Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physiology 1 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Different cells involved with the skin

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Merkel cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Executors of the re-epithelialization process, where keratinocytes migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to restore the epidermal barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Melanocytes

A

Melanin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Professional antigen presenting cells that inform the fight against invasive pathogens while enforcing tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Merkel cells

A

Essential for light touch sensation and found in the skin of vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Strata

The order of epidermal layers

Superficial to deep

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum licidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells are found in each of the epidermal layers

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dermis

A

Loose areolar
Dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Deepest layer of your skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of subcutaneous tissue

A

Stores fat
Anchors skin to underlying structures
Shock absorber
Layer of insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the cells that make up skin color

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Albinism

A

Inherited inability to produce melanin
Melanocytes lack the enzyme tyrosinase
Melanin absent in hair skin and eyes
There are different types of albinism
Vision problems occur abnormal development of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitiligo

A

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin
Patchy white spots
Thought to be an autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Epidermal cells invade into dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Second most common starts in stratum spinosum may spread to any other layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Melanoma

A

Most deadly starts from melanocytes
Can develop in lungs and brain
Can travel through blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Function throughout life
Most numerous widely distributed
Secretion sweat 99% water
Nacl, Vitamin C, Antibodies, Waste, Lactic acid, and Dermcidin
Regulation of body temp and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

Located mainly in armpits and groin
Become active at puberty
Secretion is viscous and odorless
Same composition as sweat plus organic substances proteins and fats
Activity during periods of pain stress and sexual excitement

20
Q

What produces earwax

A

Ceruminous glands

21
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection chemical physical and biological
Regulation of body temp
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion

22
Q

Describe the hair follicle

A

Hair
Shaft
Root
Bulb
Hair papilla
Hair matrix
Sebaceous gland sebum
Arrector pili muscle

23
Q

What are the different cells located in bone tissue

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblast cells
Osteoclast cells

24
Q

Osteoprogenitor

A

Stem cells dividing cells
Found on bone surfaces in the periosteum and endosteum
Some differentiate into osteoblasts

25
Q

Osteoblast cells

A

Bone forming cells
Dividing cells on bone surfaces
Secrete organic components of matrix
Help mineralize the bone matrix calcification

26
Q

Osteoclast cells

A

Bone destroying cells
Break down bone
Parathyroid hormone increases their activity

27
Q

Compact Bone

A

Osteon
Structural unit
Run parallel to bones long axis
Lamellae layers
Central canal blood vessels nerve fibers
Perforating canals volkmann’s canals
Canaliculi osteocytes in lacunae

28
Q

Spongy bone

A

No osteons
Network of trabeculae thin bony plates contain lamellae osteocytes in lacunae and canaliculi
Align along lines of stress

29
Q

What are the different parts of osteon

A

Lacunae: tiny spaces that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells
Canaliculi: small tunnels that connect one lacunae to another lacunae
Lamellae: sheets of mineralized collagen that extend over hundreds of bone tissue
Haversian canals: a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae

30
Q

What is the process of intramembranous ossification

A

Ossification centers develop in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
Osteoid is secreted and calcifies
Immature spongy bone and periosteum form
Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone just deep to the periosteum red marrow develops

31
Q

What is the process of endochondral ossification

A

Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyline cartilage model
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
The epiphyses ossify when completed hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

32
Q

Where are the ossification centers located for primary and secondary

A

Primary forms in the diaphyseal region of the periosteum
Secondary ossification centers are located in the epiphyses

33
Q

What tissues are involved in endochondral ossification

A

Begins with mesenchymal tissue transforming into a cartilage intermediate which is later replaced by bone and forms the remainder of the axial skeleton and the long bones

34
Q

Left side of long bone

A

Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis

35
Q

Right side of long bone

A

Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Epiphyseal line
Periosteum
Medullary cavity lined by endosteum

36
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Is a group of diseases in which bone
resorption exceeds deposit
Matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
Spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptible
Vertebral and hip fractures are common

37
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Soft bones

38
Q

Rickets

A

A lack of vitamin D or calcium in a child’s diet bowed legs and deformation of the pelvis, skull and
ribcage are common

39
Q

Pagets disease

A

Disruption in normal remodeling
Initially, old bone breaks down faster than new bone can be rebuilt
later new bone is produced at a faster than normal rate more spongy bone
Results in enlarged and deformed bones in one or more regions of the skeleton
Cause unknown may be initiated by a virus

40
Q

What are the functions of the bones

A

Support
Protection
Anchorage
Mineral Storage
Blood Cell Formation red bone marrow
Storage of fats yellow marrow
Hormone production osteocalcin

41
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body produces blood cells It occurs in the hematopoietic system which includes organs and tissues such as the bone marrow liver and spleen

42
Q

Organic materials of compact bone

A

Organic Components 1/3 is osteoid
ground substance proteoglycans and glycoproteins
Collagen fibers provides flexibility and tensile strength

43
Q

Inorganic materials of compact bone

A

Inorganic Components 2/3 of matrix
Mineral Salts hydroxyapatite calcium phosphate crystals
Provides hardness and compression
resistance weight bearing strength

44
Q

What’s the difference between periosteum and endosteum

A

Periosteum and endosteum are both layers of tissue that cover bones
The periosteum covers the outer surface of bones while the endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity

45
Q

What are the compact bone parts and their functions

A

Osteoblasts: bone cells that produce new bone tissue
Lamellae: layers of tissue that form concentric circles around the osteon
Central canal: a tube-like passage that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
Lacunae: small spaces that contain bone cells osteocytes

46
Q

What happens to a long bone as an individual reaches skeletal maturity

A

When an individual reaches skeletal maturity the growth of their long bones stops
This happens because the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate which is the growth layer of a long bone is replaced by bone
The chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate divide during development and when they stop dividing the bone stops growing in length.

47
Q

What are the different horomones involved in bone growth

A

Thyroid hormone
Estrogen and testosterone

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions