
Leukopenia
Abnormally low white blood cells
Leukocytosis
White blood cell count over 11,000 normal response to infection
Opsonization
Coat pathogens using complement or antibodies to let macrophages more easily kill pathogens
Hemostasis
Stoppage of bleeding
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. coagulation
Hemocytoblast
Stem cell for all blood cells
Interfron
Proteins that stop replication of a virus
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Fetal= baby rh+ and the mother is rh-
no rhogam shot
1st encounter for mother with rh+ blood nothing happens to the baby
the mother starts building antibodies against the rh factor
2nd pregnancy mothers antibodies will attack fetus which is why the rhogam shot is needed
Plasmin
Breaks up blood clot in healthy BV
Thrombin
Clotting factor activate fibrinogen fibrin mesh
Average hematocrit percentage of a female
37% to 48%
Average hematocrit percentage of a male
45% to 52%
Differences between each of the leukocytes
There are two types of leukocytes granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm while agranulocytes do not
Lifecycle of RBC
Life span: 120 days
Hemoglobin to globin to amino acids to recycled
Hem to iron to ferritin or hemosiderin to bilirubin to small intestine to bowel movements
hemosiderin to blood
everything else will be consumed by macrophages
Jaundice
Yellowing of connective tissue
Hemophilia
Deficient clotting factors which is genetic
Sickle cell
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder that affects the body’s red blood cells it’s caused by a mutation in the beta-globin chain of the hemoglobin molecule. (c shaped)
Hemolytic
Red blood cells are going to burst
thalassemia and sickle cells
Hemorrhagic
Severe blood loss
Pernicious
Deficiency of B12
Correct order of hemostasis
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
- Clot retraction
- Fibrinolysis
D. 3,5,1,4,2
What role do kidneys play in RBC production
The kidneys play a role in red blood cell (RBC) production by producing the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body
Know the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
What initiates them
What their goal is
Which one is faster
What each pathway uses
What initiates them: The intrinsic pathway is triggered by internal damage to the vessel wall while the extrinsic pathway is triggered by external trauma
What their goal is: The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are two separate pathways that interact to form the clotting cascade
Which one is faster: The extrinsic pathway is faster
What each pathway uses: The intrinsic pathway is activated by factors in the blood while the extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor
What does serotonin ADP and thromboxane have to do with blood
APD: Stimulate platelet aggregation
Serotonin and Thromboxane: Both enhance vascular spasm and platelet aggregation
How does aspirin effect our blood
Inhibits thromboxane can make you bleed more easily
What are the different blood types
Phenotype: A, B, AB, O, and Rh + or -
AB= IA+IB
A= IA + IA or IA + i
B= IB + IB or IB + i
O= i+i
How do we determine what blood type someone is
Blood types are determined by the antigens on the surface of red blood cells
How do we get our blood types
Parents alleles genes
What are the different alleles
There are four types of alleles dominant, recessive, codominant, and incomplete dominant
What do the different alleles make up with our blood types
The A allele codes for an enzyme that makes the A antigen and the B allele codes for an enzyme that makes the B antigen a third version of this gene the O allele codes for a protein that is not functional it makes no surface molecules at all
What is a lymph and what does it do
Lymph is tissue fluid we make 3 liters
It returns clean fluid to circulation
Differences between efferent lymphatics vs afferent lymphatics
Structure: Afferent vessels are thin-walled tubes made of smooth muscle cells, while efferent vessels are thick walled tubes with valves at both ends
Function: Afferent vessels carry unfiltered lymph fluid from blood vessels to lymph nodes while efferent vessels carry filtered lymph fluid from lymph nodes to the blood
Location: Afferent vessels flow into lymph nodes while efferent vessels flow out of lymph nodes
Hematocrit
percent of red blood cell in total blood volume
male: 45% to 52% = 47%
female: 37% to 48% = 42%
Most to least amount
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
Neutrophil:
Lymphocytes:
Monocyte:
Eosinophil:
Basophil:
Know the structure of the lymph node
Bean shaped 2.5 cm
Surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Extensions of capsule trabeculae
Cortex contains follicles
Germinal centers dividing B cells
Deeper cortex T cells intransit
Medulla both B and T cells
Function of the spleen thymus
Largest lymphoid organ
site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
filters the blood macrophages
Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells
Perform: apoptosis and kill virus and cancer
Different: natural killer cells non specific
Cytotoxic T cells are Specific
Know the differences between B and T cells
B
type of immune response: humoral
Antibody secretion: yes
Primary targets: extracellular pathogens
Site of origin: Red bone marrow
Site of maturation: Red bone marrow
Effector cells: plasma cells
Memory cell formation: yes
T
type of immune response: cellular
Antibody secretion: no
Primary targets: Intracellular pathogens
Site of origin: Red bone marrow
Site of maturation: thymus
Effector cells: cytotoxic
Memory cell formation: yes
What activates them
B: antigens bond with antibodies on surface of B cells
T: APC helper T and B cells
what do they have in common?
Red bone marrow and yes to memory cell formation
